20年上海市高考押题卷英语学科（满分150分，考试时间120分钟）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Inarestaurant.B.Onafarm.C.Onaplane.D.Inacafeteria.2.A.EatatthenewBurgerplace.B.Spendtimeatadanceclub.C.Signupforatraditionaldanceclass.D.Closeadealatanewplace.3.A.ThisFriday.B.ThisSaturday.C.NextMonday.D.NextSunday.4.A.Theycanbuyactionfiguresonsale.B.Theycansharethedeliverycost.C.Theycanorderthingstogether.D.Theysharesimilarinterestincartoons.5.A.Theycan’taffordthelaptop.B.Thelaptopisn’ttherightmodel.C.Theirdaughtersaretoospoiled.D.Buyinglaptopsisunnecessary.6.A.Thevideomeetingwasunsuccessful.B.Heenjoyedeveryminuteofthemeeting.C.Thevideomeetingwascancelled.D.Freezingweatheraffectedattendance.7.A.Hiscoachdidn’tlikehisattitudetowardstraining.B.Hewasratedtheworstplayerontheteam.C.Hisacademicperformancewasnotsatisfactory.D.Hewassufferingfromaseriousbackinjury.8.A.Themanwillreceiveaprizeattheyear-endparty.B.Themanhasgoodqualitiesforbeingapartyhost.,C.Themanhasneverhostedapartybefore.D.Themanisnervousaboutbeingapartyhost.9.A.HelackstheopportunitytosingKaraoke.B.Hewillpracticesingingafterwork.C.Heisn’tconfidentaboutsinging.D.Heisenthusiasticaboutwork.10.A.Sheneedstoimproveherfitnessbeforeit’stoolate.B.Sheshouldn’thaverunallthewaytotheoffice.C.Hewillmonitorherfitnesstrainingfromnowon.D.Hewillwakeheruptodoexercisetogether.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.UKresidentslivingoverseas.B.UKresidentsstuckathome.C.Peoplelivingfarawayfromhome.D.EmployeesfromMyBaggage.12.A.Thebottlesaremadefromrecyclablematerials.B.TheaircomesfromthefourUKcountries.C.OnlyairfeaturingLondonUndergroundisavailable.D.Thebottlesaredesignedforone-timeuse.13.A.Humansdon’tlikeadaptingtonewsurroundings.B.Freshairisbeneficialtoemotionalwell-being.C.Humansenseislinkedwithchildhoodmemories.D.Smellcanbringaboutemotionalmemories.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Byconsuminghugeamountsofelectricity.B.Byreleasingenormousamountsofdata.C.BycausingjammedtrafficontheInternet.,D.Bypushingpeopletochangedevices.15.A.Theyhaveinvestedinthecloudingsystem.B.Theyareswitchingtotherenewableenergy.C.Theyarebuildinglargesolarfarms.D.Theyhavestoppedusingdatacenters.16.A.Whatitmeanstogogreeninourlife.B.Howdatacenterscanbemadesustainable.C.Whydigitaltechnologyisnotsustainable.D.Whichpersonalactivitiescausedigitalpollution.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Heisresponsiblefororganizingaclassmeeting.B.Heneedstocompleteanannualreportbytheweekend.C.Heisunderpressuretohandinatravelplan.D.Heisinchargeofplanningtheclasstrip.18.A.Thecostofthetripistoohigh.B.Thejourneyistootiring.C.Hisclassmatesarephysicallyunfittogothere.D.Hisclassmatesarereluctanttogothatfar.19.A.Itisabittoughtogetto.B.Ithassmalltentsforrent.C.Itoffersseasonaldiscount.D.Itsnaturalsceneryisbeautiful.20A.Relaxed.B.Puzzled.C.Excited.D.Worried.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionAChineseactressFanBingbinghasbeenfinedfortaxevasion,statemediareported.Itisthefirstpublicpronouncementaboutthestar_____1_____shemysteriouslydisappearedfrompublicviewinJune.Accordingtostate-runnewsagencyXinhua,Fanhasbeenorderedtopayalmost$130million,aftershemisreportedhowmuchmoneyshe_____2_____(receive)forcertainfilmprojects,usingso-called"yin-yangcontracts"toconceal_____3_____theauthoritieshertrueremuneration(薪酬)andavoidmillionsofdollarsintaxes.Fanandcompaniesrelatedtoherwereorderedtopayaround$42millioninlatetaxesandfees,alongwithafineof$86million.Becauseshewas_____4_____first-timeoffender,thegovernmentsaidcriminalchargeswouldnotbefiled,againstherifshepaysallthemoneybyanundiscloseddeadline,Xinhuareported.Fan'sdisappearancefrompublicviewsparkedwidespreadspeculation_____5_____shehadbeendetainedbytheauthorities.XinhuasaidshehadbeenunderinvestigationbytaxauthoritiesinJiangsuprovince,but_____6_____didn'tprovideanydetailsonhercurrentwhereabouts.Inaletter_____7_____(post)onsocialmedia,Fan,37,apologizedprofuselyandrepeatedlytothepublicandgovernment."Asapublicfigure,Ishouldhaveabidedbylawsandregulations,andbeenarolemodelintheindustryandsociety,"shesaid."Ishouldn'thavelostself-restraintorbecomelaxinmanagingmycompanies,_____8_____ledtotheviolationoflaws,inthenameofeconomicinterests.""WithoutthefavorablepoliciesoftheCommunistPartyandstate,withouttheloveofthepeople,there_____9_____havebeennoFanBingbing,"sheadded.Hercasewasclearlydesignedasawarningtootherhighprofilecelebrities,withtheStateAdministrationofTaxationsayingithadlaunchedacampaign_____10_____(recover)allbacktaxesintheentertainmentindustry.【答案】1.since/after2.hadreceived3.from4.a5.that6.it7.posted8.which9.would/could10.torecover【解析】【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要报道了范冰冰逃税事件，范冰冰对自己的逃税行为做出道歉。【1题详解】考查状语从句。分析前后两个句子可知，两个句子成分完整，此处需要连词连接两个句子，结合句意，此处是指在她从公众的视线中神秘消失后，这是第一次公开声明，需用since或after引导时间状语从句，故填since/after。【2题详解】考查时态。句意：她谎报了她从某些电影项目中得到多少钱。谎报（misport）发生在过去，得到多少钱是发生在谎报之前，即过去的过去，用过去完成时，故填hadreceived。【3题详解】考查介词。conceal常常使用concealsthfromsb这一结构，意思是向某人隐藏某事，故填from。,【4题详解】考查冠词。设空后的名词offender是可数名词单数，需要用冠词修饰，此处表示“一个”，故填a。【5题详解】考查名词性从句。这是个同位语从句，从句shehadbeendetainedbytheauthorities是对前面的名词speculation的内容解释说明，从句句意完整，故填that。【6题详解】考查代词。but连接两个并列句，but后的句子缺少主语，结合上文可知，该句的主语是Xinhua，上文中提到了，下文再次出现要用it代替，故填it。【7题详解】考查虚拟语气。设空处所给词需要修饰前面的名词letter，且与letter之间是被动关系，因此需用post的过去分词形式作定语，故填posted。【8题详解】考查定语从句。这是个非限制性定语从句，从句缺少主语，且关系词指代的是整个主句的内容，故填which。【9题详解】考查情态动词。句意：没有党和国家的优惠政策，没有人民的爱，就没有范冰冰，”她补充说。without常用于含蓄条件句，此句是对过去的虚拟，用would/couldhavedone形式，故填would/could。【10题详解】考查非谓语动词。分析句式结构，此处需要用不定式作目的状语，发起运动是为了收回娱乐业的所有欠税，故填torecover。【点睛】关于语法填空考查冠词，需要考生注意判断方法：弄清句子结构，若设空处后为名词，设空处为名词的定语，又无提示词，表泛指或特指意义，则可确定设空处应填冠词（a,an,the）。若是固定短语，可根据固定搭配选择适当的冠词。本题中的第四空则可以按照此方法做题，根据句意，空后是可数名词单数，需要冠词修饰。SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanourneed.A.flexibleB.functionC.self-imageD.fairlyE.initiativeF.valuedG.capableH.patternI.short-livedJ.accomplishedK.remarkablyFamilyproblemscomeinallshapesandsizes;someare____11____andeasilymanaged,whileothersaremore,chronicanddifficulttohandle.Stresspointsincludeeventssuchasillnessandinjury,changingjobs,changingschools,movingandfinancialdifficulties.Eachfamilydevelopsitsownwaysofcopingwiththesestresses,someofwhichworkbetterthanothers.Unsuccessfulcopingcanberecognizedbyanumberofcharacteristics,includingthefollowing:Thisusuallyoccursbecausefamilymembersavoiddiscussingproblemsorevenavoidadmittingthatproblemsexist.Somefamiliesjusthavenotlearnedtheskillsofnegotiatingor,forsomeotherreason,cannotletgoofbadorhurtfeelings.Childrenarelikelyto____12____theirbehaviouraftertheirparents’behaviourandmaylearntorefusetotalkaboutfeelingsandproblems.Familiesoftenhavenotdecidedhowfamilyresponsibilitieswillbedividedamongfamilymembers.Whenthathappens,familylifecanbecomechaotic,andmanythingsdonotget____13____.Attheotherextreme,somefamiliesarenot____14____atall,andfamilymembersdonothelponeanotheroutor____15____reassignresponsibilitiesasfamilycircumstanceschange.Familiesare,especiallyforchildren,themostimportantsourceofemotionalsupport.Duringthemiddleyears,childrenfindithardtoobtainthisemotionalsupportoutsidethefamily.Childrendonotperformordevelopwellwithoutthissupport.Families____16____bestwhentheindividualityofeachfamilymemberisacknowledgedandappreciated.Attheleast,evenifsomeoneelse’spersonaltraitsorcharacteristicsarenothighly____17____,eachfamilymemberneedstotoleratethesetraitsandrespectthatindividual.Otherwisechildrenarelikelytohaveadifficulttimedevelopingahealthy____18____,andtheywillhavelowself-esteem(自尊)andpoorsocialskills.Childrenneedtosucceedinordertofeel____19____ofsuccessfullymanaginglife’sstressesandchallenges.Iftheyaretaughtorencouragedtorelyonothers(withinthefamilyoroutsideit)tosolvetheirproblems,theywillhavelowself-esteemandlack_____20_____andwillhavetroublesucceedingintheworld.【答案】11.I12.H13.J14.A15.D16.B17.F18.C19.G20.E【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了不能成功应对家庭压力的特征以及良好的家庭氛围对于孩子成长的重要性。【11题详解】,考查形容词。句意：家庭问题有各种形式和规模；有些是短期，易于管理，而另一些则更为慢性，难以处理。are后接形容词作表语，根据“easilymanaged”可知，有些是短期的，易于管理。short-lived“短暂的”符合句意。故选I。【12题详解】考查动词。句意：孩子们可能会模仿父母的行为，学会拒绝谈论感情和问题。belikelytodosth.，后接动词原形，根据“maylearntorefusetotalkaboutfeelingsandproblems.”可知，孩子们可能会模仿父母的行为，pattern“模仿”符合句意。故选H。【13题详解】考查动词。句意：当这种情况发生时，家庭生活可能变得混乱，许多事情无法完成。根据“familylifecanbecomechaotic”可知，许多事情无法完成。get后接过去分词，构成被动语态。accomplished“完成”符合句意。故选J。【14题详解】考查形容词。句意：在另一个极端，一些家庭根本不能适应新情况的，随着家庭环境的变化，家庭成员不互相帮助或公平地重新分配责任。are后接形容词,根据“familymembersdonothelponeanotheroutor____5____reassignresponsibilitiesasfamilycircumstanceschange.”可知，一些家庭根本不能适应新情况的。flexible“适应新情况”符合句意。故选A。【15题详解】考查副词。句意：在另一个极端，一些家庭根本不能适应新情况的，随着家庭环境的变化，家庭成员不互相帮助或公平地重新分配责任。空处填副词修饰动词reassign,fairly“公平地”符合句意。故选D。【16题详解】考查动词。句意：当每个家庭成员的个性得到承认和欣赏时，家庭才能发挥最佳作用。空处缺少谓语，根据“whentheindividualityofeachfamilymemberisacknowledgedandappreciated.”可知，当每个家庭成员的个性得到承认和欣赏时，家庭才能发挥最佳作用。function“发挥作用”符合句意。故选B。【17题详解】考查动词。句意：至少，即使其它人的个人特质或性格没有受到高度重视，每个家庭成员都需要容忍这些特质，并尊重这个人。本句为一般现在时的被动语态，valued“重视”符合句意。故选F。【18题详解】考查名词。句意：否则，孩子们可能很难树立健康的自我形象，他们的自尊心很低，社交技能也很差。a后接名词，根据“theywillhavelowself-esteem(自尊)andpoorsocialskills.”可知，否则，孩子们可能很难树立健康的自我形象，他们的自尊心很低，社交技能也很差。self-image“自我形象”符合句意。故选C。【19题详解】,考查形容词。句意：孩子们需要成功，才能感到有能力成功地应对生活中的压力和挑战。feel后接形容词作表语,根据“Childrenneedtosucceed”可知，子们需要成功，才能感到有能力成功地应对生活中的压力和挑战。capable“有能力的”符合句意。故选G。【20题详解】考查名词。句意：如果他们被教导或鼓励依赖他人（家庭内部或外部）来解决问题，他们的自尊心就会很低，缺乏主动性，在世界上很难成功。lack后接名词,根据“theywillhavelowself-esteem”可知，他们的自尊心就会很低，缺乏主动性。initiative“主动权，积极性”。故选E。III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordofphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.PresidentObama’ssecondInauguralAddressusedsoaringlanguagetostressAmerica’scommitmenttothedreamofequalityofopportunity:‘Wearetruetoourbeliefthatalittlegirlborninto______knowsthatshehasthesamechancetosucceedasanybodyelse,becausesheisanAmerican’.Thegapbetweenidealandrealitycouldhardlybe___22___.Today,theUnitedStateshaslessequalityofopportunitythanalmostanyotheradvancedindustrialcountry.Studyafterstudyhas___23___themyththatAmericaisalandofopportunity.Awayoflookingatequalityofopportunityistoastowhatextentthelifechancesofachildare___24___theeducationandincomeofhisparents.Isitjustaslikelythatachildofpoororpoorlyeducatedparentsgetsagoodeducationandrisestothemiddleclassassomeoneborntomiddle-classparentswithcollegedegrees?Eveninamoredemocraticsociety.theanswerwouldbeno.Howdoweexplainthis?Someofithastodowithdiscrimination（歧视）.LatinosandAfrican-Americansstillgetpaidlessthanwhites,andwomenstillgetpaidlessthanmen,___25___theyrecentlysurpassed（超越）meninthenumberofadvanceddegreestheyobtain.Discrimination,however,isonlyasmallpartofthe___26___.Probablythemostimportantreasonfor___27___ofequalityofopportunityiseducation.AfterWorldWarⅡ,wemadeamajoreffortto___28___highereducationtoAmericansacrossthecountry.Butthenwechanged,inseveralways.Whileracialsegregation（种族隔离）decreased,economicsegregationincreased.After1980,thepoorgrewpoorer,themiddlestagnated（停滞不前）,andthetopdidbetterandbetter.Aresultwasawideninggapineducationalperformance–the___29___gapbetweenrichandpoorkidsbornin2001was30to40percentlargerthanitwasforthoseborn25yearsearlier,aStanfordsociologistfound.Ofcourse,thereareotherforces___30___.Childreninrichfamiliesgetmoreexposuretoreading.Theirfamiliescanaffordenrichingexperienceslikemusiclessonsandsummercamp.Theygetbetternutritionandhealthcare,whichenhancetheirlearning,directlyand,indirectly.NowAmericansarecomingtorealizethatwithoutextensivepolicychanges,theirlongcherishedbeliefisonlyamyth.ItisunreasonablethatarichcountryliketheUnitedStateshasmade___31___tohighereducationsodifficultforthoseatthebottomandmiddle.Therearemany___32___waysofprovidingchancesformoretoreceivehighereducation,fromAustralia’sincome-contingentloanprogramtothenear-freesystemofuniversitiesinEurope.Amoreeducatedpopulationproducesgreaterinnovation,andaboomingeconomy.Thosebenefitsarewhywe’velongbeen___33___tofreepubliceducationthrough12thgrade.Butwhilea12th-gradeeducationmighthavebeenenoughacenturyago,itisn’ttoday.Yetwehaven’t___34___oursystemtocontemporaryrealities.ThestepsI’veoutlinedarenotjustaffordablebutnecessary.Evenmoreimportant,though,isthatwecannotaffordtoletourcountrydriftfartherfrom___35___thatthevastmajorityofAmericansshare.WewillneverfullysucceedinachievingMr.Obama’svisionofapoorgirl’shavingexactlythesameopportunitiesasawealthygirl.Butwecoulddomuch,muchbetter,andmustnotrestuntilwedo..A.prejudiceB.inferiorC.povertyD.minority22.A.narrowerB.widerC.severerD.closer23.A.conductedB.concludedC.excludedD.exposed24A.distinctfromB.feasiblebyC.superiortoD.dependenton25.A.eventhoughB.asthoughC.onlyifD.asif26A.photographB.pictureC.atmosphereD.condition27.A.lackB.leakC.explosionD.extinction28.A.exhibitB.exploreC.extendD.exploit29.A.contributionB.satisfactionC.achievementD.ambition30.A.atplayB.undercontrolC.inuseD.onshow31.A.devotionB.familiarityC.applicationD.access32.A.imaginativeB.alternativeC.sensitiveD.productive33.A.admittedB.permittedC.devotedD.limited34.A.abandonedB.adjustedC.alteredD.applied35.A.memoriesB.gloryC.realityD.ideals【答案】.C22.A23.D24.D25.A26.D27.A28.C29.C30.A31.D32.B33.C34.B35.D【解析】【分析】,本文是一篇议论文，由前美国总统奥巴马在第二次就职演讲中强调美国对机会平等的理想的承诺入手，指出了美国机会不平等的现象很严峻，并分析了造成这一情况的原因。【题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们坚信，一个出生在贫困家庭的小女孩知道她和其他人一样有成功的机会。A.prejudice偏见；B.inferior下级；C.poverty贫困；D.minority少数。奥巴马在第二次就职演讲中强调美国对机会平等的理想的承诺，也就是说出身贫困的人也和别人一样有成功的机会，故C项正确。【22题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：理想与现实之间的差距简直无法缩小。A.narrower更窄的；B.wider更宽的；C.severer更严峻的；D.closer更近的。根据本空后的“Today,theUnitedStateshaslessequalityofopportunitythanalmostanyotheradvancedindustrialcountry.”可知，今天，美国的机会平等程度几乎低于任何其他发达工业国家，这说明理想与现实之间的差距没有缩小，故A项正确。【23题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：一项又一项研究揭露了美国是一片充满机遇的土地是不真实的。A.conducted实施；B.concluded推断；C.excluded排除；D.exposed揭露、使显露。根据本空后的“themyththatAmericaisalandofopportunity.”可知，一项又一项研究揭露了真相，故D项正确。【24题详解】考查形容词短语辨析。句意：看待机会平等的一种方法是看一个孩子的生活在多大程度上依赖于他父母的教育和收入。A.distinctfrom与……不同；B.feasibleby可行的；C.superiorto优于；D.dependenton依赖于。根据本空后介绍的父母的教育和收入对孩子的生活的影响可知，要看一个孩子的生活在多大程度上依赖于他父母的教育和收入，故D项正确。【25题详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然女性获得的高等学历数量超过了男性，但她们的薪酬仍然低于男性。A.eventhough即使、虽然；B.asthough好像；C.onlyif只有；D.asif好像。尽管女性比男性的学历高，但她们的薪酬仍然低于男性，前后是让步关系，故A项正确。【26题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，歧视只是这种情况的一小部分原因。A.photograph照片；B.picture图画；C.atmosphere气氛；D.condition情况。此处指前面提到的女性的薪酬低于男性这一情况，故D项正确。【27题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：缺乏机会平等最重要的原因可能是教育。A.lack缺乏；B.leak泄露；C.explosion爆炸；D.extinction灭绝。上文讨论的是美国缺乏机会平等这一问题，故A项正确。【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：第二次世界大战后，我们做出重大努力，把高等教育推广到全国各地。A.exhibit,展览；B.explore探索；C.extend扩大、推广；D.exploit开采。根据本空后的“highereducationtoAmericansacrossthecountry.”可知，我们努力把高等教育推广到全国各地，故C项正确。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：其结果是教育成绩的差距越来越大——2001年出生的富裕家庭和贫困家庭的孩子之间的成就差距比25年前出生的孩子要大30%到40%。A.contribution贡献；B.satisfaction满意；C.achievement成就；D.ambition抱负。结果是教育成绩的差距越来越大，所以孩子取得的成就差距也越来越大，故C项正确。【30题详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：当然，还有其他力量（因素）在起作用。A.atplay起作用；B.undercontrol在控制之下；C.inuse在使用中；D.onshow展出。空后说富裕家庭的孩子更多地接触到阅读，他们的家庭可以负担得起丰富的体验，他们还能得到更好的营养和保健，这些都是起作用的因素，故A项正确。【31题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：像美国这样的富裕国家让底层和中层的人很难接受高等教育，这是不合理的。A.devotion奉献；B.familiarity精通；C.application应用；D.access进入、使用权。上文说美国的教育存在机会不平等现象，底层和中层的人很难接受高等教育，haveaccessto表示“使用、接近”，故D项正确。【32题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有许多其他的途径为更多的人提供接受高等教育的机会。A.imaginative虚构的；B.alternative供选择的、替代的；C.sensitive敏感的；D.productive多产的。根据本空后的“fromAustralia’sincome-contingentloanprogramtothenear-freesystemofuniversitiesinEurope.”可知，从澳大利亚的收入挂钩贷款计划到欧洲近乎免费的大学体系，有很多别的途径可以为更多的人提供接受高等教育的机会，故B项正确。【33题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些好处就是为什么我们一直致力于1到12年级的免费公共教育。A.admitted承认；B.permitted许可；C.devoted献身；D.limited限制。根据本空后的“tofreepubliceducationthrough12thgrade.”可知，我们一直致力于1到12年级的免费公共教育，bedevotedto表示“致力于”，故C项正确。【34题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们还没有做出调整使我们的制度适应当前实际。A.abandoned放弃；B.adjusted调整；C.altered改变；D.applied应用。空前说1到12年级的免费公共教育如今已经远远不够了，但我们还没有做出调整使我们的制度适应当前实际，故B项正确。【35题详解】,考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，更重要的是，我们不能让我们的国家离大多数美国人所共有的理想越来越远。A.memories回忆；B.glory光荣；C.reality现实；D.ideals理想。根据文章开头的“thedreamofequalityofopportunity”可知此处指机会平等的理想，第二段第一句中的“ideal”也是提示，故D项正确。【点睛】议论文完形填空最后一空的难度较大，这类文体通常都会首尾呼应，因此抓住文章第一句话是关键，例如本篇第15空，根据文章第一句话“PresidentObama’ssecondInauguralAddressusedsoaringlanguagetostressAmerica’scommitmenttothedreamofequalityofopportunity”可知，文章由前美国总统奥巴马在第二次就职演讲中强调美国对机会平等的理想的承诺入手，指出了美国机会不平等的现象很严峻，并分析了造成这一情况的原因，因此本空要对应前面的dream。(A)Onesimpleexampleofacoincidencethatoftensurprisespeopleinvolvesbirthdays.It’sratherunlikelythatyouandIsharethesamebirthday(monthanddate).Themorepeopleyoupullintothegroup,however,themorelikelyitisthatatleasttwopeoplewillhavematchingdates.Ignoringtheleapyears,it’sclearthatinagroupof366people,atleasttwomustshareabirthday.Yetitseemsunbelievabletomanythatonly23peopleareneededinagrouptohavea50—50chanceofatleastonecoincidentalbirthday.Toseewhyittakesjust23peopletoreachevenoddsonsharingabirthday,youhavetolookattheprobabilities.Supposethatall365dayshaveanequalchanceofbeingabirthday.Forapartyofone,thereisnopossibilityofacoincidence.So,theprobabilityofthatparticulardatebeingauniquebirthdayis365/365.Forasecondpersontohaveabirthdaythatdoesn’tmatchthatofthefirst,heorshemustbebornonanyoneoftheother364daysoftheyear.Yougettheprobabilityofnomatchbetweenthebirthdaysoftwopeoplebymultiplying365/365times364/365,whichequals0.9973.Thus,theprobabilityofamatchis1—0.9973,or0.0027,whichismuchlessthan1percent.Withtwopeople,thereare363unusedbirthdays.Theprobabilitythatathirdpersonhasabirthdaythatisdifferentfromtheothertwodistinctbirthdaysis363/365.So,forthreepeople,thechanceofhavingnopairofmatchingbirthdaysis365/365×364/365×363/365,or0.9918.Asthenumberofpeoplebroughtintothegroupincreases,thechanceoftherebeingnomatchdecreases.Bythetimethecrowdnumbers23people,theprobabilityofnomatchingbirthdaysis0.4927.thus,thechanceofatleastonematchwithinagroupof23peopleis0.5073,orslightlybetterthan50percent.Thereasonwhythenumberisaslowas23isthatyouaren’tlookingforaspecificmatch.Itdoesn’thavetobetwoparticularpeopleoragivendate.Anymatchinvolvinganydateoranytwopeopleisenoughtocreateacoincidence.Indeed,thereare253differentpairingspossibleamong23people,anyofwhichcouldleadtoamatch.36.Thepassagemainlydiscusses________.A.theprobabilityofbirthdaycoincidence,B.theuseofmathematicsincalculatingbirthdaysC.thewayofmatchingbirthdaysD.thestoriesofbirthdaymatching37.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSEaccordingtothepassage?A.Themorepeopleareincluded,themorechancesofbirthdaycoincidence.B.ItiseasiertomatchbirthdaysifthedateorpeoplearenotspecifiedC.Inthecaseof23people,therearemorechancesofnomatchthanmatch.D.Ifonlyonepersonisconcerned,nobirthdaycoincidenceispossible.38.“Evenodds”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans________.A.nomatterhowstrangeitisB.50—50chanceC.averageprobabilitiesD.abalance39.Thecalculationsarebasedontheassumptionthat________.A.mostpeopleareborninspringandautumnB.peopleliketochooseevendaystogivebirthtoachildC.peopletendtochoosesome“gooddays:astheirchildren’sbirthdays”D.eachdayofayearhasthesamechancetobeabirthday【答案】36.A37.C38.B39.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了两人生日巧合在同一天的概率。【36题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Onesimpleexampleofacoincidencethatoftensurprisespeopleinvolvesbirthdays.”（一个简单的巧合的例子，往往让人感到惊讶，这与生日有关。）以及第三段中“Toseewhyittakesjust23peopletoreachevenoddsonsharingabirthday,youhavetolookattheprobabilities.”（要知道为什么只需要23个人就能达到两人同一天生日，你必须看一下概率。）结合全文内容可知，这篇文章主要讨论了两人生日巧合在同一天的概率。故选A项。【37题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Bythetimethecrowdnumbers23people,theprobabilityofnomatchingbirthdaysis0.4927.thus,thechanceofatleastonematchwithinagroupof23peopleis0.5073,orslightlybetterthan50percent.”（当人群中的人数达到23人时，没有匹配生日的概率为0.4927。因此，在23人的群体中，至少有一个匹配的概率为0.5073，或略高于50%。）可知，在23人的时候，不匹配的可能性比匹配的可能性低，因此C项错误。故选C项。,【38题详解】词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“Bythetimethecrowdnumbers23people,theprobabilityofnomatchingbirthdaysis0.4927.thus,thechanceofatleastonematchwithinagroupof23peopleis0.5073,orslightlybetterthan50percent.”（当人群中的人数达到23人时，没有匹配生日的概率为0.4927。因此，在23人的群体中，至少有一个匹配的概率为0.5073，或略高于50%。）可知，当人群中的人数达到23人时，没有匹配生日的概率为0.4927，进一步可推知至少有一个匹配的概率为0.5073，两者之间概率均近似50%，由此可知，evenodds的意思是“半对半的概率”，故选B项。【39题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Supposethatall365dayshaveanequalchanceofbeingabirthday.”（假设所有365天都有相同的机会成为生日。）可知，计算的前提是基于所有365天都有相同的机会成为生日的假设。故选D项。【点睛】(B)Climatechangeiscausedbytheextremelyhighlevelsofdangerouschemicalsintheatmosphere,particularlycarbondioxide(CO2).Itisestimatedthataverageglobaltemperatureswillrisebetweentwoandsixdegreesbytheendofthiscentury.Weallknowtheeffectscouldbedisastrous,butareweawareofthepossiblesolutions?Solutionone:_______?_______Crazyasitsounds,agroupofacademicsfromBritishuniversitiesismakingaplantobuilda12-milepipe,heldupbyahugeballoon,thatwouldletenormousquantitiesofpoisonouschemicals,suchassulphurdioxide(SO2),gointotheatmosphere.Surprisingly,thereisgoodsciencebehindtheidea.Thechemicalswouldformaprotectivelayeraroundtheearththatwouldreflectsunlightandsocooltheearth,muchliketheeffectsofavolcaniceruption.Cost:around$10billionayear.Benefits:thisplanwouldproducealmostinstantresults.Risks:volcanoeshavealmostwipedouthumanityinthepastthroughthepoisonouschemicalsreleasedintheatmosphere,andthesamethingcouldhappenagainwiththisplan.Solutiontwo:stiruptheoceansIntellectualVentures,acompanythatinvestsinprojectstocombatglobalwarming,hasproposedbuildingamillionplastictubes,eachabout100metreslong,andusingthemtostiruptheocean.Why,youmightbewondering,wouldwewanttodothis?Again,theanswerisscientificallyvalid.Thebottomoftheoceanisalmostfreezingandbystirringitup,coldwaterwouldcometothesurfaceandabsorbheatandCO2,andsocooltheplanet.Cost:tensofmillionsofdollars.,Benefits:thisplanisrelativelycheapandtechnicallypossiblenow.Risks:thetubeswoulddisruptandpossiblydestroysealife,andtheplanmaynotwork.Solutionthree:stopburningfossilfuelsThisisundoubtedlythebestsolutionbutisitreallyliketohappeninthenearfuture?Cost:unknown,butintheshorttermitwouldprobablyinvolveglobaleconomiccollapse.Benefits:it’sasimpleandeffectiveplan.Risks:itmayalreadybetoolate.Withoutrealaction,thisplancouldjustmean“donothing”.40.Solutiononeismostlikelytobe________.A.pumpevenmorechemicalsintotheatmosphereB.formaprotectivelayerwithvolcaniceruptionsC.buildapipetogetridofpoisonouschemicalsD.drawasmuchsunlightaspossible41.Whatcanbelearnedaboutsolutiontwo?A.Itneedsmorevalidscientificexperiment.B.Itaimstocoolthewarmsurfacewaterintheocean.C.Itmaydoharmtoanimalsandplantslivinginthesea.D.Itismuchmoreexpensivetocarryoutthansolutionone.42.Whatdoesthewriterthinkofsolutionthree?A.Itiseffectivebecauseitwillbenefitworldeconomy.B.Whetheritwillcometrueremainstobeseen.C.Puttingitintopracticemaycostnothing.D.Actionhasbeentakentocarryitout.【答案】40.A41.C42.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。针对气候变化这一危机，文章列出了三个措施并加以说明。【详解】1.细节理解题。根据Solutionone部分第一句“Crazyasitsounds,agroupofacademicsfromBritishuniversitiesismakingaplantobuilda12-milepipe,heldupbyahugeballoon,thatwouldletenormousquantitiesofpoisonouschemicals,suchassulphurdioxide(SO2),gointotheatmosphere.”（尽管这听起来很疯狂，一群来自英国大学的学者正在计划建造一条12英里长的管道，由一个巨大的气球支撑，这将使大量的有毒化学物质，如二氧化硫进入大气。）可知，措施一很有可能将更多的化学物质排入大气。故选A。2.细节理解题。根据Solutiontwo部分Risks中的“thetubeswoulddisruptandpossiblydestroysealife,andthe,planmaynotwork.”（这些管道将扰乱甚至可能摧毁海洋生物，而这一计划可能行不通。）可知，措施二可能会对海洋中的动物和植物造成危害。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据Solutionthree部分第一句“Thisisundoubtedlythebestsolutionbutisitreallyliketohappeninthenearfuture?”（这无疑是最好的解决办法，但在不久的将来真的会发生吗?）可知，作者认为措施三是否会成为现实尚未可知。故选B。(C)Long-windedspeechcouldbeanearlysignofAlzheimer'sdisease,accordingtoresearchthatsuggestsslightchangesinspeechstyleoccuryearsbeforethemoreseriousmentaldeclinetakeshold.SpeakingattheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinBoston,JanetCohenSherman,clinicaldirectorofthePsychologyAssessmentCenteratMassachusettsGeneralHospital,listednewfindingsthatrevealeddistinctivelanguageproblemsinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment(MCI).“Manyofthestudiessofarhavelookedatchangesinmemory,butwealsoknowchangesoccurinlanguage”,shesaid.ShermancitesstudiesofthevocabularyinIrisMurdoch'slaterworks,whichshowedsignsofAlzheimer’syearsbeforeherdiagnosis.Anotherstudy,basedonWhiteHousepressconferencetranscripts,foundstrikingchangesinRonaldReagan'sspeechoverthecourseofhispresidency,whileGeorgeHWBush,whowasasimilaragewhenpresident,showednosuchdecline.“RonaldReaganstartedtohaveadeclineinthenumberofuniquewordswithrepetitionsofstatementsovertime,”saidSherman.“Hestartedusingmorefillers,moreemptyphrases,likething,or'something'orthingslike‘basically’or‘actuallyorwell’.”Shermanandhercolleagueshadinitiallysetouttotestthe“regressionhypothesis”,theideathatlanguageislostinareversedirectiontohowitwasacquiredduringchildhood,withlonganddifficultvocabularybeingthefirstthingtogo.Thehypothesisturnedouttobewrong,buttheteamdidfindthatAlzheimer’scomeswithcharacteristiclanguageproblems.Inastudy,thescientistscomparedthelanguageabilitiesof22healthyyoungindividuals,24healthyolderindividualsand22peoplewithMCI.Whengivenanexerciseinwhichtheyhadtojoinupthreewords,forinstance“pen”,“ink”and“paper”,thehealthyvolunteerstypicallyjoinedthethreeinasimplesentence,whiletheMCIgroupgavemorecomplexaccountsofgoingtotheshopandbuyingapen.“Thesentencestheyproducedweremuchlonger,theyhadahardtimestayingonpointandIguessyoucouldsaytheyweremuchmoreroundaboutinmakingtheirpointunderstood,saidSherman.“Itwasaverysignificant,difference.”TheprospectofaneffectivetreatmentforAlzheimer’shashadknockbacksthepastyearasdrugshaveeachbeenshowntomakenodifferencetotherateofcognitivedeclineintrials.Between2002and2012,99.6%ofdrugsstudiesaimedatpreventing,curingorimprovingAlzheimer’ssymptomswerediscontinued.Somebelievethatthesefailuresmaybe,inpart,becausebythetimeAlzheimer'sisdiagnosed,thediseasehasalreadycausedirreparabledamagetothebrain,makingittoolatefortreatmenttohelp.“Sowearetryingtopushthedetectionperiodbacktotheveryslight,earlychangesinAlzheimer’sdisease.“saidSherman.43.WhatdidJanetCohenShermanandherteamfindintheirresearch?A.Mildcognitiveimpairmentiscausedbyfailinglanguageabilitiesinmostcases.B.MemorydeclineisamajorsignofAlzheimer’sandshouldbepaidattentionto.C.PeoplewithAlzheimer’smayshowachangeinspeechstyleatanearlystage.D.PeoplecanavoidMCIbymakinglong-windedspeechshortandmeaningful.44.Accordingtothepassage,RonaldReagan________.A.mademorepowerfulspeechesthanGeorgeHWBushB.reliedonemptyphrasestoavoidanypotentialconflictC.usedmoreinaccuratewordsinspeechovertimewhenpresidentD.hadadeclineinthenumberofrepetitionsofstatementsinhislaterlife45.WhatcanbeconcludedfromMCIgroup'sperformanceintheword-joiningexercise?A.Theyhaddifficultyinmakingcleartheirmeaningbriefly.B.Theyfailedtotellthedifferencebetweendifferentaccounts.C.Theywouldliketoasktheiraudiencetoguesswhattheymeant.D.Theytendedtothinkalotbeforecomingupwithasuitablesentence.46.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Mostpreviousdrugsarenolongeronthemarketbecauseoftheirsideeffects.B.ThefindingsofSherman'sresearchmayleadtoeffectivetreatmentofAlzheimer’s.C.The”regressionhypothesis”provedtobepartiallytrue,especiallywithMCIpeople.D.Mentaldeclinedoesn’talwayshappenbeforepeoplediagnosedwithAlzheimer’s.【答案】43.C44.C45.A46.B【解析】【分析】,这是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，啰嗦的说话可能是阿尔茨海默氏症的早期征兆。该研究表明，在更严重的智力衰退发生前数年，说话风格的轻微变化就会出现。文章主要介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及研究的重要意义。【43题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“SpeakingattheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinBoston,JanetCohenSherman,clinicaldirectorofthePsychologyAssessmentCenteratMassachusettsGeneralHospital,listednewfindingsthatrevealeddistinctivelanguageproblemsinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment(MCI).(在波士顿举行的美国科学促进会上，马萨诸塞州总医院心理评估中心的临床主任珍妮特·科恩·谢尔曼列举了一些新发现，揭示了轻度认知障碍患者的独特语言问题)”以及第三段““Manyofthestudiessofarhavelookedatchangesinmemory,butwealsoknowchangesoccurinlanguage”,shesaid.(她说：“到目前为止，许多研究都着眼于记忆的变化，但我们也知道语言也会发生变化。”)”可知，珍妮特·科恩·谢尔曼和她的团队在研究中发现阿尔茨海默氏症患者可能在早期阶段表现出讲话风格的变化。故选C。【44题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“ShermancitesstudiesofthevocabularyinIrisMurdoch'slaterworks,whichshowedsignsofAlzheimer’syearsbeforeherdiagnosis.Anotherstudy,basedonWhiteHousepressconferencetranscripts,foundstrikingchangesinRonaldReagan'sspeechoverthecourseofhispresidency,whileGeorgeHWBush,whowasasimilaragewhenpresident,showednosuchdecline.(谢尔曼引用了对艾里斯·默多克后期作品中词汇的研究，这些词汇在她被诊断为阿尔茨海默氏症前几年就显示出了症状。另一项基于白宫新闻发布会文字记录的研究发现，罗纳德·里根在任期内的演讲水平出现了惊人的变化，而与他年龄相仿的老布什的演讲水平则没有出现这种下降)”可知，RonaldReagan在担任总统期间在演讲中使用了更多不准确的词汇。故选C。【45题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第三段““Thesentencestheyproducedweremuchlonger,theyhadahardtimestayingonpointandIguessyoucouldsaytheyweremuchmoreroundaboutinmakingtheirpointunderstood,saidSherman.“Itwasaverysignificantdifference.”(谢尔曼说：“他们说的句子要长得多，很难抓住要点，我猜你会说，他们在表达自己的观点时更加迂回曲折。这是一个非常显著的差异。”)”可知，从MCI组在单词连词练习中的表现可知他们很难简单地说清楚他们的意思。故选A。【46题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“TheprospectofaneffectivetreatmentforAlzheimer’shashadknockbacksthepastyearasdrugshaveeachbeenshowntomakenodifferencetotherateofcognitivedeclineintrials.Between2002and2012,99.6%ofdrugsstudiesaimedatpreventing,curingorimprovingAlzheimer’ssymptomswerediscontinued.(对阿尔茨海默氏症有效治疗的前景在过去一年遭到了打击，因为在试验中，每种药物都被证明对认知能力下降的速度没有影响。2002年至2012年期间，99.6%旨在预防、治疗或改善阿尔茨海默氏症症状的药物研究被中止)”以及最后一段中““Sowearetryingtopushthedetectionperiodbacktotheveryslight,,earlychangesinAlzheimer’sdisease.“saidSherman.(“所以我们试图将检测时间推回到阿尔茨海默病的非常微小的早期变化。”谢尔曼说)”可推知，谢尔曼的研究结果可能会导致阿尔茨海默氏症的有效治疗。故选B。SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fallineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.StudentDroughtBitsSmallerUniversitiesAsLoyolaUniversityNewOrleansisgettingreadyforfallclassesnextmonth,the101-year-olduniversityfacesacrisis:____47____‘Itwasaprettybighit,’saidMareK.Manganaro,vicepresidentforacademicaffairs.Now,alongwithpreparingforfallcourses,LoyolaofficialsareworriedabouthowtoplugaS9.5millionshortfallintheschool’sS163millionannualbudget,theresultof2fewerfreshmenthanexpected.SincelastMay,the5,000-studentprivatecollegehasimposedahiringfreeze,reducedfacultyhours,hiredoutsidefirmstorevampitsmarketingandfinancialaid，andissettingupearly-retirementpackagesforsomefaculty.Ifthatisn’tsufficienttofillthegap,theschoolmaytapitsS275millionendowment.____48____.Manyinhighereducationbelievethismightbeatrendforsmallercolleges.Afterdecadesofgrowth,collegeenrollmentnationallydropped2.3%thisspring,comparedwithspring2012accordingtoareportreleasedbytheNationalStudentClearinghouseResearchCenter.____49____ThenumberofU.S.high-schoolgraduatespeakedat3.4millionin2010-2011andisprojectedtofallto3.2millionby2013-14,accordingtotheWesternInterstateCommissionforHigherEducation.Loyolahassetupnumerouscommitteestofigureoutwhatwentwrongandmakesureitdoesn'thappenagain.Schoolofficialswereshockedthisyearbythelowfallturnout.ThevicepresidentforenrollmentmanagementresignedabruptlyinJune.Loyolaofficialsbelieveareasonforthedeclinewasareductioninfinancialaiditofferedtotheincomingclassoffits$35,504tuition,fromanaveragediscountof58%lastyeartoabout55%thisfall.“____50____.Ithinkthemarketansweredbackonthat”saidMr.Manganaro.A.Wetriedtomoderatethatdiscountratedownsomewhat.B.Therewillbe25%fewerfreshmenthantheschoolhadbankedon.C.Thedeclineissupposedtocontinue.D.Fewerstudentswillchoosetheschoolduetoitshightuition.E.Layoffsare‘alastoption’,aspokeswomansad.F.Howeverthenumberofstudentsisassumedtoreturntonormal.【答案】47.B48.E49.C50.A,【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了学生人数减少影响到了规模较小的大学的社会现象以及大学对此的应对措施。【47题详解】根据上文“AsLoyolaUniversityNewOrleansisgettingreadyforfallclassesnextmonth,the101-year-olduniversityfacesacrisis(新奥尔良洛约拉大学正为下个月的秋季课程做准备，这所拥有101年历史的大学面临着一场危机)”以及后文“Itwasaprettybighit(这是一个相当大的打击)”可知，后文提到了某事是一个很大的打击。由此可知，本句是在说明这一打击是什么。故B选项“新生人数将比学校预计的少25%”符合语境，故选B。【48题详解】根据上文“SincelastMay,the5,000-studentprivatecollegehasimposedahiringfreeze,reducedfacultyhours,hiredoutsidefirmstorevampitsmarketingandfinancialaid，andissettingupearly-retirementpackagesforsomefaculty.Ifthatisn’tsufficienttofillthegap,theschoolmaytapitsS275millionendowment.(自去年5月以来，这所拥有5000名学生的私立大学冻结了招聘，减少了教师的工作时间，聘请外部公司来改进其营销和财政援助，并为一些教师制定了提前退休计划。如果这还不足以填补缺口，学校可能会动用2.75亿瑞典克朗的捐赠基金)”可知，上文提到大学为应对资金缺少所采取的一些措施，上文主要以制定退休计划和基金为主，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文说明其它措施。故E选项“一位发言人表示，裁员是‘最后的选择’”符合语境，故选E。【49题详解】根据上文“Manyinhighereducationbelievethismightbeatrendforsmallercolleges.Afterdecadesofgrowth,collegeenrollmentnationallydropped2.3%thisspring,comparedwithspring2012accordingtoareportreleasedbytheNationalStudentClearinghouseResearchCenter.(许多高等教育界人士认为，这可能是规模较小的学院的趋势。美国国家学生交流中心发布的一份报告显示，在经历了几十年的增长之后，今年春季全国大学入学人数较2012年春季下降了2.3%)”可知，上文提到了春季全国大学入学人数减少的情况。由此可知，本句承接上文进一步说明人数减少的趋势。故C选项“下降应该会继续”符合语境，故选C。【50题详解】根据上文“Loyolaofficialsbelieveareasonforthedeclinewasareductioninfinancialaiditofferedtotheincomingclassoffits$35,504tuition,fromanaveragediscountof58%lastyeartoabout55%thisfall.(洛约拉大学的管理人员认为，学生人数下降的一个原因是学校减少了对新生提供的助学金，从去年平均减免了58%的学费，降至今年秋季的55%左右)”可知，上一段提到了学校给学生的助学金有所减少，故本句是Manganaro对此做法的看法，故A选项“我们试图把贴现率降低一些”符合语境，故选A。,IV.SummaryWriting:(10’)51.Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.TheBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbymaintainsthatseparationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive"attachment"periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild'spersonalityandcauseemotionalproblemsinlaterlife.SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby'sworkthatchildrenshouldnotreceivedaycarebeforetheageofthreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitresultsin,andmanypeopledobelievethis.Buttherearealsoargumentsagainstsuchastrongconclusion.Firstly,authropologists（人类学家）pointoutthattheisQulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.Forexample,wesawearlierthatamongtheNgoni（恩戈尼人）thefatherandmotherofachilddidnotraisetheirinfantalone-farfromit.Secondly,commonsensetellsusthatdaycarewouldnotbesowidespreadtodayifparents,caretakersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.Statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeencarriedout,andeveniftheywere,theresultswouldbecertaintobecomplicatedandcontroversial.Thirdly,inthelastdecade,therehavebeenanumberofcarefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare,andtheyhavereportedthatdaycarehadaslightlypositiveeffectonchildren'sdevelopment.Butteststhathavehadtobeusedtomeasurethisdevelopmentarenotwidelyenoughacceptedtosettletheissue.ButBowlby'sanalysisraisesthepossibilitythatearlydaycarehasdelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto,say,morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercanonlybeexploredbytheuseofstatistics.Whateverthelong-termeffects,parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodealwith.Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandhalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy,andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfarfromclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicatethatearlyisreasonableforinfants.【答案】Somepeopledisagreethatseparationfromtheparentsduringtheearlyyearsmayhaveabadeffectonachild'spersonalityandemotion.Traditionally,such“attachment”betweenchildrenandparentsdidn’texist.Nowadays,daycareiswidelyaccepted.Besides,theresultsofAmericanstudiesshowthatdaycareslightlybenefitschildren'sdevelopment.Thepossibilityofsucheffectsmustbeprovedbystatisticsin15or20years.【解析】【分析】本文是议论文。英国精神分析学家约翰·鲍尔比(John Bowlby)提出观点“从出生到三岁这一敏感的“,依恋”时期，与父母分离可能会对孩子的性格、情感造成问题。”但是有人反对这一结论，并提出几条有力的证据。【详解】第一段提出英国精神分析学家约翰·鲍尔比(John Bowlby)的观点“…separationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive"attachment"periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild'spersonalityandcauseemotionalproblemsinlaterlife.（从出生到三岁这一敏感的“依恋”时期，与父母分离可能会在孩子的性格上留下疤痕，并在以后的生活中造成情感问题。）”此段说明有人赞同John Bowlby的观点，但有人持反对的看法。因此该段主题是Somepeopledisagreethatseparationfromtheparentsduringtheearlyyearsmayhaveabadeffectonachild'spersonalityandemotion.第二段的主题句是“Firstly,authropologists（人类学家）pointoutthattheisQulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.(首先，在现代社会中发现的孩子和父母之间的这种浪漫的情感在传统社会中并不常见。)”该段是作者提出的关于上一段中提出的“三岁前父母与孩子分开会对孩子性格和情绪有不好的影响”的第一条反对的理由。因此该段可归纳为Traditionally,such“attachment”betweenchildrenandparentsdidn’texist.第三段首句提到“Secondly,commonsensetellsusthatdaycarewouldnotbesowidespreadtodayifparents,caretakersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.（其次，常识告诉我们，如果父母、看护人发现孩子（日托）有问题，日托就不会这么普遍了）”。该段是作者提出的第二条反对的理由。该句是虚拟语气，从假设的角度证明三岁前日托一般是没有问题的。因此该段可以归纳为Nowadays,daycareiswidelyaccepted.第四段主题句为“Thirdly…therehavebeenanumberofcarefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare,andtheyhavereportedthatdaycarehadaslightlypositiveeffectonchildren'sdevelopment.(第三……美国人对日托所的儿童进行了大量细致的研究，他们的报告显示，日托对儿童的发展产生了些微的积极影响)”。该段是作者提出的第三条反对的理由。该段可归纳为TheresultsofAmericanstudiesshowthatdaycareslightlybenefitschildren'sdevelopment。短语“slightlybenefit”与“haveslightlypositiveeffecton”语义相同。第五段主题句为“Bowlby'sanalysisraisesthepossibilitythatearlydaycarehasdelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto,say,morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercanonlybeexploredbytheuseofstatistics.(但是Bowlby的分析提出了这种可能性：早期日托会延迟。日托会在15年或20年后导致更多的精神疾病或犯罪的可能性，只能通过使用统计数据来探索。)”该段是作者提出的第四条反对的理由。该段可归纳为Thepossibilityofsucheffectsmustbeprovedbystatisticsin15or20years.【点睛】范文要点全面，结构清晰，层次分明，上下文连贯，在表达时用到了很多高级词汇，如disagree；separationfrom；haveabadeffecton；traditionally；exist；bewidelyaccepted；show；benefit；possibility；prove等；复杂句式的运用提升了文章层次，如宾语从句的运用Somepeopledisagreethat…；被动语态的运用，使句式多变daycareiswidelyaccepted；过渡词的运用，使段落条理清晰Nowadays…Besides…等。,V.Translation(15%)Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.52.目前尚不知道病毒是如何或何时感染人的。(infectious)（汉译英）【答案】Itisnotyetknownhoworwhenthevirusbecameinfectioustopeople.【解析】【分析】【详解】考查固定短语和时态。此处表示“目前还不清楚……”固定句型为Itisnotyetknown…，it作形式主语；表示“病毒”应用virus，作主语；表示“感染”短语为becomeinfectiousto；从句时态应用一般过去时。故翻译为Itisnotyetknownhoworwhenthevirusbecameinfectioustopeople.53.我虽然佩服他的勇气，但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。(as)（汉译英）【答案】MuchasIadmirehiscourageIdon’tthinkheactedwisely.【解析】【详解】考查短语、时态和倒装结构。admireone'scourage钦佩某人的勇气。这里用as引导的部分倒装结构：副词+as+主语+动词。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为MuchasIadmirehiscourage,Idon’tthinkheactedwisely.54.他们沉迷于电子设备，患上“屏幕依赖症”，这也是近年来越来越多的孩子出现肥胖、视力下降或注意力不集中的重要原因。(contribute)（汉译英）【答案】Theyaresoobsessedwithelectronicdevicesthattheysufferfrom“screendependence”,whichcontributestotheincreaseofobesity,decreasedvisionandinattentionforanincreasingnumberofchildreninrecentyears.【解析】【分析】【详解】考查状语从句、固定短语和定语从句。此处主语为they；表示“沉迷于”短语为beobsessedwith；此处引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”应用so…that…；表示“电子设备”短语为electronicdevices；that从句中主语为they；表示“遭受”短语为sufferfrom，此处应用一般现在时；表示“屏幕依赖症”短语为screendependence，后跟which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词screendependence；从句中表示“导致”短语为contributeto，也应用一般现在时；表示“近年来越来越多的孩子出现肥胖、视力下降或注意力不集中”可翻译为theincreaseofobesity,decreasedvisionandinattentionforanincreasingnumberofchildreninrecentyears。故翻译为Theyaresoobsessedwithelectronicdevicesthattheysufferfrom“screendependence”,whichcontributestotheincreaseofobesity,decreasedvisionandinattentionforanincreasingnumberofchildreninrecentyears.55.,成语是汉语中的一种独特的表达方式，大多由四个汉字组成。它们高度简练且形式固定，但通常能形象地表达深刻的含义。（compose)（汉译英）【答案】ChineseidiomsareauniquewayofexpressioninChinese,mostlycomposedoffourcharacters.Althoughhighlyconciseandfixedinform,theyusuallycanconveyprofoundmeaningvividly.【解析】【分析】【详解】考查名词、动词、短语和状语从句。表示“组成”应用短语becomposedof；表示“一种独特的表达方式”使用auniquewayofexpression，作be动词are的表语；表示“高度简练”使用highlyconcise。表示“形式固定”使用短语fixedinform；表示“形象地表达深刻的含义”使用短语conveyprofoundmeaningvividly。分析句子可知，第二句中使用让步状语从句，表示转折关系。故翻译为ChineseidiomsareauniquewayofexpressioninChinese,mostlycomposedoffourcharacters.Althoughhighlyconciseandfixedinform,theyusuallycanconveyprofoundmeaningvividly.Ⅵ.GuidedWriting(25%)56.Directions:WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在学校英语报上看到一个主题为“TimeCapsule”的征文，你对此很感兴趣。写一篇文章，内容需包括：(1)你计划将什么物品放入“时间胶囊”；(2)你的理由。【答案】Lately,theconceptof“timecapsule”hasbeenahottopic,arousingaheateddiscussionaboutwhattoputinit.Personally,whatImostwanttoputinitismyoldphotographs.Initially,withtheboomingmoderntechnology,electronicphotoshavegraduallyreplacedpaperonesandtheoldphoto-takenmodeisbecominglessandlesscommon.Evenso,paperphotossurpasselectroniconesinqualityandvalueinmyheart.WhenItouchthem,itisasifrecallingthescenesatthosemoments,whichmakesmemoriescleareranddeeper.ThisisoneofthereasonswhyIwanttosavetheoldphotos.Moreover,someofmyoldphotoshavedisappeared,includingmykindergartenandprimaryschoolgraduationphotos.Althoughthesepreciousmemoriesarestillinmymind,withthepassageoftimeIwillgraduallyforgetthenamesandappearancesofmyclassmates.Itisashamethattheseoldphotos,theonlytoolIcanusetorecallmemories,havebeenlost.ThereforeIsincerelyhopetoprintthephotosItakenowandputtheminthetimecapsulesothatyearslaterIcanstilllookbackandrecallmyyouth.Lastbutnotleast,someoldphotosrecordpeopleandthingsthatwillnevercomeback.I’malwayskeepingaphotoofmygrandfatherandme.Nowgrandpaisnotaliveandtheoldhousewastorndown,however,thisphotoretainsmylastmemoryaboutgrandpaandtheoldhouse.IfIputitinthetimecapsule,waituntilmychildrengrowup,,thenmychildren’schildrengrowup,Icantellthemwhohewas,whereitwas.Itisnotonlythebondofaffection,butakindofcommunicationacrosstime,whichisthemeaningofthetimecapsule.Thetimecapsulecanbethememoryofthepast,thereflectionofthepresent,andtheexpectationofthefuture.Wecansavemanymemorieswiththehelpofmoderntechnology,butwhatismoreimportantischerishingthepresentlifeandtheprecioustimewiththepeoplearound.【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生以“TimeCapsule”为主题写一篇文章。【详解】1.词汇积累首先：firstofall→initially想要做某事：wouldliketodosth→wanttodosth回顾：review→lookback珍惜，重视：cherish→value2.句式拓展简单句变复合句原句：Nowgrandpaisnotaliveandtheoldhousewastorndown,however,thisphotoretainsmylastmemoryaboutgrandpaandtheoldhouse.拓展句：Sincenowgrandpaisnotaliveandtheoldhousewastorndown,thisphotoretainsmylastmemoryaboutgrandpaandtheoldhouse.【点睛】[高分句型1]Personally,whatImostwanttoputinitismyoldphotographs.(运用了what引导主语从句)[高分句型2]WhenItouchthem,itisasifrecallingthescenesatthosemoments,whichmakesmemoriescleareranddeeper.(运用了which引导非限制性定语从句和when引导时间状语从句)
