任务型阅读(建议用时:20分钟)1(2022·徐州模拟)TheNatureofStressWeareoftenfacedwithstressesthatareoutsideofourcontrol,fromrarenaturaldisasterstoeverydaytrafficjams.Thereisagooddealofevidencethatuncontrollableeventsareparticularlystressful.Thishasbeenshowninstudiesof“executiverats”inwhichtworatsreceiveexactlythesameelectricshock,butoneisgivenaleverthatcouldbeusedtoturntheshockoffafteritoccurs.Overalongseriesofsuchtrials,thepartnerrat,helplesstodoanythingaboutitspain,ismorelikelytodevelopulcers(溃疡)thanisthe“executive”.Stressismostlycausedbyuncertainevents.Uncertaintyaboutaneventmakesitmoredisturbing.Onestudyfoundthatsubjectswhoweretoldthattheyhada5percentchanceofreceivinganelectricshockwereactuallymoreuneasythanthosewhoweretoldthattheyhada50percentchance.Peoplemakevariousattemptstodealwiththeirstress—removingthecauseofthestress,seekingthesupportoffriendsorreinterpretingthesituationtomakeitseemlessunpleasant.RichardLazarusandhiscolleagueshavemadeausefuldistinctionbetweenproblem-focusedandemotion-focusedcopingstrategies(策略).Problem-focusedstrategiesarethoseaimedatdoingsomethingtochangetheproblemcausingthestress.Emotion-focusedstrategiestendtoregulateourdistressingemotionalresponses.PsychologistsSusanFolkmanandRichardLazarusexaminedundergraduatestudents’copingstrategiesatthreetimeperiods—twodaysbeforeamidtermexamination;aweeklatertwodaysbeforethegradeswereannounced;andfivedaysafterthegradeswereposted.Beforetheexam,studentstendedtousesuchproblem-focusedstrategiesasstudying—aguaranteedwaytoreducethepotentialproblems.Aftertheexam,whentheirfatesweresealed,iftheysoughtoutothers,itwasusuallyforemotionalsupport.Likeotheranimals,humanshavealwaysbeensaferingroups.Besidesphysicalprotection,peopleprovideemotionalsupportthatcanreducethepsychologicalandphysiologicalsymptomsofstress.Alackofsupportcanincreaseoursusceptibilitytoillness.Forinstance,-7-\nshort-termlonelinessisassociatedwithadecreaseinimmuneresponse.Incontrastpeoplewhohavestrongsocialtiesareusuallymoreresistanttodiseases.Forinstance,afterbeingdiagnosedashavingalifethreateningdisease,marriedpeoplearelikelytosurvivelongerthanunmarriedpeople.Peoplemayprovideappraisalsupport,helpingustoevaluateandclarifyhowseriousaproblemis.Ifaprofessortellsyouthathehadalsofailedhisfirstcollegealgebraexam,theconsequencesofyourfailurewillseemlessdevastating.Otherscanalsoprovideinformationalsupport,givingadviceabouthowtodealwiththeproblem.Finally,friendsandrelativesmaygiveusinstrumentalsupport,providingmaterialgoodsorservicestoovercomethestress.Ifyourfatherlendsyousomemoneywhenyourcarbreaksdown,youcanstoptearingyourhairoutandjustfixit.TheNatureofStress(1) makespeoplemorestressedEventsthatcan’tbe(2) aremorestressful.Eventsthatare(3) willmakeanimalsorpeoplemorestressed.Howto(4) stressRemovethecauseofthestress.(5) tofriendsforhelp.Reinterpretthesituation.Dosomethingtochangetheproblem(6) causesthestress.Regulateourdistressingemotionalresponses.EffectsofsocialsupportSupportandprotectionfromsocietymakepeoplefeelless(7) .Strongsocialtiesmakepeoplebothphysicallyand(8) healthy.TypesofsocialsupportAppraisalsupport(9) evaluateandclarifyhowseriousaproblemis.Informationalsupportgivesadviceabouthowtodealwiththeproblem.Instrumentalsupportprovidesmaterialgoodsorservicestoget(10) thestress.2(2022·淮安模拟)-7-\nGetoverself-consciousnessEvergotstressedoutbecauseyouweren’tsurewhatyou’dsayatthatmorningmeeting?Worriedaboutwhatyou’dlooklikeaftersqueezingintolastyear’sbathingsuit?Uneasytospeaktoastrangerinthestreetwhenyouwantedtoasktheway?Afraidofmakingamistakeinclass?Alltheseshowthatyouareself-conscious.Self-consciousness—theactionofeasilyfeelingnervousinpublicbecauseofshyness—keepsusfightingthebattletocontrolourself-image.Butalwaysworryingaboutourshortcomings,unavoidablytrapsusinembarrassmentandshame.Youfeelthatyouarealoserorafailure,unsuccessfulatyourcareerorinyourlife.Thedifferencebetweenembarrassmentandshameisslightbutsignificant,andthedistinctionisextremelyimportantforbuildingaprotectivecoveringofself-respect.Whenweintroduceoneofourfriendstoacolleagueandforgethisorhername,it’sanembarrassingblowtoourimage,becausewethinkothersareviewingusinanegativelight.Ifthereareenoughembarrassingmoments,webeginviewingourselvesbadly,thenourself-imagebreaksdownandwefeelthatheavyweightofshame.Creatingastrongsupportofsuccessinourlivesisonewaytoendtheterribletrapofembarrassmentandshame.Successfullycompletingadifficultprojectatworkbuildsconfidenceandleadstofuturesuccess.Similarly,asatisfyingrelationshipisapridefulaccomplishmentandhelpsmotivateustoseekothersuchconnections,andmakeusfeelunembarrassedandunashamedand,evenfeelsuccessful.Buthowdowetakethatfirstbravestepawayfromself-consciousnessinordertofeellike(andatlastbecome)asuccess?Killthesituationsthatwillleadtoshamebeforetheybecomeathreat,advisesDavidAllyn,Ph.D.,aHarvard-trainedsocialscientistandvisitingscholaratColumbiaUniversity’sInstituteforSocialandEconomicResearchandPolicy.Hisbook,ICan’tBelieveIJustDidThat,includesafewpointers:Beontime.Punctualitycreatesself-disciplineandimpressesbothothersandyourself.It’sahealthyhabitthatkeepsyoucalmabouttheclock.Sticktothefacts.You’reboundtogetcaughtlying,sowhybother?Liesjustsetyouupwithunnecessaryopportunitiestofeelashamed.Cutthegossip.Commentsmadebehindyourbackhurtandmakeyouangry,anddon’tforget-7-\nhowyoufeelaboutthosewhotalkedaboutyou.Don’tgetinvolvedinanymeaninglesstalkwherechancestorealizeadreamoraccomplishanaimmightbemissed.Keepyourword.Itfeelsgoodtobeconsideredreliable,sohonoryourwordnomatterwhatthereasonsarefordisregardingthem.Remember,apromiseisapromise.Recovergracefully(优雅地)toavoidthefeelingofshame.Ifthedamageisalreadydoneandyoufindyourselfatthetailendofanembarrassingsituation,youcanstillavoidthatfeelingofshamebyrecoveringgracefully.Don’tattackindefenseorlietocoveryourtracks—you’lljustendupfeelingworseandlikelycomplicatearelationshipthatdoesn’tneedcomplicating.Trylaughingitofforexplainingwhyyoumadethemistake.Also,don’tleaveasocialsituationsimplytoavoidthepeopleyoumadeamishap(小事故;小错误)infrontof—avoidancewillleaveyoufeelingfurtherashamedandseparatedfromothers. Remember:peopletendtoforgetothers’mistakesandworryabouttheirown.-7-\n答案解析11.【解析】What。此题属于概括性词汇。本题考查学生对表格右栏信息的概括能力。表格右栏说明“哪些事件会使人感到更为紧张”。此题的What从第4题前的How也可得到暗示。2.【解析】controlled。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第一段“uncontrollableeventsareparticularlystressful”的理解和运用。原文的形容词uncontrollable在此转换成谓语动词can’tbecontrolled。3.【解析】uncertain。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第二段“Stressismostly-7-\ncausedbyuncertainevents.”的理解和运用的能力。此题的Eventsthatareuncertain就是uncertainevents。4.【解析】handle/approach。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“dealwiththeirstress”的理解和运用。此处的dealwith相当于handle/approach。注意:solve/settle(解决)不符合文意。5.【解析】Turn。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“seekingthesupportoffriends”的理解和运用。“寻求朋友的支持”即“向朋友求助”。6.【解析】that/which。此题属于句型转换。本题考查学生对定语从句与非谓语动词之间的转换能力。文中第三段是theproblemcausingthestress,此处当然是theproblemthat/whichcausesthestress。7.【解析】lonely。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查考生对文中第五段“short-termlonelinessisassociatedwith...”的理解和概括的能力,换句话说,来自社会的支持和保护会使人感到不太孤独。此处用形容词lonely作feel的表语。8.【解析】mentally/emotionally。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第五段“Besidesphysicalprotection,peopleprovideemotionalsupport”的理解和运用。原句用形容词emotional修饰名词support,此处用副词emotionally或mentally修饰形容词healthy。9.【解析】helps。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中最后一段“Peoplemayprovideappraisalsupport,helpingustoevaluate”的理解和运用的能力。在此题中appraisalsupport作主语,故此空填谓语动词helps。注意主谓一致。10.【解析】over。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中最后一段“providingmaterialgoodsorservicestoovercomethestress”的理解和运用。overcome可以转换成getover。21.【解析】public。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第三段“Self-consciousness—theactionofeasilyfeelingnervousinpublic.”的信息识别的能力。2.【解析】lead/contribute。此题属于转换词汇中的句型转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“Butalwaysworryingaboutourshortcomings,unavoidablytrapsusinembarrassmentandshame.”的理解和概括的能力。此题将trapsusinembarrassmentandshame转换成willlead/contributetoembarrassment。3.【解析】unsuccessful/fail/lose。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第三段末尾“Youfeelthatyouarealoserorafailure,unsuccessfulatyourcareerorinyourlife.-7-\n”的理解和运用的能力。要注意此空所填词的形式。4.【解析】Ways/How/Methods。此题属于概括性词汇。本题考查学生根据表格右栏信息使用概括性词汇的能力。当然way一词可从原文第五段第一句中找到(oneway)。5.【解析】Build/Establish/Accomplish。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第五段中“Creatingastrongsupport;buildsconfidence”等的信息识别能力。注意表格中本行和下面几行一样都是祈使句,故用动词原形。6.【解析】punctual。此题属于转换词汇中的词组或词形转换。本题考查学生对“Beontime”部分“Beontime.Punctualitycreatesself-disciplineandimpressesbothothersandyourself.”的理解和运用的能力。Beontime.=Bepunctual。当然此题也可从Punctuality得到暗示。7.【解析】meaningful。此题属于转换词汇中的反义转换。本题考查学生对文中“Cutthegossip”部分“Don’tgetinvolvedinanymeaninglesstalk”的理解和运用的能力。此空填meaningless的反义词。8.【解析】trusted。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对“Keepyourword”中的“Itfeelsgoodtobeconsideredreliable.”的理解和运用。由于此空后有by,说明此处是被动语态,故填trusted。9.【解析】avoid。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中倒数第二段中的“youcanstillavoidthatfeelingofshamebyrecoveringgracefully.”的信息识别的能力。10.【解析】mishaps/mistakes。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中倒数第二段中的“don’tleaveasocialsituationsimplytoavoidthepeopleyoumadeamishapinfrontof”的信息识别的能力。-7-
