优点英语2022高考英语阅读提高外国文化11Ifapersonthrowsupacoinintotheair,itmaylandononeside,oritmaylandontheother.Thereisnosenseinanalyzing(分析)theresult,becauseitisarandom(随意的)chanceevent.Nothingcanbedonetoinfluencetheoutcome.Abouthalfthetimethecoinwilllandononeside,andabouthalfthetimeitwilllandontheotherside,nomatterhowthecoinisthrownup.Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedalmostanythingthathappenedtothemwasanintervention(干涉)byadivine(神的)power.Now,however,fewcultureswouldbelievetheoutcomeofsuchaninsignificanteventasthrowingupacointobedivineintervention.Manyeventsoflifearebasicallyeventsofrandomchance.Letuslookatoneexample.YoumightbewalkinginPrague,andapickpocketstealsyourwallet.Herearesomedifferentexplanationsonecouldgivetosuchamisfortune.1.TheFatalistic(宿命论)one,popularinArabiccountries,wouldbethatthetheftwasmerelyyourfate,andcouldnotbeavoided.Ioftenthink“fate”istherealizationthatmanythingsinlifearemerelyrandomchanceevents.Itissenselesstoworrythatyoudidanythingtocausethisevent.Itjusthappenedthatapickpocketjusthappenedtobenearyou,andyourwalletwastheclosestoneforhimtosteal.Icannothidemybias(偏见):Ithinkthisisprobablythehealthiestexplanationofrandomchanceevents.2.Inprimitive(原始的)culturesorregionswherecertainreligionscommonlyexisted,theexplanationmightbethatitwasGod’swillforyourwallettobestolen.Godwaspunishingyouforamisdeed,ortryingtoteachyouacentraltruthbylettingyoulosethismoney.3.AndlastlythereistheexplanationIfindincreasinglycommoninWesternsocieties.Anymisfortunemaybeexplainedbyalackofprecautions(预防措施).Aninterventiononsomeone’spart(usuallythegovernment’s)couldhavepreventedthetheft.Forexample,youshouldnothave
优点英语walkedincertainstreets;youshouldhavebeenmorewatchful.Orthegovernmentshouldhaveemployedmorepolicemen,orimprisonedmorecriminals.Misfortunesarenotcausedbyrandomchance,butbyincompletecareorcontrol.Thislatterexplanationisbeingacceptedincreasinglyeveryday.Onereasonmustbethatitcomfortspeopletorationalize(使…有合理依据)theirmisfortunes,especiallyifitmakesthemseemblameless.(“Iftherewerejustmorepolicemen,mywalletwouldnothavebeenstolen.”)Ifindthislastexplanationamusinginonesense,andextremelyharmfulinanother.Ifwecannotacceptbadthingseverhappeningtous,wemustbewillingtoacceptanunlimitedexpansionoflawsandgovernmentinterventioninourlives1.Accordingtotheauthor__________A.ifyouwanttoknowtheresultofsomethingyouplantodo,thethrowingupofacoinwillbeofgreathelpB.whetherthecoinlandsononesideortheother,it’sGod’swillC.thewaythatacoinisthrownupdecideswhichsideitwilllandD.whicheversideacoinwilllanddoesn’taffecttheresultofthethingoneplanstodo2.Ifsomeonebrokeintoyourhouseandtookawayallthevaluablethings,thewritermostprobablyagreeswiththeideathat__________A.it’sbecauseyouhavedonesomethingwrongandsoyouarepunishedforthatB.it’sjustsomethingthatyoucan’tavoidC.thegovernmentistoblameforthatD.youarenotcarefulenoughtopreventitfromhappening3.Moreandmorepeopleacceptthethirdexplanationbecause__________A.peoplefeelcomfortabletothinksoB.itistrueofthefact
优点英语C.thegovernmenthasn’temployedenoughpolicemenD.infact,thegovernmentdoesn’twarnpeopleagainsttheftinpublicplaces4.Thewriterwrotethisarticletotellus_________A.peopleofdifferentcultureshavedifferentattitudestowardsacertaineventthathappenstooraroundthemB.peopleshouldholdscientificattitudetowardseventsthathappentooraroundthemC.manyeventsjusthappenwithoutanyreasonsD.whichofthethreeexplanationsismorereasonable5.Thewritersays“Ifindthislastexplanationamusinginonesense,andextremelyharmfulinanother”probablybecauseifthisexplanationisaccepted__________A.peoplewillnotbeabletowalkincertainstreetsB.therewillbetoomanylawsandpeoplewilllosemuchoftheirfreedomC.therewillbetoomanypolicemeninthestreetsorotherpublicplacesD.therewillbetoomanycriminalsinprison2Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirproduct’smanifestadvantages.Furthermore,theadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasons,however.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudies,oneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaireoftheUniversityofCaliforniaconstructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:hamburger,carrots,bread,bakingpowder,cannedpeaches,andpotatoes,withthebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhitem,infifthplaceonbothlists,read”11b.MaxwellHousecoffee”ononelistand“Nescafeinstantcoffee”
优点英语ontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachoneisagroupoffiftywomen,andtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribe,asfarastheycould,thekindofwoman(personalityandcharacter)whowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhand,onlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewife,whohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlist,aslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablenotagoodwife!Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.1.ThepurposeofthestudymadebyMasonHairewastofindout__________.A.whypeoplewouldnotbuyinstantcoffeeB.whyinstantcoffeedidnottastegoodC.whywomendidn’tliketodrinkcoffeeD.whyregularcoffeewaspopular2.Theresultoftheinvestigationshowedthat___________.A.womenwhousedregularcoffeeweregoodplannersB.mostofthewomeninvestigatedweregoodatreasoningC.manywomenbelievedthatwiveswhousedinstantcoffeewerelazyD.housewiveswhousedinstantcoffeewerelazy3.Inthestudy,thewomanweresupposedtogivetheiropinionsabout_________.A.whichwasbetter,instantcoffeeorregularcoffeeB.women’sattitudetowardsshoppingC.thenecessityofmakingsuchashoppinglistD.thepersonalityofawomanwhowouldpreparesuchalist
优点英语4.Judgingbytheresultofthestudymanywomenwerenotinterestedininstantcoffeebecause________.A.theydidn’ttrustadvertisementsB.instantcoffeewasnotsuitedtotheirtasteC.theywantedtoshowthattheywereintelligentD.subconsciously,theyhadasenseofshameaboutusinginstantcoffee5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Muchmoremoneywasspentbytheproducersinpromotingthesaleofinstantcoffee.B.MaxwellHousecoffeewassuperiortoNescafeinstantcoffeeinquality.C.Theconsumersdislikeofinstantcoffeewasunreasonable.D.Instantcoffeehadnoobviousadvantage.3SomeofthebestAmericancompaniestodayhaveturnedthemselvesupsidedown.They’vefoundtheoldtop-downpyramidstylemanagementformdoesn’twork.Sothey’veturnedthepyramidover,givingemployeesmoresayinwhatgoeson.Anditworks,asprovedinimprovedsalesandearnings.Interestedininverting(倒置)thepyramidinyouroperation?Herearesometips:Challengeemployeestocomeupwiththeirownbetterwaystodotheirjobs,youmaybesurprisedathowvaluablesomeoftheirsuggestionsare.Collectideasfromeveryone,notjustthosewhohaveadirectconnectionwiththejob.Sometimesgoodideascomefromunlikelysources.Treatemployeeswithhonestyandrespect.Don’torderthemiftheyarenotgoingtohavetheirideasenacted.Explainthereasonsthatunderlineadecisionorpolicy.Spreadauthorityaround.Ifthelargestpartofthepyramidistobeatthetop,thetoppeople
优点英语shouldhaveauthority.Atonecarplantanyworkerwhoseesaproblemcanshutdownthewholeassemblyline(生产线)untiltheproblemissolved.Bygivingemployeesmorecontrollikethatovertheirworkenvironmentandmoreinvolvementinrunningtheirjobs,youtap(开发)avaluablesourceofideasandproductivity--andthatpaysoffforeveryone.1.WhydidthebestAmericancompanieschangetheiroldmanagementstyleforanewone?A.Togivemoreauthoritytoemployees.B.Toshowtheirrespecttotheirworkers.C.Toimproveproductionandsales.D.Togivetheiremployeesmorechancestotalktoeachother.2.Inthewriter’seyes,thenewmanagementstyleshould________.A.forceworkerstofindoutmoreeffectivewaystodotheirworkB.respecteveryworkerandgivethemenoughrightstosettleproblemsC.justasktopemployeesforsomeadviceD.orderworkerstodosomeimportantjobs3.Theunderlinedphrase“paysoff”inthelastparagraphmeans________A.bringsgoodresultsB.payssomebodyhiswagesandfireshimC.givessomebodysomemoneytopreventhimdoingsomethingD.paysinfull4.Whycananyemployeeinacarfactoryshutdownthewholeassemblylinewhenhe/shefindsaproblem?A.He/Shehastodevelopavaluableidea.B.He/Sheisgiventherighttodothat.
优点英语C.He/Shehastokeepthisrule.D.He/Shehasthefighttohavearest.4Aftermorediscussion,PaulandJohncometoanagreement.Paulknowsthatthedealwillfallthroughifhedoesn’tgethisacttogetherquicklywiththeChinesebuildingsuppliers.HetellsJohnthatifJohn’scompanykeepsawayfromtheSouthKoreanmarketforthetimebeing,he’llgetthingsworkedoutinaboutthreeweeksbylendingtheChinesecompanysomeofthemoney,withoutchargingtheusualinterest,formaterialsandlaborcoststogetthemstartedonbuildingthehotelsalmostimmediately.Johnthinksthatisagoodideahuthe’sahardbusinessmananddrivesahardbargain.Hewantstwoguaranteesthatthedealwon’tfallthroughatthelastminute.Thefirstisthat,ifPaulcan’tcomeupwithhissideofthecontract,thenPaul’scompanywillhavetopay400,000pounds,butwithanagreementtodiscusstheprojectagaininsixmonths’time.Paulknowsthathisbosseswon’twanttopartwiththatsortofmoneyandagrees.However,thesecondguaranteeisthat,evenifPaul’scompanydoesstartupontimebutfallsbehindschedule,itwillcosthiscompany200,000poundsforeverymonthlost.Paulthinksthatisveryhardandoverthetop,andhewillhavetolookintoit.ButJohnsaysthatishis“bottomline”,meaningthatistheonlydealheisgoingtomakeandPaul’scompanycaneithertakeitorleaveiteithertheygivebothguaranteesorthedealfallsthroughnow.Thebusinessworldcanheatoughone.1.Thewriterwritesthisarticlemainly________A.Tosuggestthebusinessworldisaratherdifficultone.B.TotellpeoplehowtocometoabusinessagreementC.ToshowbusinessmenarehardtogetalongwithD.ToshowJohniseventougherthanPaul2.WhatdoesPaulthinkaboutthesecondguaranteethatJohnasksfor?A.Hethinksitiscompletelyunacceptable
优点英语B.HethinksitissomethingfairC.Hethinksitisquitewronganddecidestorefuseit.D.Hethinksitisunfairandwantstochangeit.3.Theunderlinedword“them”inthefirstparagraphrefersto_______A.thethingstobeworkedoutB.thehotelstobebuiltC.materialsandlaborcostsD.theChinesebuildingsuppliers4.Whenyoudriveahardbargain,you_______A.argueaboutthepriceviolentlyB.geteverythingcheapergreatlyC.makesurethatanagreementsuitsyoubestD.doeverythingyoucantomakeadeal.5Whatisintelligence,anyway?WhenIwasinthearmyIreceivedanIQ(intelligence)testthatallsoldierstook,andIscored160againstanaverageof100.AllmylifeI’vebeenmakingscoreslikethat,sothatIhavethefeelingthatI’mhighlyintelligent,andIexpectotherpeopletothinkso,too.Yet,suchscoresmeanactuallythatIamverygoodatansweringthetypeofacademicquestionsdevisedbythepeoplewhomakeuptheIQtests---aprofessorlikemyself.OnceIhadanauto-repairman.IalwaystookitforgrantedthatIwasfarmoreintelligentthanhewas.Ithoughthecouldnothavescoredmorethan80onsuchIQtests.Yet,whenanythingwentwrongwithmycarIhastenedtohim,andhealwaysfixedmycar.Well,then,supposemyauto-repairmandevisedquestionsforanIQtest.Orsupposeacarpenterdid,orafarmer,oralmostanyonebutanacademician.Byeveryoneofthosetests,I’dprovemyselfanidiot.InaworldwhereIcouldnotusemyacademictrainingandmyverbaltalentsbuthadtodosomethingworkingwithmyhands,Iwoulddopoorly.Myauto-repairmanhadahabitoftellingmejokes.Onetimeheaskedme,“Doc,adeaf-and-dumbguywentintoahardwarestoretoaskforsomenails.Heputtwofingerstogether
优点英语onthecounterandmadehammeringmotionswiththeotherhand.Theclerkbroughthimahammer.Heshookhisheadandpointedtothetwofingershewashammering.Theclerkbroughthimnails.Hepickedoutthesizeshewanted,andleft.Well,Doc,thenextguywhocameinwasablindman.Hewantedscissors.Howdoyousupposeheaskedforthem?”Naturally,Iliftedmyrighthandandmadescissoringmotionswithmyfirsttwofingers.Whereuponmyauto-repairmanlaughedloudlyandsaid,“Why,youdumbfool,heusedhisvoiceandaskedforthem.”Thenhesaid,“I’vebeentryingthatonallmycustomerstoday.”“Didyoucatchmany?”Iasked.“Quiteafew,”hesaid,“butIknewforsureI’dcatchyou.”“Whyisthat?”Iasked.“Becauseyou’resogoddamnededucated,Doc,Iknewyoucouldn’tbeverysmart.”AndIhaveanuneasyfeelinghehadsomethingthere.1.Thespeakerscored160onanIQtestsimplybecausehewas________A.consideredhighlyintelligentB.muchsmarterthanothersC.trainedforansweringsuchquestionsD.educatedtobeamedicaldoctor2.Afterjokingwiththespeaker,theauto-repairmanremarkedthat_______A.hewasunwillingtoteasehiscustomersB.educationalwaysmakesonesmarterC.hewasveryashamedofplayingapracticaljokeD.ahighlyeducatedpersonmightlosecommonsense3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Onecanbefooledoncebutnotallthetime.B.Successis1%intelligenceand99%diligenceC.IntelligencecannotalwaysbemeasuredbyanIQtestD.AnIQtestshouldincludequestionsonauto-repair
优点英语6Youngpeopleintheearly1980saretakingonasetofattitudesandvaluesremarkablydifferentfromthoseofthestormy‘60sand‘70s.Insteadofanti-establishmentoutbursts,today’syoungergenerationhadturnedmorethoughtfulandmoreserious.Thereisheightenedconcernforthefutureofthecountryandayearningforthetraditionsandsupportsystemsthatgavecomfortinthepast.Manyyoungmenandwomenofhigh–schoolandcollageagearehavingsecondthoughtsaboutthe“newmorality”andcondemnwhatasoaringdivorceratehasdonetofamilies.Theyspeakopenlyofgainingstrengthfromreligion.Patriotism,too,seemstobemakingamodestcomeback.Onechangeintheearly1980sisaquestioningofthepermissivemoralclimateofrecentyears.Moreyoungpeople,whilehesitanttopreachortocondemntheirpeers,citethedestructiveeffectsofthedrugsandalocoholthatpushesteenagersintodrugs,butnowthehabitoftenisdroppedafterhighschool,accordingtoDebbieBishop,a22-year-oldsecretary.JamesElrod,acollagejuniorinKentucky,alsoreportsthatuseofmarijuanaoncampushaslessened.ACornellUniversitylawstudentreflectstheviewsofmanywiththecomment:“Ithinkthatdrugabuseisharmfultoyourownhealthandthosearoundyou.”Butheadd,“Drinkingisfineonlyaslongasit’snotdonetoexcess.”Withtheaddedpressuresofamoreuncertainworld,mostyoungpeoplestresstheimportanceofahealthyfamilylife.Yet,astheylookatthefamily’sbreakupthathastakenplaceinthepastdecade,theyconcedethatthechallengeformanyistomakethebestofone-parentfamilies.“TheAmericanfamilyisevolvingandchanging,”accordingtoNinaMule,“Womenaregoingoutintotheworldandhavingcareers.They’rebecomingmoreindependentinsteadofbeingtheburdenofthefamily.”“Butagreatneedremainsforafamilystructure,”saysNina,whostillliveswithherparents,“becausepeoplehavetobeabletosurviveemotional.”InAtlanta,18-year-oldLissJcinerfeelsstronglyaboutwhat’shappenedtothefamily.“Peoplehaverealizedthatthefamilyhasdisintegrated,”shesays,“Buttoday’sfamily--particularlytheblackfamily--istryingtopullitselftogetherandbecomethestrongunitasitoncewas.”Asimilarviewisexpressed
优点英语byasenioratBrighamYoungUniversity:“Ahappyfamilymeanseverythingtome.IreadalotabouthowtheAmericanfamilyisfallingapart.ButIseelotsofstrongfamiliesaroundme,andthatmakesmeveryoptimistic.”1.Howdoteenagersbegintotakedrugs?A.Theywanttogrowup.B.Theywanttoconformtotheirfellows.C.Theyarethreatenedintodrugs.D.Noneoftheabove.2.Whydoyoungpeopleemphasizetheimportanceofahealthyfamilylife?A.Theydon’twanttomakealivingbythemselves.B.Theywanttoliveacomfortablelife.C.Theyprefertolivewiththeirparents.D.Withtheconstantlyaddedpressuresoftheoutsideworld,theyneedahealthyfamilyforemotionalshelter.3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Themoralclimateof‘60sand‘70sisveryoptimisticwhilethatof‘80sispermissive.B.Familiesbreakupbecausewomenarebecomingmoreindependent.C.Marijuana,accordingtothepassage,isakindofdrugs.D.Peoplehaverealizedthatthefamilyhasdisintegratedandtheyjustletitgo.4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?A.Youngpeopleof‘60sand‘70sheldradicalattitudestowardslife.B.Youngpeopleoftheearly1980sbegintoturnbacktotraditionalvalues.C.Youngpeopleoftheearly1980sfollowthe“newmorality”.D.Therewereanti-establishmentoccurrencein‘60sand‘70s.5.LissJciner’sviewaboutfamilyis____.
优点英语A.optimisticB.pessimisticC.unknownD.uncertain答案：1篇：DBACB2篇：ACDDA3篇：CBAB4篇：ADAC5篇CDC6篇：BDCCA
