典型技巧10文章写作手法的判断【考情角度】考情分析写作手法判断类的试题常出现在学校生活类说明文中，此类文章常涉及记叙文、说明文或议论文三种体裁，文章难度中等，结构层次清晰，做题时应注意全文或某个段落所运用的写作手法。考查角度常考查细节推断题、隐含推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题或写作手法题。【考题示例】 (2020·唐山质检) 主题语境：学校生活与学习Studentloan(贷款)debthasbecomeaworldwideproblem.InAmerica,thecountry'soverallstudentdebtreachedarecordof$1.6trillionin2019.Theaveragepersonwithstudentloandebtowedbetween$20,000and$25,000.ArecentJapanesegovernmentreportsaysithasbeenlendingover$9billionyearlytostudentssince2010.SimilarconditionsexistinAfricaandSouthAmerica.Severalfactorsaccountforhighstudentloandebt.Oneisthatemployerseverywherehaveincreasedtheirdemandsforskilledworkers,makinghighereducationarequirementformanyjobs.Thestudents,however,aftergraduation,oftenfindthattheircountry'seconomyisnotstrongenoughtosupporttheirfinancialneeds,sotheirabilitytopaybacktheloanbecomesaproblem.Tosolvetheproblem,manycountriesareseekingtheirways.Australiahasdevelopedasystemwherestudentsdonothavetopayanythingbackuntiltheyareearningatleast$40,000ayear.InAmerica,severalcandidatesrunningforpresidentinthe2020electionhaveofferedmoreextremesolutionsthatalloratleastsomeoftheseloanswillbeforgiven.Someprofessorsinseveraluniversitiesrecentlystudiedwhattheeffectsofdebtforgivenessmightbe.Theyfoundthat,overall,suddendebtreliefgreatlyimprovedtheborrowers'lives.Notonlydidtheyhavemoremoney,buttheyweremorelikelytomovetoanewareaandseekbetterpayingwork.Yettheprofessors'researchdoesn'tincludewhatmighthappentofinancialinstitutionsortheoveralleconomyifdebtweretotallyforgiven.Itonlylooksathowdebtforgivenesswouldhelptheborrowers.Theywarnofsomeotherpossiblenegativeeffects.Ifaborrowerknewthatifheranintoanytroublehewouldbesavedbecausehecouldgetthedebtrelief,thenhemightactuallybecomemore\nreckless(轻率的)withhisborrowinginthefuture.Nomatterwhat,theprofessorsagreethatifcountriesdodecidetoapprovesomestudentdebtrelieftheneedieststudentsshouldbehelpedfirst.1.Howdoestheauthorintroducetheproblemofstudentloan?A.Bymakingacomparison.B.Bymakingclassifications.C.Bypresentingsomestatistics.D.Bysettingdowngeneralrules.2.Whatistheprofessors'attitudetodebtforgiveness?A.Uncaring.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Cautious.答案与解析：1.C 2.D1.第1段出现的$1.6trillion,$20,000and$25,000和over$9billion是作者引入学生债务的方法。2.观点态度题。由最后两段教授们的研究中对债务减免的几个看法，可看出教授们的态度。【技巧释义】把握文章脉络 理解段落层次 确定写作手法---提出学生贷款债务问题(第1段)多次出现的数据信息提示第1题答案---说明导致高额学生债务的因素(第2段)各国解决债务问题的方法---债务减免的影响和教授们对债务减免的看法(第3～5段)警示可能的消极作用---首先帮助最需要帮助的学生(第6段)【词汇积累】overalladj.全面的candidaten.应试者；候选人financialadj.经济的forgivenessn.宽恕accountfor说明……的原因payback偿还debtforgiveness债务减免【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）\n1Everyhumanbeing,nomatterwhatheisdoing,givesoffbodyheat.Theusualproblemishowtogetridofit.ButthedesignersoftheUniversityofPittsburghsetthemselvestheoppositeproblem-----howtocollectbodyheat.Theyhavedesignedacollectionsystemwhichmakesgooduseofnotonlybodyheat,buttheheatgivenoffbysuchobjectsaselectriclightsandfridgesaswell.Thesystemworkssowellthatnofuelisneededtomaketheuniversity’ssixbuildingswarmandcomfortable.Somepartsofmostmodernbuildings-----theatersandofficesaswellasclassroomsareheatedbypeopleandlightsfarmorethannecessary,andsometimestheymustbeair-conditionedeveninwinter.Theskillsofsavingheatandsharingitoutagaininadifferentwayiscalled“heatrecovery.”Afewmodernbuildingsrecoverheatfromsomebuildingsandreuseitinothers.Alongtheway,Pittsburghhaslearnedagreatdealaboutsomeofitsheatproducers.Theharderastudentstudies,themoreheathisbodygivesoff.Boystudentssendoutmoreheatthangirlstudents,andthelargerastudentis,themoreheathegives.ThehottestforthePittsburghUniversitywouldbeahardworking,overweightboystudentwhoisverycleverintheuniversity.1.Accordingtothispassage,theheatsystemofthePittsburghUniversityissuppliedby________.A.humanbodiesB.humanbodiesandelectricalequipmentC.humanbodiesandfuelD.humanbodies,electricalandfuel2.Fromthepassage,whocanweinferwouldproducetheleastamountofheat?A.Afatboystudentwhoiscleverandstudieshard.B.AthingirlstudentwhoisnotcleveranddoesnotstudyhardC.AthinboystudentwhoiscleverandstudiesnotstudyhardD.Afatgirlstudentwhoisbothcleverandhard-working3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.recoveryofboys’heatinthePittsburghUniversity.B.modernbuildings’heatsystemofhumanbeing.C.anewheatrecoverysysteminthePittsburghUniversity.\nD.abestwaytosavefuelorelectricity.4.Howisthepassagedeveloped?A.Bytellingfacts.B.Byfollowingtimeorder.C.Byanalyzingcauses.D.Bymakingcomparison.【答案】1.B2.B3.C4.A【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了匹兹堡大学的设计师们利用每个人都能发出体热的原理，设计了体能收集系统，为学校教学楼提供能源供给。1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Theyhavedesignedacollectionsystemwhichmakesgooduseofnotonlybodyheat,buttheheatgivenoffbysuchobjectsaselectriclightsandfridgesaswell.”可知，他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。由此可知，根据这篇文章，匹兹堡大学的供热系统是由人体和电气设备提供的。故选B项。2.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Theharderastudentstudies,themoreheathisbodygivesoff.Boystudentssendoutmoreheatthangirlstudents,andthelargerastudentis,themoreheathegives.”可知，学生学习越努力，身体散发的热量就越多。男生比女生散发出更多的热量，学生越大，他发出的热量就越多。由此判断出，B选项“不聪明、学习不努力的瘦弱女学生”会产生最少的热量。故选B项。3.主旨大意题。通过读全尤其是第一段“ButthedesignersoftheUniversityofPittsburghsetthemselvestheoppositeproblem-----howtocollectbodyheat.Theyhavedesignedacollectionsystemwhichmakesgooduseofnotonlybodyheat,buttheheatgivenoffbysuchobjectsaselectriclightsandfridgesaswell.Thesystemworkssowellthatnofuelisneededtomaketheuniversity’ssixbuildingswarmandcomfortable.”可知，但是匹兹堡大学的设计师们却给自己设置了一个相反的问题——如何收集人体热量。他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。该系统运行良好，不需要燃料就可以使大学的六栋大楼温暖舒适。所以短文主要是关于匹兹堡大学的一种新的热回收系统。故选C项。4.推理判断题。根据第一段“Everyhumanbeing,nomatterwhatheisdoing,givesoffbodyheat.”每个人，不管他在做什么，都会散发出体热。以及第二段“Somepartsofmostmodernbuildings-----theatersandofficesaswellasclassroomsareheatedbypeople\nandlightsfarmorethannecessary,andsometimestheymustbeair-conditionedeveninwinter.”大多数现代建筑的某些部分，如剧院、办公室和教室，用人和灯光取暖的程度远远超过了必要的程度，有时甚至在冬天也必须安装空调。由此判断出文章是通过讲事实展开行文的。故选A项。2Howoftendoyougetuncomfortable?AcoupleofyearsagoIboughtashirtaspartofanadoptionfundraiser.Thefrontoftheshirtsaid,"Lifebeginsattheendofyourcomfortzone.”Thatphrasehasreallyresonated(产生共鸣)withmeandhasincreasinglypushedmeinmanyareasofmylifesomuchthatIreallywant2018tobeayearwhenIchallengemycomfortzonelikeneverbefore.Ibelievethebestthingsinlifecomefromstretching(延伸，伸展)ourselvesandgettinguncomfortable.Takehealthandfitness,forexample.Itissodeliciouslytempting(诱人的)tositonthesofaandwatchafavoriteNetflixserieswithafavoritesweetorsaltysnackinhand.Thatiscomfortable,andphysicallyunhealthywhendonerepeatedly.Agoodheart-pounding,sweatyworkoutisuncomfortableinthemoment,andphysicallyandemotionalstrengtheningwhendonerepeatedly.Here’sanotherexample.MywifeandIadoptedaboywithDownsyndromeinApril2016toaddtoourfamilyofthreesons.Itwasadecisionthatwecautiouslymadeandwithsomeleveloffearandwonderastowhatwouldhappen.Whilewearestillveryearlyinthislifetimejourneywithhimandwhilethepastnearlytwoyearshavebeenmorechallengingandharderthanwecertainlyimagined,Ihavepersonallyneverfeltsomuchpeace,joyandenergy.Inthemanysacrifices(牺牲)requiredtoraiseourwonderfulson,IbelieveIhavefoundsomuchmorethatwouldhaveotherwisebeenpossible.MygoalistostretchmycomfortzoneinallthatIdoasahusband,father,familymember,andemployee.Weonlyliveonceanditwillbedonebeforeweknowit.IwanttomakeasmuchdifferenceasIcaninthetimethatIhaveherebeforeitallends.AndIreallybelievethatbeginswithpushingpastmycomfortzone.Perhapsyoushouldchallengeyourselftogetuncomfortableandseewherethe\nadventuretakesyou.5.Whatinspiredtheauthortochallengehiscomfortzone?A.Beinganadoptionfundraiser.B.Somewordsonashirt.C.Beingphysicallyunhealthy.D.Thecomingof2018.6.Theauthorholdstheviewthathisadoptedson______.A.makeshimhappyandenergeticB.seldombringstroubletohisfamilyC.setsagoodexampleforhisothersonsD.hardlyaffectshislifetimejourney7.Whatdoestheauthorprobablyadvisereaderstodo?A.Treasureyourcomfortablezone.B.RelaxyourselfbywatchingTV.C.Solveproblemsbyyourself.D.Risklivinganuncomfortablelife.8.Howdoestheauthormainlydevelopthetext?A.Bysettingdowngeneralrules.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Bygivingexamples.D.Bypresentingresearchfindings.【答案】5.B6.A7.D8.C【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章通过举例子的方式证明了走出生活舒适区能给人带来更多的快乐和活力。5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Thefrontoftheshirtsaid,"Lifebeginsattheendofyourcomfortzone.”Thatphrasehasreallyresonated(产生共鸣)withmeandhasincreasinglypushedmeinmanyareasofmylifesomuchthatIreallywant2018tobeayearwhenIchallengemycomfortzonelikeneverbefore.（衬衫的正面写着:“生活从舒适区的尽头开始。”这句话真的与我产生了共鸣，并在生活的许多领域不断地推动着我，以至于我真的希望2018年成为挑战我的舒适区前所未有的一年。）”可知，作者是受了一件衬衫上的一句话的激励，才想挑战自己的舒适区。故选B项。6.细节理解题。根据第四段中“whilethepastnearlytwoyearshavebeenmorechallengingandharderthanwecertainlyimagined,Ihavepersonallyneverfeltsomuchpeace,joyandenergy.（虽然过去近两年的日子比我们想象的要充满挑战和艰辛，但我个人却从未感受过这么多的平静、快乐和活力。）”可知，作者认为他的养子使他非常的快乐和充满活力。故选A项。\n7.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Perhapsyoushouldchallengeyourselftogetuncomfortableandseewheretheadventuretakesyou.（也许你应该挑战自己，让自己感到不舒服，然后看看冒险会把你带到哪里。）”可知，作者建议读者挑战生活在不舒适区，看看冒险会带来什么结果。故选D项。8.推理判断题。根据文章第三段段首“Takehealthandfitness,forexample.（以健康和健身为例。）”和第四段段首“Here’sanotherexample.（这是另一个例子。）”可知，作者在文章中用了大量的篇幅去举例子，从而证明走出舒适区给他带来的惊喜和挑战。故选C项。3Newresearchlinkedoutdoorairpollutiontoanincreasedriskofdiabetes(糖尿病)globally,accordingtoastudyfromWashingtonUniversityinSt.LouisandtheVeteransAffairs(VA)St.LouisHealthCareSystem.Thefindingsraisedthepossibilitythatreducingpollutionmightleadtoadropindiabetescases.“Ourresearchshowsasignificantlinkbetweenairpollutionanddiabetesglobally,”saidZiyadAl-Aly,aprofessoratWashingtonUniversity.“Wefoundanincreasedrisk,evenatlowlevelsofairpollutioncurrentlyconsideredsafebytheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Thisisimportantbecausemanyindustrygroupsarguethatcurrentlevelsaretoostrict.Evidenceshowsthatcurrentlevelsarestillnotsufficientlysafeandneedtightening.”ThefindingswerepublishedonJune29inTheLancetPlanetaryHealth.Toevaluateoutdoorairpollution,theresearcherslookedatsmallpiecesofdust,smokeandliquiddroplets.Indiabetes,pollutionwasthoughttoreduceinsulin(胰岛素)productionandpreventthebodyfromchangingbloodglucose(葡萄糖)intoenergythatthebodyneededtomaintainhealth.Theresearchersalsofoundthatpoverty-strickencountriesfacedahigherdiabetes-pollutionriskincludingAfghanistan,PapuaNewGuineaandGuyana,whilerichercountriessuchasFrance,FinlandandIcelandexperiencedalowerrisk.TheUSexperiencedamiddleriskofpollution-relateddiabetes.IntheUS,theEPA’spollutionlimitwas12microgramspercubicmeterofair,thehighestlevelofairpollutionconsideredsafeforthepublic,aswassetby\ntheCleanAirActof1990andwasupdatedin2012.However,usingmathematicalmodels,Al-Aly’steamsetanincreaseddiabetesriskat2.4microgramspercubicmeterofair.BasedonVAdata,amongasampleofcitizensexposedtopollutionatalevelofbetween5to10microgramspercubicmeterofair,about21percentdevelopeddiabetes.“TheteaminSt.Louisisdoingimportantresearchtofirmuplinksbetweenpollutionandhealthconditionssuchasdiabetes,”saidcommissionmemberPhilipJ.Landrigan,MD,apediatricianandepidemiologistatMountSinaiSchoolofMedicineinNewYork.“Ibelievetheirresearchwillhaveasignificantglobaleffect.”9.Whatcanweknowfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Diabeteshadlittletodowithoutdoorairpollution.B.Reducingpollutionmightleadtoalotofdiabetescases.C.Airpollutioncontributedsignificantlytodiabetesglobally.D.Low-levelairpollutionwasalwaysconsideredsafebyWHO.10.Howdidtheresearchersassesstheairpollution?A.Byreducinginsulinproduction.B.Byanalyzingsmallmatterintheair.C.Byconnectingdiabetesandpollution.D.Bycheckingbloodglucoseinthebody.11.Whydoestheauthorlistsomefiguresinparagraph5?A.Topresentaresult.B.Tosupporthisidea.C.Tomakeacomparison.D.Todrawaconclusion.【答案】9.C10.B11.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了通过研究发现糖尿病患病率与污染有重要关系。9.推理判断题。根据文中“Thefindingsraisedthepossibilitythatreducingpollutionmightleadtoadropindiabetescases.”（这些发现提高了减少污染可能会导致糖尿病病例的下降的可能性。）可知，污染和糖尿病例是有着一定关系的，所以A项Diabeteshadlittletodowithoutdoorairpollution.（糖尿病与户外空气污染没关系。）错误；同时B项Reducingpollutionmightleadtoalotofdiabetescases.\n（减少污染也会导致大量的糖尿病病例。）与原文文意不符，所以错误。又根据文中“Ourresearchshowsasignificantlinkbetweenairpollutionanddiabetesglobally.”（我们的研究表明空气污染与全球糖尿病有着重要关系。）可知C项Airpollutioncontributedsignificantlytodiabetesglobally.（空气污染对全球糖尿病发病有重要影响。）正确；根据文中“evenatlowlevelsofairpollutioncurrentlyconsideredsafebytheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).”（即使是EPA和WHO组织现阶段认为的安全的低水平的空气污染。）可知D项Low-levelairpollutionwasalwaysconsideredsafebyWHO.（低水平污染总是被WHO认为是安全的，与文章不符，文章中只是说现在，所以D项错误。故选C项。10.细节理解题。根据文中“Toevaluateoutdoorairpollution,theresearcherslookedatsmallpiecesofdust,smokeandliquiddroplets.”（为了评估室外空气污染，研究者观察了小块的灰土，烟和液体飞沫。）可知，研究者评估空气污染是通过分析空气中的小物质，故选B项。11.推理判断题。根据第五段数据展示，美国1990设定的污染限制到2012再次将污染限制更新后，已经是美国公认的安全了，但是通过Al-Aly的团队的发现，将患糖尿病的风险设定为每立方米空气2.4微克，但是后来在每立方米空气污染水平为5至10微克的公民样本中，约有21%患上了糖尿病。所以根据第五段数据展示，作者是想要证明第四段最后一句话“TheUSexperiencedamiddleriskofpollution-relateddiabetes.”（美国经历了污染引起糖尿病的中度风险。）的这个观点，故选B项。4Chinesescientistshavecreatedtheworld'sfirstlight-basedquantum(量子)computernamedJiuzhang.Itisamilestoneinwhichaquantummachinecansolveaproblemnoclassicalsupercomputercantacklewithinareasonableamountoftime.ExpertsrecognizedtheChinesemachineasa“state-of-the-artexperiment”.FabioSciarrino,aquantumphysicistatSapienzaUniversityofRome,toldScienceNewsthathisfirstimpressionoftheChinesequantumcomputerwas,simply,“wow”.AntonZeilinger,notedquantumphysicistandpresidentoftheAustrianAcademyofSciences,saidthat,followingthisexperiment,hepredictsthereisaverygoodchancethatquantumcomputersmaybeusedverybroadlysomeday.Quantumcomputersstandoutatrunningsimulationsthatareimpossiblefor\nconventionalcomputers.Quantummachinescantakecomputationalshortcutswhensimulatingextremelycomplexsituations,whileconventionalcomputershavetoforcetheirwaytoasolution,takingsignificantlymoretimeintheprocess.Moreover,itcanperformanextremecalculation,calledGaussianbosonsampling,in200seconds.Thesametaskwouldtaketheworld'sfastestclassicalsupercomputer,Fugaku,around600millionyears.PanJianwei,whoisrecognizedasChina'stopquantumscientistandoneofthekeyresearchersbehindJiuzhang,saidthecalculationstheycarriedoutcannotonlyshowcasethemachine'scomputingpowerbutalsodemonstratepotentialpracticalapplicationsinmachinelearningandquantumchemistry.“QuantumcomputinghasalreadybecomeafiercecompetitionareaamongtheUnitedStates,Europeandotherdevelopedregions,”Pansaid,addingthatChina'squantumcomputationaladvantagetookabout7to10yearstoachieve,sincetheteamfirstdecidedtotackletheproblemaround2013.However,Panstressedthatthequantumcomputerisahighlyspecializedmachine,andiscurrentlyonlyprogrammedtodobosonsampling.“Itisnotageneral-purposequantumcomputer,”hesaid.Inthenearfuture,scientistsmayincreaseJiuzhang'spossibleoutputstates—akeyindicatorofcomputingpower—from10tothe30thpowerto10tothe40thpower.12.WhatistheAntonZeilingefsattitudetowardsquantumcomputer?A.Negative.B.Optimistic.C.Doubtful.D.Satisfied.13.HowdoestheauthorsupporthisopinioninParagraph3?A.Bymakingcontrasts.B.Bypresentingreasons.C.Byanalyzingfigures.D.Byconductingexperiments.14.WhatmaybethenextmainfocusindevelopingJiuzhang?A.Capacity.B.Programme.C.Storage.D.Application.15.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.HighrecognitionofChineseexpertsintheworld.B.FiercecompetitioninBosonsamplingallovertheworld.C.Appearanceoftheworld'sfirstlight-basedquantumcomputer.\nD.Distinctionsbetweenquantumcomputerandconventionalcomputer.【答案】12.B13.A14.A15.C【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道。中国科学家构建的量子计算原型机“九章”，求解数学算法高斯玻色取样只需200秒，这一突破使我国成为全球第二个实现“量子优越性”的国家。文章介绍了九章的优势，发展前景，以及目前的局限。12.推理判断题。根据第二段的“AntonZeilinger,notedquantumphysicistandpresidentoftheAustrianAcademyofSciences,saidthat,followingthisexperiment,hepredictsthereisaverygoodchancethatquantumcomputersmaybeusedverybroadlysomeday.”（奥地利科学院院长，著名量子物理学家AntonZeilinger说，通过这次实验，他预测量子计算机有很大的机会得到广泛的应用）可推知，AntonZeilinger对量子计算机很乐观。故选B。13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“Quantummachinescantakecomputationalshortcutswhensimulatingextremelycomplexsituations,whileconventionalcomputershavetoforcetheirwaytoasolution,takingsignificantlymoretimeintheprocess.Moreover,itcanperformanextremecalculation,calledGaussianbosonsampling,in200seconds.Thesametaskwouldtaketheworld'sfastestclassicalsupercomputer,Fugaku,around600millionyears.”（在模拟特别复杂的场景时，量子计算机可以采用计算捷径，而传统计算机必须一步步地找解决方案，在过程中花费更多时间。此外，它可以在200秒内完成一个极端的计算，即高斯玻色子采样。同样的任务需要世界上最快的传统计算机Fugaku大约6亿年才能完成）可推知，作者主要采用把量子计算即和传统计算机进行对比来支持自己的观点。故选A。14.推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Inthenearfuture,scientistsmayincreaseJiuzhang'spossibleoutputstates—akeyindicatorofcomputingpower—from10tothe30thpowerto10tothe40thpower.”（在不久的将来，科学家会增加九章潜在的输出态——这是计算机能力的一个关键的指标——从10的30次方到10的40次方）可推知，科学家下一步的发展重点是量子计算的潜在输出态，即它的容量。故选A。15.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“Chinesescientistshavecreatedtheworld'sfirstlight-basedquantum（量子）computernamedJiuzhang.Itisamilestoneinwhichaquantummachinecansolveaproblemnoclassicalsupercomputer\ncantacklewithinareasonableamountoftime.”（中国科学家构建了世界上首台光量子计算机“九章”。这是一个里程碑，量子计算机可以解决传统计算机无法在合理的时间内解决的问题）可知，本文主要讲述了第一台光量子计算机的问世。故选C。
