优点英语2022高考英语阅读提高科学与健康生活1Chinesestudentsaren’ttheonlyoneswhohaveasleeplossproblem.InAustralia,teenagersarealsomissingouton,onaverage,onehour’ssleepeverynightduringtheschoolweek.Organizedactivitiesandhomeworkpushbedtimeslater,thefirstlarge-scaleAustralianstudyofchildren’ssleepinghabitshasrevealed(显示).Theirsleepdeprivation(剥夺)isenoughtocause“seriousdrop-offsinschoolperformance,attentionandmemory”,andgovernmentsshouldconsiderlaterorflexibleschoolstarttimes,saidthestudy’sleader,TimOlds.Hissurvey,ofmorethan4,000childrenaged9to18,foundthosewhosleptleastdidnotwatchmoretelevisionbutspenttheirtimesocializing(相处)withfamilyorfriendsorlisteningtomusic.“Almostallchildrengetupat7or7:15—theyhavetogettoschoolontime,”saidOlds.Hefavorsalaterstartoveranearlierfinishbecausehebelievesorganizedsportsandactivitieswouldstillconsumethelatterendoftheday.Olds’researchalsoestablisheslackofsleepasacauseofweightgaininchildren,andapossiblesourceoffutureproblemswithdepression,anxietyandincreasedsusceptibility(易感性)toillness.Itwasalreadyknownthatoverweightchildrensleepless,butProfessorOldsfoundsleepduration(时长)wasstronglylinkedtoweightacrossthefullrangeofbodysizes.Thethinnestchildrensleep20minutesmorethantheobese.Thisshowedbeingoverweighthadnospecificeffectonsleeppatterns,anditwasmorelikelythatshortersleeptimesstimulate(刺激)appetiteandmakekidshungry.TheUSNationalSleepFoundationsaysteenagersaged13to18needeighttoninehours’sleepanight.Youngerschool-agedkidsneed9to11hours.Onthatbasis,ProfessorOldssaid,halfofAustralianchildrenareunder-sleepingonweekdaysandaquarteronweekends.46.TheAustralianstudentssurveyeddon’tsleepenoughbecausetheyspendmoretimeonthefollowingEXCEPT_____.,优点英语A.organizedactivitiesandhomeworkB.communicationwithfriendsandfamilyC.watchingtelevisionprogramsD.enjoyingmusic 47. Whateffectsdoeslackofsleepdirectlyhaveonthestudentsaccordingtothesurvey?A.Theybecomeoverweightbutbegintoeatlessthanbefore.B.Theyfeelmoredepressedandanxiousabouttheirschoolwork.C.Theyaremorelikelytobeaffectedwithillnessinthefuture.D.Theypaylessattentioninclassandtheirmemorydeclines.48.WhichofthefollowingsuggestionsdidMr.Oldsraise?A.Thestudentsshouldgotobedearliertohavelongersleepingtime.B.Thestudentsshouldparticipatelessinorganizedactivities.C.Theschoolshouldputoffthestarttimeinthemorning.D.Theschoolshouldfinishearlierintheafternoon.49.Whatdoes"obese"inthesixthparagraphmean?A.average B.fat C.sleepless D.overeating50.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Australianstudentsusuallytakepartinactivitiesintheafternoon.B.Morestudentsareshortofsleeponweekendsthanonweekdays.C.Beingoverweighthasaneffectonthelengthofthesleepingtime.D.Thesurveysuggeststhatteenagersneed8-9hours’sleepanight.2Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehaviouragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemic(流行病)ofsleepinessinthenation．“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr．David．Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest．Thebeginningofoursleep-deficit(lack)crisescanbetracedbacktotheinventionofthelight,优点英语bulbacenturyago．Fromdiaryentriesandourpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9．5hoursanight．“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark．”Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7．5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock．“Peoplecheatintheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr．David．“Theythinkthey’reokeybecausetheycangetbyon6．5hours,whentheyreallyneed7．5,8orevenmoretofeelideallyenergetic．”Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researchessay,isthecomplexityoftheday．Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunityincrease,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemontheirprogramme．“Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouneedonly5．5hours’sleep．Ifyou’vegottoget8．5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition．”Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleep-deficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier．“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr．David．“Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate．”41．Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?A．Researchonthecausesandconsequencesofsleep-deficit．B．Theepidemicofsleepinessinthemoderntimes．C．Thehistoryofpeople’ssleepingpatterns．D．Theminimumofoursleepinghours．42．WhichofthefollowingisDr．David’sopinion?A．Peoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenougharebetteroffthanthosewhodon't．B．Somepeoplecanremainenergeticwithonly6．5hours’sleepanight．,优点英语C．Iftheyget8．5hours’sleep,peoplewillbefullofdriveandambition．D．People’smetalpowersuffersiftheyarelackinginsleep．43．Peopleinthe18thand19thcenturiessleptabout9．5hoursanightbecause_______．A．theywereforcedbytheirparentstodosoB．theyknewwhatwasbestfortheirhealthC．theyhadnoelectricityD．theywerenotsodynamicandambitiousasmodernpeopleare44．Themajorcauseofsleep-deficitofmodernpeopleis_______．A．theendlessTVprogrammesintheeveningsandtheinternetB．theheavyworkloadofthedayC．thesufficientenergymodernpeopleusuallyhaveD．loudnoisesinthemoderncities45．Whatdoestheword“subjects”inparagraph4mean?A．Personorthingthatisbeingdiscussedordescribed．B．Branchofknowledgestudiedinaschool．C．Personorthingbeingtreatedinacertainwayorbeingexperimentedon．D．AnymemberofaStateapartfromthesupremeruler．3Theeffectsofrapidtravelonthebodyareactuallyfarmoredisturbingthanwerealize.JetLagisnotapsychologicalconsequenceofhavingtoreadjusttoadifferenttimezone.Itisduetochangesinthebody’sphysiologicalregulatorymechanisms,specificallythehormonalsystems,inadifferentenvironment.NowthatweunderstandwhatJetLagis,wecangosomewaytoovercomeit.Agreat,优点英语numberofthebody’seventsarescheduledtooccuratacertaintimeofday.Naturallythesehavetoberegulated,andtherearetworegulatorysystemswhichinteract.Onetimingsystemcomesfromtheevidenceofoursensesandstomachs,andtheperiodicityweexperiencewhenlivinginaparticulartimezone.Theotherbelongsinourinternalclocks(themajoroneofwhichmaybephysicallylocatedinapartofthebraincalledthesuprachiasmaticnucleus)which,leftalone,wouldtiethebodytoa25-hourrhythm.Normallythetwotimersareinstep,andthesurroundingstendtoregularizetheinternalclockstothemoreconvenient24-hourperiod.If,however,youmovethewholebodytoatimezonewhichisfourhoursdifferent,thetwoclockswillbeoutofstep,liketwoalarmclockswhicharenormallysettogether,butwhichhavebeenresetafewhoursapart.Whereasthetwoclockswouldnormallysoundtheiralarmstogether,nowtheyringatdifferenttimes.Similarly,thebodycanbesetforeveningwhilethesunisrising.Intimethephysiologicalsystemwillresetitself,butitdoestaketime.Oneeasilymonitoredrhythmispalmsweating.Amanflowntoatimezonedifferentby10hourswilltakeeightdaystoreadjusthispalmsweat.Bloodpressure,whichisalsorhythmical,takesfourdaystoreadjust.Whatcanwedoaboutit?Itisnotfeasibletowaitfourdaysuntilthebodyisusedtothenewtimezone.Fortunatelythereisashortcut.Itreliesontwothings-thepowerofthestomachtoregulatethetimingofotherevents,andthepharmacologicalactionsofcoffee.Thebasicassumptionsare:Coffeedelaysthebodyclockinthemorning,andadvancesitatnight.Coffeeatmid-afternoonisneutral.Proteininmealsstimulateswakefulness,whilecarbohydratespromotesleep.Puttingfoodintoanemptystomachhelpssynchronizethebodyclock.46.Whatisjetlagassociatedwith?A.Psychologicalchange.B.Physiologicalchange.C.Inexperienceofrapidtravel.D.Unfamiliarenvironment.47.Whathelpsustoadjusttoa24-hourrhythm?,优点英语A.Alarmclock.B.Suprachiasmaticnucleusinourbrain.C.Signalsfromoutsideofthebody.D.Oursensesandstomachs.48.Whatdoweknowfromthefifthparagraph?A.Apersonmovingtoadifferenttimezonewillsufferfromhighbloodpressure.B.Apersonmovingtoadifferenttimezonewillsweatalot.C.Movingtoadifferenttimezonewillaffectbothpalmsweatandbloodpressure.D.Iftherhythmofbloodpressureandpalmsweatarenotinstep,therewillbejetlag.49.Whatshouldwedoifwewanttostayawake?A.Totakecoffeeatthreeo’clockintheafternoon.B.Tohavemealsthatcontainlotsofprotein.C.Tohavesomecarbohydratedrinks.D.Tostopputtingfoodintoourstomach.50.Howcanwecurejetlag?A.Tosleepfordays.B.Towaitforself-recovery.C.Todrinktea.D.Togetsomethingtoeat.4Listeningtomusicwhileyoudrivecanimproveyourspeedandabilitytogetawayfromaccidents,accordingtoAustralianpsychologists(心理学家)．Butturningyourcarradiouptofullvolumecouldprobablymakeyouendupinanaccident．Theperformanceofdifficulttaskscanbeaffectedifpeoplearesubjectedtoloudnoise．TheexperienceofpullingupattrafficlightsalongsidecarewithloudmusicmadesomepsychologistsintheUniversityofSydneylookintowhetherloudmusichassomethingtodowithdriving. Thepsychologistsinvited60menandwomenagedbetween20and28assubjectsandtested,优点英语themonalmostthesamedrivingtasksunderthreenoiseconditions：silence,rockmusicplayedatagentle55decibels(分贝),andthesamemusicat85decibels. Forl0minutesthesubjectssatinfrontofascreenoperatingasimplemachinelikeacar．Theyhadtotrackamovingdiskonscreen,respondtotrafficsignalschangingcolor,andbrake(刹车)inresponsetoarrowsthatappearedwithoutwarning. Onthetrackingtask,therewasnodifferenceinperformanceunderthethreenoiseconditions．Butunderboththeloudandquietmusicconditions,theperformers“braked”ataredlightabout50millisecondssoonerthantheydidwhentherewasnorockmusicatall．Thatcouldmeanareductioninbrakingdistanceofacoupleofmetersactually,thedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathforapedestrian. Whenitcametothearrowsthatappearedacrossthevisualfield,thepsychologistsfoundthatwhenthemusicwasquiet,peoplerespondedfastertoobjectsintheircentralfieldofsightbyabout50milliseconds．Forthepeoplelisteningat85decibels,responsetimesdroppedbyafurther50milliseconds―awholetenthofsecondfasterthanthose“driving”withnomusic.“Butthere’satrade-off,”thepsychologiststoldtheEuropeanCongressofPsychology．“Theylosetheabilitytolookaroundthewholesituationeffectively.”Inrespondingtoobjectsthatsuddenlyappeared,peoplesubjectedto85-decibelrockmusicwerearound100millisecondsslowerthanboththeothergroups．Sincesomeaccidents—suchaschildrenrunningintotheroad―takeplacewithoutanynotice,driverslisteningtoloudmusicmustbelesssafeasaresult.46．Whichofthefollowingisthebestwaytomakedrivingsafer? A．Loudmusic.B．Quietmusic. C．Silence. D．Heavymetalmusic.47．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“pullingup”inparagraphonemean? A．Stopping. B．Givingsomebodyalift. C．Puttingupwith. D．Drivingalong.48．Wheredidtheresearchersdotheexperiment?,优点英语 A．Atcrossroads. B．Atapolicetrafficstation. C．Inacrowdedstreet.D．Underthesameconditionsasthoseofthestreets.49．Whichofthefollowingdidn’thelptheperformersto“brake”sooneratredlights? A．Silence. B．Loudmusic.C．Quietmusic. D．Rockmusic.50．Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofloudmusic? A．Ithelpedtheperformerstobrakesooneratredlights. B．Ithelpedtheperformerstobemorecarefulwhiledriving. C．Ithelpedtheperformerstorespondfastertoobjectssuddenlysteppingintheway.D．Itcandomoregoodthanharmtodriverswhentheydrive.5BenjaminandCarolreportthatthe“shortsleepers”hadbeenmoreorlessaverageintheirsleepneedsuntilthemenwereintheirteens.Butataboutage15orso,themenvoluntarilybegancuttingdowntheirnightlysleeptimebecauseofpressuresfromschool,work,andotheractivities.Thesementendedtoviewtheirnightlyperiodsofunconsciousnessasbothersomeinterruptionsintheirdailyroutines.Ingeneral,these“shortsleeps”appearedambitious,active,energetic,cheerful,conformist(不动摇)intheiropinions,andverysureabouttheircareerchoices.Theyoftenheldseveraljobsatonce,orworkersfull-orpart-timewhilegoingtoschool.Andmanyofthemhadastrongurgetoappear“normal”or“acceptable”totheirfriendsandassociates.Whenaskedtorecalltheirdreams,the“shortsleepers”didpoorly.Morethanthis,theyseemedtoprefernotremembering.Insimilarfashion,theirusualwayofdealingwithpsychologicalproblemswastodenythattheproblemexisted,andthentokeepbusyinthehopethatthetroublewouldgoaway.Thesleeppatternsofthe“shortsleepers”weresimilarto,butlessextremethan,sleeppatternsshownbymanymentalpatientsconsideredasmanic(疯人).,优点英语The“longsleepers”werequitedifferentindeed.BenjaminandCarolreportthattheseyoungmenhadbeenlengthysleepssincechildhood.Theyseemedtoenjoytheirsleep,protectedit,andwerequiteconcernedwhentheywereoccasionallydeprivedoftheirdesired9hoursofnightlybedrest.Theytendedtorecalltheirdreamsmuchbetterthandidthe“shortsleepers.”Manyofthe“longsleepers”wereshy,anxious,introverted(内向),inhibited(压抑),passive,mildlydepressed,andunsureofthemselves(particularlyinsocialsituations).Severalopenlystatethatsleepwasanescapefromtheirdailyproblems.51.Accordingtothereport,______.A.manyshortsleepersneedlesssleepbynatureB.manyshortsleepershavetoreducetheirnightlysleeptimebecausetheyarebusywiththeirworkC.longsleeperssleepalongerperiodoftimeduringthedayD.manylongsleeperspreservetheirsleepinghabitformedduringtheirchildhood52.Many“shortsleepers”arelikelytoholdtheviewthat_____.A.sleepisawithdrawalfromtherealityB.sleepinterfereswiththeirsoundjudgmentsC.sleepistheleastexpensiveitemontheirroutineprogramD.sleepisthebestwaytodealwithpsychologicaltroubles53.Itisstatedinthethirdparagraphthatshortsleepers_____.A.areideallyenergeticevenunderthepressuresoflifeB.oftenneglecttheconsequencesofinadequatesleepC.donotknowhowtorelaxproperlyD.aremoreunlikelytorunintomentalproblems54.Whensometimestheycannotenjoyadequatesleep,thelongsleepersmight____.A.appeardisturbedB.becomeenergeticC.feeldissatisfiedD.beextremelydepressed55.WhichofthefollowingisNotincludedinthepassage?A.Ifonesleepsinadequately,hisperformancesuffersandhismemoryisweakenedB.Thesleeppatternsofshortsleepersareexactlythesameasthoseshownbymanymental,优点英语patientsC.LongandshortsleepersdifferintheirattitudestowardssleepD.Shortsleeperswouldbebetteroffwithmorerest6Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth,Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodswewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylifestylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned,personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealthrelatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealthrelatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice,FriesandGrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatistical（用数据表示的）probabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.51.Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause_______.A.personalhealthchoicehelpscuremostillnessB.ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledge,优点英语C.itisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansocietyD.wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth52.To“liveacompletelysedentarylifestyle”(inPara.l)inthepassagemeans________.A.to“liveaninactivelife”B.to“liveadecentlife”C.to“livealifewithcompletefreedom”D.to“livealifeofvice”（堕落）53.Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause________.A.currentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficientB.therearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisionsC.fewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflifeforthequantityoflifeD.peopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriends54.ToknowinglyallowoneselftopursueunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriesandCrapoto______.A.improvingthequalityofone'slifeB.limitingone'spersonalhealthchoice.C.deliberatelyendingone'slifeD.breakingtherolesofsocialbehaviour.55.AccordingtoFriesandCrapo,soundhealthchoicesshouldbebasedon________.A.personaldecisionsB.society'slawsC.statisticalevidenceD.friend'sopinions答案：1篇：46-50CDCBA2篇：ADCBC3篇：46~50BCCBD4篇：BADAC,优点英语5篇：DCBAB6篇：51--55DABCC
