优点英语专题03阅读理解（生态保护类说明文）【母题来源】2021年新高考Ⅰ卷CWhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.,优点英语C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.A【语篇分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了通过发行美国鸭票保护生态的故事。1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。2.词义猜测题。根据前一句“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A.Acquire获得；B.Export出口；C.Destroy破坏；D.Distribute分配。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresof,优点英语habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。1.主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。【试题解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。文章选材新颖，语言地道，旨在考查人与自然主题下的生态保护。【命题意图】阅读理解从新高考评价体系的角度来讲，旨在多方位多层次从词汇、句式、语篇层面考查学生的思维能力、学科素养和知识储备，考查学生能够读懂说明解释性的文章。第三篇阅读理解的难度适中，设问方面首先要求学生精确理解水禽数量减少的原因，根据细节性信息来挖出答案，其次考查考生是否能够较好地阅读上下文语境来猜测文中生词的意思，最后要求学生回答联邦鸭邮票法案通过的直接结果并考查学生的语篇理解能力，看考生能否归纳概括出文章的主题思想和中心意思（即要求考生选出最合适的文章标题来间接考查文章主旨）。问题与问题之间环环相扣，层层递进，完成问题的过程，实现对考生价值观的引导和学科素养能力的考查。【命题方向】依据普通高中英语课程标准和中国高考评价体系，落实立德树人根本任务，充分发挥高考育人功能和积极导向作用。2021年新高考说明文在4篇阅读理解中占了2篇，可见在高考英语阅读理解题中的重要地位。今年说明文阅读理解内容也是呈现多样化趋势，不同的语篇结构，语义语言结构以及所需相应的阅读策略都有较大差异。今年的高考趋势更加注重对于阅读理解的考察，新课改下的高考命题趋向更专注于学生对于材料的理解与应用，要求学生结合新的语境进行理解。阅读理解C篇突显人与自然生态的和谐相处，文章介绍“候鸟打猎邮票法案”用来筹措政府资金保护候鸟，同时着重论述联邦鸭邮票的社会影响和意义，在阅读中考查学生的创新思维和独立解决问题的逻辑思维能力。【得分要点】本篇阅读理解难度不小，2个细节性题，1个主旨型题和1个推理判断题，题型丰富，多方位多层次从词汇、句式、语篇层面考查学生的思维能力、学科素养和知识储备,优点英语。阅读理解规律强、关联大，摸透解题思路与套路，吃透今年真题等于抢先拿下明年70%以上的分数！得分要点提醒：熟悉了解说明文体的特点和出题规律。英语说明文是客观地解释一个事实或道理，对客观事物的性质、特点、功用等做科学解说的。不像记叙文重在情节的叙述和描写,也不像议论文,重在论述主张和列出论点依据，更不像科幻作品富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是旨在使人们增长知识和技能。说明文阅读理解的特征涉及以下几个方面，即Who→What→When→Where→How→Why。1)Who文章的主体是谁?2)What主体做了什么?3)When和Where：何时何地发生?4)How如何表现出来?5)Why为什么?英语说明文的说明顺序主要包括时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。在说明方法上，旨在阐明事物的概念特征，常用的说明方法有举例、比较、分类、分析因果、列数字、诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、引用、假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，更容易体现高考选拔人才的要求。说明文抽象度高，解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的命题方向多为人与自然、人与社会主题下的自然科普知识，动植物的生存环境与威胁，科技新产品介绍，人的社会心理现象，人文旅游等方面的说明文，且文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子为主。因此考生要准确握说明文的命题规律和特点，以正确的做题方法阅读原文，重点关注文章长难句的句式分析和认知理解，以便做出准确的语意理解。高分应对策略：一确定设问中的目标词；二定位到文章中的提示词；三匹配逻辑关联信息；四善用排除法。1.（2021届山东省济宁市一模考试英语试题）CSugarcane（甘蔗）containsaround10%sugar.Butthatmeansitcontainsaround90%non-sugar—thematerialknownasbagasse（甘蔗渣）whichremainsoncethesugar-bearingjuiceissqueezedout.Worldproductionofcanesugarwas185milliontonnesin2017,which,优点英语resultsinalotofbagasse.Atthemoment,mostofitisburned.ButZhuHongli,amechanicalengineeratNortheasternUniversity,inBoston,thinksitcanbeputintobetteruse.Asshe,andhercolleaguesdescribe,inMatterthisweek,withabitofimprovingbagassemakesanexcellentandbiodegradable（可生物降解的）replacementfortheplasticusedfordisposablefoodcontainerssuchascoffeecups.Dr.Zhuisnotthefirstpersontohavethisidea.Butpreviousattemptstendednottosurvivecontactwithliquids.Sheknewfrompreviousresearchthatthemainreasonwhypasteffortsfelltopieceswhenwetisthatbagasseiscomposedofshortfibreswhichareunabletoholdthefinishedproduct.Shethereforesought'toinsertasuitablylong-fibredsubstance.Bambooseemedtobethebestchoice.Itgrowsquickly/degradesreadilyandhasappropriatelylongfibres.Anditworked.Whentheresearchersblendedbambooremainingintobagasse,theyfoundthattheresulthadastrongcrossingofshortandlongfibres.Toputtheirnewmaterialthroughitspaces,Dr.Zhuandhercolleaguesfirstpouredhotoilontoitandfoundthat,ratherthanpassingthroughthematerial,asitwouldhavewithprevious,bagasseproducts,theoilwasresistedbytheirinvention.Theyalsofoundthatwhentheymadeacupoutofthestuffandfilleditwithwaterheatedalmosttoboilingpoint,thecupremainedunbrokenformorethantwohours.ThoughthisisnotaslongasaplasticcupwouldHast,it-islongenoughforallpracticalpurposes.1.Whatdoweknowaboutbagasse?A.Itiswidelyused.B.Itisusuallywasted.C.Itcannotbedegraded.D.Ittakesup10%ofsugarcane.2.Whydothepreviousattemptsfail?A.Thecupsarenotdisposable.B.Thefibresofbagasseareshort.C.Theplasticcannotbereplaced.D.Thematerialisnotbiodegradable.3.WhatisspecialaboutZhu’sinvention?A.Itcanletoilpassthrough.,优点英语B.Itcanbeboiledinthewater.C.Itcanholdliquidandresistheat.D.Itcanreducetheuseofbamboo.4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.NewBambooContainersB.ANewApplicationofFibresC.YoungandPromisingMaterialsD.APerfectMixofCaneandBamboo【答案】1.B2.B3.C4.D【语篇分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了甘蔗渣占甘蔗的90%，目前被浪费很多。研究者发现，经过改善甘蔗渣可以被用于制作杯子，以减少环境污染。1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句“Atthemoment,mostofitisburned.”（目前，大部分的甘蔗渣都被烧毁了。）可知，甘蔗渣大部分被浪费掉了。故选B项。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段以三句“Sheknewfrompreviousresearchthatthemainreasonwhypasteffortsfelltopieceswhenwetisthatbagasseiscomposedofshortfibreswhichareunabletoholdthefinishedproduct.”（她从以前的研究中了解到，过去的努力失败的主要原因是甘蔗渣是由短纤维组成的，无法承载成品。）可知，以前的试验失败是由于蔗渣的纤维很短。故选B项。3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句“Theyalsofoundthatwhentheymadeacupoutofthestuffandfilleditwithwaterheatedalmosttoboilingpoint,thecupremainedunbrokenformorethantwohours.”（他们还发现，当他们用这种材料制成杯子，并将其装满加热到几乎沸点的水时，杯子可以保持两个多小时不破裂。）可知，朱红丽的发明特殊之处在于它能盛装液体并耐热。故选C项。4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文以甘蔗渣的浪费为开头，后面几段都是在讲朱红丽团队如何研究并巧妙利用甘蔗渣结合竹子的长纤维发明出可盛装液体并耐热的杯子。故选D项。2.（2021届山东省日照市高三一模英语试题）BLookingforaplacetotakearest，sipacupofcoffeeandhaveafurrycompanion?Welcome,优点英语toanimal-themedcafes.Inrecentyears，thecombinationofpetsandcateringhasbecomeincrediblypopularinmanycitiesthroughoutChina.Whilemanycafesstartedoutofferingthecompanyofcatsanddogs，othersareexpandingtheirrange.Somecafesincludeanimalslikesquirrels，raccoonsandevencapybaras.Inreviews，internetusershavecommentedthattheirmainreasonforvisitingthesebusinessesistointeractcloselywithanimalstheyhaveonlyseenfromafar.“Thecustomersloveanimals.Theyarecuriousaboutthesepetsandwanttoraiseoneathome，butcircumstancesdon’tallowit，”saidpetcafeownerTianRui，LiuJing，aBeijingresidentwhoworksinfinance，lovespigs，butherparentswouldnotendorsehergettingoneasapet.The24-year-oldhadtoadmiretheanimalsthroughvideosandimages.Butnow，shecanhaveclosecontactwithanadorablepigeveryweekendinapetcafe.Also，thesepetcafesserveasashelterforthosewhofindcomfortinbeingaroundanimals.“Inthisplace，youcangetclosetothecutelittleonesinaverycomfortablewaywithouthavingtoworryaboutsafetyandhygiene(卫生)—overall，itisanextremelycomfortableexperience，”saidZhaoMingfromTianjin，30，afrequentpetcafevisitor.Animalloversalsoexpectthepetcafestochangepeople’sattitudestowardpets.Animalslikeducks，pigsandsheephavebeenservedasfoodformanyyears.Peoplehardlyseethemaspets.Butthepetcafeshelpshifttheirattitudefromseeingthemasplaythingstoregardingthemasfamilymembersorclosefriends.“Whetherathomeorinstores，theselittleanimalsarethereforcompanionshipandtheybringwarmthtoourhearts.Theycareandunderstandjustlikefamilymembers.Theygiveusmuchmorethanthelovewegivetothem，”Zhaosaid.1.Whydopeoplevisitpetcafes?A.Topursueinnerpeace.B.Toappreciateanimalimages.C.Toexperienceacleanenvironment.D.Tohaveclosecontactwithanimals.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“endorse”inParagraph4mean?A.Believein.,优点英语B.Approveof.C.Prevent.D.Suspect.3.WecanconcludefromParagraph6thatpetcafesmay__________.A.changeourviewsofanimalsB.teachushowtolookafterpetsbetterC.showustheimportanceofhavingpetsD.remindustovalueourfamilyandfriends4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.CafesEnjoyGreatPopularityB.IdealSheltersforLovelyAnimalsC.AnimalsTurnintoCompanionsD.AnimalLoversfromDifferentCities【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.C【语篇分析】这是一篇说明文。近年来，以动物为主题的咖啡馆悄然兴起。这些宠物咖啡馆改变了人们对动物的态度，它们就像家庭成员一样陪伴人们，给人们带来温暖和爱。1.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“…theirmainreasonforvisitingthesebusinessesistointeractwithanimalstheyhaveonlyseenfromafar.”（他们造访这些商店的主要目的是与那些他们只在远处见过的动物互动。）可知，人们拜访宠物咖啡馆的主要原因是想和这些动物进行近距离接触。故选D。2.词句猜测题。根据划线词后面的句子“The24-year-oldhadtoadmiretheanimalsthroughvideosandimages.”（24岁的她不得不通过视频和图片来欣赏这些动物。）可知，她父母不赞成她养宠物。“endorse”意思是赞成。故选B。3.推理判断题。根据第六段第一句“Animalloversalsoexpectthepetcafestochangepeople’sattitudestowardpets.”（动物爱好者也希望宠物咖啡馆能改变人们对宠物的态度。）和最后一句“Butthepetcafeshelpshifttheirattitudefromseeingthemasplaythingstoregardingthemasfamilymembersorclosefriends.”（但宠物咖啡馆有助于改变他们的态度，从把宠物当作玩具，变成把它们当作家庭成员或亲密朋友。）可知，宠物咖啡馆改变了人们对动物的态度。故选A。4.主旨大意题。根据第六段第一句“Animalloversalsoexpectthepetcafestochangepeople’s,优点英语attitudestowardpets.”（动物爱好者也希望宠物咖啡馆能改变人们对宠物的态度。）和最后一句“Butthepetcafeshelpshifttheirattitudefromseeingthemasplaythingstoregardingthemasfamilymembersorclosefriends.”（但宠物咖啡馆有助于改变他们的态度，从把宠物当作玩具，变成把它们当作家庭成员或亲密朋友。）可知，宠物咖啡馆改变了人们对动物的态度，这些动物就像家庭成员一样陪伴人们。这篇文章最好的题目是“动物变成了伙伴”。故选C。3.（2021届山东省淄博市高三一模英语试题）BHiddenbeneaththesurfaceintherootsofEarthsastonishinganddiverseplantlife,thereexistsabiologicalsuperhighwaylinkingtogetherthemembersoftheplantkingdominwhatresearcherscallthe"woodwideweb".Thenetworkiscomprisedofthinthreadsoffungus(真菌)thatgrowoutwardsundergrounduptoafewmetersfromitspartneringplant,meaningthatalloftheplantlifewithinaregionlikelyconnectedtooneanother.Thepartnershipisbeneficialforbothpartiesinvolved,plantsprovidecarbohydrates(碳水化合物)tothefungusesandinexchange,thefungusesaidingatheringwaterandprovidingnutrientstoitspartneringplant.AstudyconductedbyRensenZengoftheSouthChinaAgriculturalUniversityfoundthatthisalsoallowedforplantstowarnoneanotherofpotentialharm.ThestudyshowedBroadBeansusedthefungalnetworktospyononeanotherforupcomingdanger.LikeourInternet,thisfungalconnectivityisalsofullofcrime.Someplants,suchasGoldenMarigoldshavebeenfoundtoreleasepoisonsintothenetworktoslowdownthegrowthofsurroundingplantsinthefightforwaterandlight.Otherplants,suchasthePhantomOrchid,donothavethechlorophyll(叶绿素)andmustgetthenecessarynutrientsfromsurroundingplants.Researchsuggeststhatanimalssuchasinsectsandwormsmaybeabletodetectslightexchangesofnutrientsthroughthenetwork,allowingthemtomoreeasilyfinddeliciousrootstofeedon;however,thishasnotbeenconclusivelymadeclearinexperimentation.Themorewelearnaboutthisphenomenon,themoreourunderstandingoftheplantlifeofourplanetwillcontinuetochange.Perhapsoneday,wemaybeabletomapoutthesecomplexnetworksentirely.1.Whatisthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A.Toexplaintheaimoftheweb.,优点英语B.Tointroducethemaintopic.C.Togivedefinitionofdiverselife.D.Toshowtheimportanceofplants.2.Thecriminalbehaviorofplantscanbeseenasawayto________.A.competeforsurvivalB.gathermorewaterC.takeinsunlightD.breaknaturalrules3.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?A.Animalscanalsofeedonthefungus.B.Nutrientexchangesaretooslighttodetect.C.Noexperimentcanprovethephenomenon.D.Moreneedstobedonetoworkoutthenetwork.4.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ThePartnershipbetweenPlantsB.TheUnknownRootsoftheEarthC.TheSuperhighwayLinkingthePlantsD.TheMysteriousMapChangingtheWorld【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.C【语篇分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的将植物王国成员连接在一起的高速公路，被研究人员称之为“木网”。1.推理判断题。根据文章的第一段“HiddenbeneaththesurfaceintherootsofEarthsastonishinganddiverseplantlife,thereexistsabiologicalsuperhighwaylinkingtogetherthemembersoftheplantkingdominwhatresearcherscallthe"woodwideweb".(在地表之下，在地球上惊人而多样的植物生命的根部，存在着一条生物高速公路，将植物王国的成员连接在一起，研究人员称之为“木网”)”及下文的描述可知，文章主要讲述将植物王国成员连接在一起的高速公路。由此可知，第一段的作用是引入话题。故选B。2.推理判断题。根据文章的第四段“LikeourInternet,thisfungalconnectivityisalsofullofcrime.…Otherplants,suchasthePhantomOrchid,donothavethechlorophyll(叶绿素)andmustgetthenecessarynutrientsfromsurroundingplants.(,优点英语就像我们的互联网一样，这种真菌连接也充满了犯罪。一些植物，如金盏花，在争夺水和光的过程中会释放毒素到网络中来减缓周围植物的生长。其他植物，如幽灵兰，没有叶绿素，必须从周围的植物获得必要的营养)”可知，有些植物释放毒素是给自己获得营养的。由此推断，植物的犯罪行为可以看作是一种生存竞争的方式。故选A。1.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Themorewelearnaboutthisphenomenon,themoreourunderstandingoftheplantlifeofourplanetwillcontinuetochange.Perhapsoneday,wemaybeabletomapoutthesecomplexnetworksentirely.(我们对这一现象了解得越多，我们对地球上植物生命的理解就会越深刻。也许有一天，我们能够完全绘制出这些复杂的网络)”可推断，最后一段就是暗示需要做更多的工作来解决植物的网络问题。故选D。2.主旨大意题。根据文章的第一段“HiddenbeneaththesurfaceintherootsofEarthsastonishinganddiverseplantlife,thereexistsabiologicalsuperhighwaylinkingtogetherthemembersoftheplantkingdominwhatresearcherscallthe"woodwideweb".(在地表之下，在地球上惊人而多样的植物生命的根部，存在着一条生物高速公路，将植物王国的成员连接在一起，研究人员称之为“木网”)”及下文的描述可知，文章主要讲述将植物王国成员连接在一起的高速公路。故选C。
