2022高考英语冲刺阅读理解专项50-31AEverybodyishappyashispayrises.Yetpleasureatyourowncandisappearifyoulearnthatafellowworkerhasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifheisknownasbeinglazy,youmightevenbequitecross.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingbeliefthatotheranimalswouldnotbeabletohavethisfinelydevelopedsenseofsadness.ButastudybySarahBrosnanofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviorsofsomekindoffemalebrownmonkeys.Theylooksmart.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodhappily.Aboveall,likefemalehumanbeings,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectsubjectsforDoctorBrosnan’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokens(奖券)forfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforpiecesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparateandconnectedrooms,sothateachothercouldobservewhattheotherisgettinginreturnforitsrock,theybecamequitedifferent.Intheworldofmonkeys，grapesareexcellentgoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasnotwillingtohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithershookherowntokenattheresearcher,orrefusedtoacceptthecucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherroom(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtobringaboutdissatisfactioninafemalemonkey.Theresearchessuggestthatthesemonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialsenses.Inthewild,theyareco-operativeandgroup-living.Suchco-operationislikelytobefirmonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofangerwhenunfairlytreated,itseems,arenotthenatureofhumanbeingsalone.Refusingasmallerrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingscleartootheranimalsofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessdevelopedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritcomesfromthecommonrootsthattheyhad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue? A.Onlymonkeysandhumanscanhavethesenseoffairnessintheworld. B.Womenwillshowmoredissatisfactionthanmenwhenunfairlytreated. C.Inthewild,monkeysareneverunhappytosharetheirfoodwitheachother. D.Monkeyscanexchangecucumbersforgrapes,forgrapesaremoreattractive.答案解析：答案为B。本题为推断题，考生需通读全文进行推断。本文讲述了当受到不公平待遇的时候，每个人都会生气，包括动物。但是雌性的动物比雄性的动物更加在意不公平的待遇，研究中用猴子作为实验来证明这一点。文章中第二段“Aboveall,likefemale5\nhumanbeings,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.”与第三段“SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectsubjectsforDoctorBrosnan’sstudy.”都有此表达，故答案为B“当受到不公平待遇的时候，女性比男性更加不满”。从最后一段“Refusingasmallerrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingscleartootheranimalsofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessdevelopedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritcomesfromthecommonrootsthattheyhad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.”中可知，independently(独立)对应A选项中的only，whether…or…anunansweredquestion（是否…或者…未知的问题）的表达方式与A选项的意思“只有猴子与人类才具有公平意识”不同，故A选项是错误的。从第三段“Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforpiecesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparateandconnectedrooms,sothateachothercouldobservewhattheotherisgettinginreturnforitsrock,theybecamequitedifferent.”可知，猴子乐意用石块交换黄瓜，但是当看到另外一只猴子因为石块得到的回报，态度就不一样了。因此C选项“猴子从不会不高兴彼此分享食物”与该句意思不符。从第四段首句“Intheworldofmonkeys，grapesareexcellentgoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).”中注意“excellent(极好的)”与“preferable(更好的)”两词，与D选项“forgrapesaremoreattractive（更具有吸引力的）”意思不一致。综上分析，A,C,D都不符合文章意思。2.Theunderlinedstatement“itisalltoomonkey”meansthat________. A.monkeysarealsoangrywithlazyfellows B.feelingbitteratunfairnessisalsomonkey’snature C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobeenviousofeachother D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchfeelings答案解析：答案为B。本题为句意推断题。结合文章第一段中“alltoohuman”前面的内容是说当得知别人懒惰却加薪更多的时候，人人都会生气，这是人的本能。接下来提到的“itisalltoomonkey”也是表达“猴子受到不公平待遇的时候感到痛苦也是猴子的本能。”的意思。故答案为B。A选项“猴子对懒惰的同伴也会生气”,C选项“猴子像人类一样会彼此嫉妒”,D选项“除了猴子没有其他的动物会有那种感觉”都与文章意思不符。3.Femalemonkeysofthiskindarechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare___. A.morelikelytoweighwhattheyget B.attentivetoresearchers’instructions C.niceinbothappearanceandbehaviors D.morereadytohelpothersthantheirmalecompanions答案解析：答案为A。本题为细节推理题。从文章中第二段“Aboveall,likefemalehumanbeings,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.”与第三段“Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfect5\nsubjectsforDoctorBrosnan’sstudy.”可知，雌性的猴子作为实验是因为她们比雄性的猴子更加关注“物品与服务”的价值。A选项“她们更有可能掂量（weigh）她们得到的”,与上述分析意思一致，故答案为A。B和D在文章中都未提到；C并不是根本的原因。4.WhichofthefollowingconclusionsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage? A.Humanbeings'feelingsofangeraredevelopedfromthemonkeys. B.Intheresearch,malemonkeysarelesslikelytoexchangefoodwithothers. C.Co-operationbetweenmonkeysstaysfirmbeforetherealizationofbeingcheated. D.Onlymonkeysandhumanshavethesenseoffairnesswhichdatesbackto35millionyearsago.答案解析：答案为C。本题为细节理解题。从文章最后一段“Suchco-operationislikelytobefirmonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.”可知，只有当每个动物感觉没有被欺骗的时候合作的态度才是坚定的”,C选项的意思“意识到被欺骗之前猴子之间的合作非常坚定”与上述分析一致。解答此题注意同义句的转换表达。A,B,D与文章意思不符合。5.WhatcanweinferaboutthemonkeysinSarah’sstudy? A.Themonkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialsenses. B.Theyusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.C.Themonkeysmayshowtheirsatisfactionwithequaltreatment. D.Co-operationamongthemonkeysremainseffectiveinthewild.答案解析：答案为C。本题为推断题。文章中说，猴子受到不公平待遇的时候会生气，这句话的意思就是C选项的表达“猴子受到公平待遇的时候会满意”，故答案为C。解答此题仍然要注意推理题设置的技巧：用不同的表达方式来表达同样的意思。从文章最后一段“Theresearchessuggestthatthesemonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialsenses.Inthewild,theyareco-operativeandgroup-living.”可知，猴子自身就有社会意识，而不是通过训练获得，故A错误。B，D在文章中未提及。BTheamountoftimechildrenspendininstitutionalcare（机构式照顾）mayaffecthowtheirbrainsdevelop.That’stheconclusionofanewstudycarriedoutbyresearchersattheUniversityofWisconsin,HarvardMedicalSchoolandtheUniversityofMinnesota.ThestudyispublishedinChildDevelopmentinthejournal’sJanuary/February2022issue.Tolearnhowthelackofcareandmaterialneedsthatinstitutionalizedchildrenoftenexperienceaffectbraindevelopment,theresearcherslookedat1328-and9-year-olds.SomeofthemwereadoptedintoU.S.homesafterspendingatleastayearandthreequartersoftheirlivesininstitutionsinAsia,LatinAmerica,RussiaandEasternEurope,andAfrica.Otherswereadoptedbythetimetheywere8monthsoldintoU.S.homesfromfostercare（寄养）inAsiaandLatinAmerica;mostofthesechildrenhadspentnotimeininstitutionalcare,whilesomehadspentamonthor5\ntwoininstitutionspriortofosterplacement.Onaverage,theinternationallyadoptedchildrenhadbeenlivingwiththeirfamiliesformorethan6years.ThesechildrenwerecomparedtoagroupofAmericanchildrenraisedintheirbirthfamilies.Childrenadoptedearlyfromfostercaredidn'tdifferfromchildrenraisedintheirbirthfamiliesintheUnitedStates.Childrenadoptedfrominstitutionalcareperformedworsethanthoseraisedinfamiliesontestsmeasuringvisualmemoryandattention,learningvisualinformation,andimpulse（冲动）control.Yetthesechildrenperformedatdevelopmentallyappropriatelevelsontestsinvolvingsequencingandplanning.Thetake-homemessage:Childrenmaketremendousadvancesincognitive（认知的）functioningoncetheyreachtheiradoptivefamilies,buttheearlyimpactontheirbrains'developmentisdifficulttochangecompletely."Weidentifiedbasiclearningprocessesthatareaffectedbyearlyinstitutionalization,"notesSethPollak,professorofpsychologyandpediatricsattheUniversityofWisconsin,whowasthestudy'sleadauthor."Policiesthatspeedthetimeinwhichchildrencanberemovedfrominstitutionalizedcaresotheycandevelopwithinfamilycontextsshouldbeimplementedtodecreasethelikelihoodoflearningproblemslaterinchildren'slives."1.Thepassageismainlywrittento.A.comparetwochildcaresystemsB.criticizetheinstitutionalchildcareC.presentanewresearchfindingD.introducethebasiclearningprocess答案解析：答案为C。本题为主旨大意题。本文运用了总----分----总的写作风格。注意文章第一段“Theamountoftimechildrenspendininstitutionalcaremayaffecthowtheirbrainsdevelop.”意为“儿童受到机构式照顾的时间长短或许会影响大脑发育”，和最后一段"Policiesthatspeedthetimeinwhichchildrencanberemovedfrominstitutionalizedcaresotheycandevelopwithinfamilycontextsshouldbeimplementedtodecreasethelikelihoodoflearningproblemslaterinchildren'slives."可知，儿童应摆脱机构式照顾，而应在家庭环境下培养，从而降低他们以后有学习障碍的可能性”，因此，文章主旨是在陈述一种新的发现。A，B，D都不是文章的主旨。2.Childrenhavetheirbraindevelopmentaffectedininstitutionalcarebecause.A.theysufferformpoorlivingconditionsB.theyspendtoomuchtimelearningC.theydon’thavefreedomstayingthereD.theyareneitherphysicallynormentallysatisfied答案解析：答案为D。本题为细节推断题。从文章第二段首句“Tolearnhowthelackofcareandmaterialneedsthatinstitutionalizedchildrenoftenexperienceaffectbraindevelopment,…”可知，句中“care（照顾）”对应D选项的“mentally（精神地）”,“materialneeds（物质需求）”对应D选项的“physically（身体地）”,故答案为D。5\n3．Comparedwithhome-raisedchildren,institutionalizedchildrendidn’tdoaswellintaskslike.A.thinkinginpicturesandself-controlB.workinginteamsandself-expressionC.puttingthingsinorderandself-defenseD.adaptingtotheenvironmentandself-panning.答案解析：答案为A。本题为细节题。从文章的第三段“Childrenadoptedfrominstitutionalcareperformedworsethanthoseraisedinfamiliesontestsmeasuringvisualmemoryandattention,learningvisualinformation,andimpulsecontrol.”可知，机构式照顾下的儿童比家庭环境下培养的儿童在视觉记忆、注意力、视觉信息和冲动控制上表现要差”,故答案A“思考图片和自我控制”意思符合文章的内容。4．Itcanbeconcludedformthepassagethat.A.theUnitedStatesisagoodplaceforchildren’sall-rounddevelopmentB.aperfectfamilyisbeneficialtochildren’sall-rounddevelopmentC.childrenininstitutionalcarecanhardlyachieveanythinggreatD.nothinghasbeendonetohelpchildrenininstitutionalcare答案解析：答案为B。本题为主旨推断题。结合第一题，本文是在陈述一种观点，即：受到机构式照顾的儿童大脑发育会受到影响，他们应在家庭环境下培养。A选项未提及；C、D选项太绝对。故答案为B。5
