任务型阅读(建议用时:30分钟)1Insecret,wealltalktoourselves—aninnermonologue(自言自语)thatmightseemratherpointless.Asthatstudyandothersgoontoshow,theactofgivingourselvesmentalmessagescanhelpuslearnandperformatourbest.Researchershaveidentifiedthemosteffectiveformsofself-talksothatthenexttimeyoutalktoyourself,youknowexactlywhatyoushouldsay.Self-talkisn’tjustmotivationalmessagelike“Youcandoit!”or“Almostthere,”althoughthisinternal(内心的)cheeringsectioncangiveusconfidence.Areviewofmorethantwodozenstudies,publishedlastyearinthejournalPerspectivesonPsychologicalScience,foundthatthere’sanotherkindofmentalmessagethatisevenmoreuseful,called“instructionalself-talk”.Thisisthekindofcommentweengageinwhenwe’recarryingoutadifficulttask,especiallyonethat’sunfamiliartous.Thinkaboutwhenyouwerefirstlearningtodrive.Yourself-talkmighthavegonesomethinglikethis:“Footonthegaspedal,handsonthewheel,slowdownforthecurvehere,nowputyourblinkeron...”Overtime,ofcourse,givingyourselfinstructionsbecomesunnecessary—butwhileyou’relearning,itdoesthreeimportantthings.First,itimprovesourattention,focusingusontheimportantelementsofthetaskandscreeningoutdistractions.Second,ithelpsusadjustoureffortandmakedecisionsaboutwhattodo,howtodoit,andwhen.Andthird,self-talkallowsustocontrolouremotions,steadyingussowestayontask.Inarecentstudyofstudentslearningtothrowdarts(飞镖)inagymclass,AthansiosKoloverlonisandhiscolleaguesfoundthatself-talkismosteffectivewhenincludedintoacycleofthoughtandaction.Firstcomesforethought(筹划),whenyousetagoalforyourselfandmakeaplanforhowtogetthere.That’sfollowedbyperformance,whenyouworkouttheplantothebestofyourability.Lastcomesself-reflection,whenyoucarefullyevaluatewhatyou’vedoneandadjustyourplanforthenexttime.Self-talkcanplayakeypartinthiscycle.Duringtheforethoughtperiod,considercarefullywhatyou’llsaytoyourself.Youcanevenwriteoutascript.Repeattheseself-instructionsduringtheperformanceperiod.Withpractice,youmayfindthatyourself-instructionsbecomeshorter;researchhasfoundthattheseso-called“cuewords”canbecomepowerfulsignals.-8-\nAftertheactionisover,considerhowyoumightchangeyourself-talktoimproveyourperformancenexttime—sothatatthemomentitmatters,therightwordsareringinginyourears.(1) Talkingtoyourself:notsocrazyafterallIntroduction◇Wealltalktoourselves(2) .◇Monologuesofthiskindseemtobe(3) .◇Withthehelpofself-talk,wecanlearnandperformatourbest.Importanceofself-talk◇Notonlyself-talkgivesusmotivation,butalsoitmakesus(4) .◇Whenwearedoingadifficultor(5) task,“instructionalself-talk”isespeciallyuseful.Howself-talkinfluencesourlearning◇Ourattentioncanbe(6) .◇Ithelpsusadjustoureffortanddecidewhattodo,howtodoitandwhen.◇Ithelpsuscontrolour(7) .Thecycleofthoughtandaction◇Weset(8) andmakeplans,whichiscalledforethought.◇Thenweworkouttheplan,whichiscalledperformance.◇Atlast,we(9) onourselvesaboutwhatwehavedone.SummaryWeshouldconsidercarefullywhattosayto(10) ourselves;repeattheself-instructionsand ourself-talktoimproveourperformance.2(2022·苏州模拟)Tiredofyouroldcarandwanttomoveontoanewone?Ormaybeyoujustdon’thaveanyuseforthecaranymorewhilestillcoveringtheexpenses?Whynotsellittosomeonewhowantsitandwilltakegoodcareofit.You’llgetsomeprofitinreturn,andyouwon’thavetobeburdenedwithacarthatwillbemoreusefultoothers.Thefirststeptosellingyourusedcarwouldbetopreparethecarforthesale.Makesurethatitisstillinausefulcondition.Whatuseisthereforthebuyerifthecardoesn’tevenwork?You’llnevergetbuyersifthecarisinsuchapoorstate.Soit’sbesttomakeyourcarpresentableandcompetent.Takegoodpicturesofyourcar,andmakealistofitsfeaturesthatyouthinkwouldappealtopotentialbuyers.Thenextcoursetotakewouldbetogetthewordoutthatyou’resellingyourcar.Youcan-8-\ndoitbymakinganadinthenewspapers,oryoucanusetheWebandadvertisethroughanInternetauction.Makesurethatinyourad,youwritedownthecar’sfeaturesandconditionashonestlyasyoucan.Ifyou’renotsureonhowtomakeanad,browsethroughautomotive(汽车的)magazinesandissuesandtakealookathowtheothersellersdoit.Ifyourcarisoneofthenewmodelsintheautomobileindustry,youmightbeabletoattractalotofbuyers.Itwouldbebesttomakesomeimprovementstoyourcar,atleastonitsappearance.Makeitobviousthatitisanewmodel.Ifyou’resellinganoldcar,though,itmighttakemoreworktoimprovethecar’sappearance.Youwillalsohavetomakesurethecarstillfunctionsaswellasnew.Theremaybeinstanceswhereyouwillhavetochangesomethingstothecartomakeitmoreattractivetobuyers.Becarefulwiththeelectricalandelectronicpartsofthecarwhencleaningit.Checktheengine,too,andmakesureyouhaveitfullychargedandtheoilandfilterhavebeenchanged.Whendoingthefinancialtransactionforthesale,insistonacashpayment,orcashier’scheck.Justmakesurethatthemoneyhasalreadyarrivedinyouraccountbeforesigningoverthetitletoyourbuyer.Neveracceptapersonalcheck,though.Itisnotadvisable,especiallywithsuchanamount.Onceyou’vesettledthesethingswithyourbuyer,youcanhandoverthesignedtitleandthekeytothecar,andmoveonwithyourownpurchaseofanewcar.Title:HowtoSellaSecond-handCarOutlineMainideaDetailedinformationIntroductionAdvantageofsellinganoldcarYouwillbothgetprofitandgetridofthe(1) ofauselesscar.FirststepPreparationofyourcarforthesale◇Makesureyourcarstill(2) well.◇Makeyourcarpresentableandcompetent.◇Takegoodphotosofyourcar.◇(3) theappealingfeaturesofyourcarforpossiblebuyers.Secondstep(4) foryourcarforthesale◇Makeanadindifferentkindsof(5) ,suchasnewspapers,magazinesandtheInternet.◇Consultmagazinesandothersellersifyouare(6) abouthowtomakeanad.-8-\nThirdstep(7) toyourcarforthesale◇Makeitobviousifyourcarisanewmodel.◇Improvethecar’s (8) ifyour carisanoldone.Inaddition,makesureyourcarfunctions(9) anewone.LaststepFinancialissues◇(10) toacashpaymentorcashier’scheckwhendoingfinancialtransaction.◇Neveracceptapersonalcheck.3(2022·盐城模拟)Therearemanythingsthatwewishtoachieveinlife.Forsome,wesetgoalsandobjectives,andforsomewedon’t.Trytorememberthelasttimeyousetagoaltoachieveacertaintask.Wereyouabletocompletethetaskinaneffectivemanner?Thetaskswhicharedonebysettingandmeetingdailygoalswilldefinitelybeusefulandrewardingexperiences.Astep-by-stepapproachtowardsachievingsmallergoalsisthekeytoachievinglargerones.Whenitcomestotheworkplace,eachandeveryemployeeisexpectedtomeetdailyresponsibilitiesandexpectations.Withorganizationsbecomingmoreandmorecompetitive,theimportanceofgoal-settingforemployeesisincreasing.Ithelpstheemployeetoperformbetterandincreaseshisorherefficiencyandtimemanagement.It’salsoimportantforeverystudenttosethighacademicgoalssoastobeabletobuildagoodcareer.Settinggoalsforcompletingthedailyschedulehelpsanemployeetofinishtheassignedtasksandtargetsinatimelymanner.Ifanemployeeisperformingthewayheorsheisexpectedto,thenthiswillautomaticallyincreasetheperformance,outputandproductivityofboththeemployeeandtheorganization.Dailystudytargetsarethesame.Thishelpsyoucompleteyourassignmentswithinthesettime,thusputtinglesspressureonyouduringexamsandincreasingyourchancesofperformingwell.Howmanytimesyouhavetobeatworkonaweekendjusttocompleteyourwork?Howmanytimesyouhavehadtostayupallnighttocompleteyourhomeworkorstudyforyourexams?Hadyoufollowedyoursetgoalsandtargetsrightfromthebeginning,youwouldhavespentthetimerelaxingratherthanbeingbusyworkingorstudying!Settingupgoalsandobjectiveshelpsyouorganizeyourtimeandeffortsinanefficientmanner.-8-\nInperformingyourworkdiligently,youarelikelytokeepasteadypacewhenitcomestofulfillingyoursettargets.Becauseyouarealreadyontrack,therewillbenounnecessaryworkloadandtimelimitsoveryourhead.Therefore,anotherbenefitofeffectivegoal-settingislackofstressandamorecalmandrelaxedmind.Onlyastress-freeandcalmmindcanhouseprogressiveandproductivethoughts.Acalmmindcausespositivity,whichgoesalongwaytowardsincreasingyourabilitytoachievethepersonalgoalsyouhavesetforyourself.Eachandeveryhumanbeingaimstoachievetwothings:tofulfilldesiresandtoenjoylife.Thisispossibleonlythroughproperdisciplineandtimemanagement.Goal-settingleadstonotonlyprofessionalgrowthbutalsopersonalgrowthanddevelopment.Youareexpectedtoknowthateverystepcountsandthatsettingupgoalsiseasy,butfollowingthemonaconsistentbasisisdifficult.Therefore,ifyouwanttobesuccessfulandalsoharvestthefruitsofyourhardwork,youneedtosticktoyoursetgoalsandbefocusedtowardsachievingthem.Realizethesignificantrolethatgoal-settingplaysinyourlife,makesurethatyoudoallyoucantoachievewhatyouwant,setyourgoals,worktowardsachievingthemandcelebrateyoursuccess!PassageoutlineSupportingdetailsSignificanceofgoal-settinginachievingsuccess◇Infaceofcompetition,employeeswithgoalscanperformbetteraswellas(1) efficiencyandtimemanagement.◇Studentswhowanttobuildagoodcareershouldattach(2) tosettinghighacademicgoals.Increaseoutputandperformance◇Bysettinggoals,anemployeecanincreaseoutputandperformanceinsteadof(3) completinghisorhertasks.◇Studentscanhavelesspressureandperformwellwiththeaidofdailystudytargets.Helpintimemanagement◇Youcanhaveyourtimeandefforts(4) betterifyoufollowyoursetting-goalsfromthebeginning.◇You’relikelytohavemoretimefor(5) insteadofoccupyingyourselfinworkingorstudying.Reduce(6) levels◇Chancesarethatyoucanfulfillyoursettargetssteadily(7) tolackofpressure.◇Effectivegoal-settingis(8) foryoutokeeparelaxedmind,which-8-\ncanresultinpositivity.Everystepcounts◇Youshouldbe(9) thatit’sdifficulttofollowyourgoalsconsistently.◇Yourhardworkwill(10) offifyousticktoyoursetgoalsstepbystep.答案解析11.【解析】Title/Topic。此题属于概括性词汇。本题考查学生根据表格右栏内容使用概括性词汇的能力。2.【解析】secretly。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中第一段“Insecret,wealltalktoourselves.”理解和运用能力。insecret=secretly。3.【解析】pointless/useless/worthless。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第一段“aninnermonologuethatmightseemratherpointless.”信息识别能力。4.【解析】confident。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第二段“thisinternalcheeringsectioncangiveusconfidence.”理解和运用能力。“makesb.+形容词”是一个常用句型。5.【解析】unfamiliar。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第二段“Thisisthekindofcommentweengageinwhenwe’recarryingoutadifficulttask,especiallyonethat’sunfamiliartous.”信息识别能力。6.【解析】improved。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“First,itimprovesourattention.”的理解和运用能力。原文是主动语态,此题是被动语态,故用improve的过去分词形式。7.【解析】emotions。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第三段“self-talkallowsustocontrolouremotions,”信息识别能力。8.【解析】goals。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第四段“...whenyousetagoalforyourselfandmakeaplanforhowtogetthere.”信息识别能力。9.【解析】reflect。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中倒数第三段“Lastcomesself-reflection”的理解和运用能力。此题的reflecton意思是“反省”。10.【解析】change。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中最后一段“Aftertheactionisover,considerhowyoumightchangeyourself-talktoimproveyourperformancenexttime”信息识别能力。-8-\n21.【解析】burden。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第一段“You’llgetsomeprofitinreturn,andyouwon’thavetobeburdenedwithacarthatwillbemoreusefultoothers.”理解和运用能力。此题关键词是burden,在此题中跟在the后应该用名词形式。2.【解析】functions/works/runs/performs。此题属于转换词汇中的句型转换。本题考查学生对文中第二段“Makesurethatitisstillinausefulcondition.”理解和概括能力。当然,function一词也可从倒数第二段“makesurethecarstillfunctionsaswellasnew”中得到暗示。3.【解析】List/Show。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第二段“makealistofitsfeaturesthatyouthinkwouldappealtopotentialbuyers.”理解和运用能力。原句中list为名词,在此题中转化为动词。4.【解析】Advertising/Advertisement。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“youcanusethewebandadvertisethroughanInternetauction.”理解和运用能力。关键词是advertise。5.【解析】media。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“Youcandoitbymakinganadinthenewspapers,or...”理解和概括能力。“报刊”属于“媒体”范围之内。6.【解析】uncertain/unsure。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“Ifyou’renotsureonhowtomakeanad,browse”理解和运用能力。“notsure”即unsure/uncertain。7.【解析】Improvements。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第四段“Itwouldbebesttomakesomeimprovementstoyourcar,atleastonitsappearance.”信息识别能力。8.【解析】appearance。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第四段“itmighttakemoreworktoimprovethecar’sappearance.”信息识别能力。9.【解析】like/as。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中第四段“thecarstillfunctionsaswellasnew”理解和概括能力。10.【解析】Stick。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对原文最后一段“insistonacashpayment,orcashier’scheck.”理解和运用能力。insiston与stickto同义。31.【解析】increase。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第二段“Ithelpstheemployeetoperformbetterandincreaseshisorherefficiencyandtimemanagement.”的信息识别能力。2.【解析】importance。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中第二段“It’salsoimportantforeverystudenttosethighacademicgoals”的理解和运用能力。另外,此题的attachimportanceto为一固定词组,意为“认为……重要;重视”。-8-\n3.【解析】delaying。此题属于转换词汇中的句型转换。本题考查学生对文中第三段“finishtheassignedtasksandtargetsinatimelymanner”的理解和运用能力。“在规定时间之内”意思就是“不推迟完成任务”。注意,此空前有介词of,此题要填delaying。4.【解析】organized。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第四段“Settingupgoalsandobjectiveshelpsyouorganizeyourtimeandeffortsinanefficientmanner.”的理解和运用能力。关键词是organize,此题是havesomethingdone句型,故用organized作宾语补足语。5.【解析】relaxation。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第四段“youwouldhavespentthetimerelaxingratherthanbeingbusyworkingorstudying.”的理解和运用能力。关键词是relax,此题跟在介词for后,用名词形式,故此空填relaxation。6.【解析】stress。此题属于原文词汇。本题考查学生对文中第五段“lackofstressandamorecalmandrelaxedmind”的信息识别能力。当然,“减压”就是第五段讨论的话题。7.【解析】due/owing。此题属于转换词汇中的句型转换。本题考查学生对文中第五段“Therefore,anotherbenefitofeffectivegoal-settingislackofstressandamorecalmandrelaxedmind.”的理解和运用能力。due/owingto在此表示原因。8.【解析】beneficial。此题属于转换词汇中的词形转换。本题考查学生对文中第五段“anotherbenefit”的理解和运用能力。此处跟在is后应用其形容词形式。9.【解析】aware/conscious。此题属于转换词汇中的词组转换。本题考查学生对文中最后一段“Youareexpectedtoknow”的理解和运用能力。此处将know转换成beaware/conscious。10.【解析】pay。此题属于转换词汇中的句型转换。本题考查学生对文中最后一段“ifyouwanttobesuccessfulandalsoharvestthefruitsofyourhardwork,youneedtosticktoyoursetgoals...”的理解和运用能力。此处payoff是牛津教材上一个重要的词组,意思是“取得成功;带来好结果”。此题是跟在will后,应用动词原形。-8-
