小题必练19：七选五之主旨概括题主旨概括题主要考查考生对文章或段落进行概括的能力，它要求考生在阅读文章时，能够提炼其中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用概括能力提取文章的主题、观点以及作者的情感态度。这类题通常从两个方面设题：①概括文章或段落的主题句或结论性语句；②段落标题。【典例】(2020·新课标Ⅰ节选)●___37___Donotfollowthepeoplewhomakeyoufeelnot-good-enough.Whydoyoufollowthem?Areyouhopingthateventuallyyouwillfeelempoweredbecauseyourlifeisbetterthantheirs?Knowthatyourlifeisyourown;youaretheonlyyouinthisworld.A.Feelingupsetagain?B.Wheredoyoustart?C.Nothingistoosmalltocelebrate.D.Remember,youareonlyhuman.E.Setanintentionforself-acceptance.F.Stopcomparingyourselfwithothers.G.Whendoesthecomparisongamestart?【答案】F【解析】本段主要讲述不要把自己和别人作比较，因为生活是我们自己的，我们也是世界上独一无二的。故F.Stopcomparingyourselfwithothers.(停止把自己和别人进行比较。)可以作为本段中心句，故选F项。AHowdoyoureacttochallenges?Doyourunandhide,ordoyoufacethemwithyourheadheldhigh?Havingconfidenceinyourselfcangiveyoupowertoface6\nchallengesandsucceedinthefollowingtwoaspectsoflife.1．Everyoneknowsthatlookingconfidentduringajobinterviewwillhelpyougetthejob.Confidenceactuallycanhelpyouinyourcareer.Inotherwords,ifyouthinkyou’llsucceedinyourworkplace,it’smorelikelythatyouwillsucceedoneday.SocialskillsBeingsureofyourselfcanalsomakeyoufeelcalmwhenmeetingnewpeople.You’llbelessafraidofrejection,soyou’llbefreetobeyourself.2．.Yourniceimagewillmakethemmorewillingtointeractwithyou.Buthowtodevelopyourconfidence?●3．.Makealistofyourstrengthsandweaknesses.Beingconfidentdoesn’tmeanyouhavetobeblindtoproblemsyouhave.Butyouwantbalance.Besuretothinkofastrengthforeveryweaknessyouwritedown.●Setgoals.Makesomegoalsforyourdailytasks.Ifyoucouldaccomplishanythinginlife,whatwoulditbe?Thinkbigbutalsothinksmal1.4．.Someofyourgoalscaninvolveimprovingtheweaknessesyoulisted.Thenyou’llhaveonereasonfewertodoubtyourself.●Lookyourbest.Takingalittletimetomakeyourselflookgoodwillhelpyouhaveapositiveattitude.●Standupstraight,smileandlookpeopleintheeye.5．.Havingconfidenceinyourselftakessomeeffort,butitbringsgreatbenefits.A.KnowyourselfB.ProfessionalperformanceC.It’sdifficulttobuildupconfidenceD.ThatmakesiteasiertomakeagoodimpressionE.WritedowntheproblemsyouoftencomeacrossinschoollifeF.EvengettingsomethingsmalldonewillgiveyouconfidencetoachievemoregoalsG.Actconfidently,itwon’tbelongbeforeyourfeelingsfollowthethreekindsofbehaviors6\n【答案】1-5BDAFG【解析】本文是说明文。文章就如何面对挑战这一话题，给出了三个方面的建议。1．根据下文中的关键词“ajobinterview”；“workplace”可知，B项“职业表现”能更好地起到总结作用。故选B。2．D项中的“that”指代上文中的“You’llbelessafraidofrejection,soyou’llbefreetobeyourself”，且其中“goodimpression”与下文中的关键词汇“niceimage”的意思接近。故选D。3．该空位于段落开头，是主题句。根据下文内容“列出你的优点和缺点。自信并不意味着你必须对自己的问题视而不见。但你需要平衡。一定要为你写下的每一个弱点想一个优点。”本段主要围绕了解自己的优点和缺点展开阐述，由此可知，A项Knowyourself（了解自己）切题。故选A。4．F项“即使是完成一件小事也会给你实现更多目标的信心”更好地承接上文“要想大事，也要想小事”。故选F。5．G项中的“threekindsofbehaviors”正好概括上文中的“Standupstraight,smileandlookpeopleintheeye（站直，微笑，看着别人的眼睛）”这三种自信的行为。故选G。BStepstowriteagoodessayIfyouaskmanypeople,theywillprobablysaythatwritingaresearchpaperischallenging.6.______Firstly,chooseatopicthatyouareinterestedinoratopicyouarecuriousabout,whichwillmotivateyoutodothenecessaryresearchonit.Meanwhile,forhelpfulandreliablesourcesofinformation,thelibraryisthebestresource.Usebooks,publishedarticles,journals,newspapersandmagazinestoresearchyourchosentopic.7.______Colorcodethembytopic,andusedifferent-coloredhighlighterstomarkthedetailssoyoucanfindeachtopiceasily.Everytimeyounotesomethingdown,writethebibliographicalinformation,includingtheauthor,thebooktitle,pagenumbersused,volumenumber,publisher'snameanddateofpublication.6\nAfterin-depthresearch,youcangoontowriteanoutline.Withallthenotesandimportantinformationyou'vegathered,determinewhereeachtopicfits.8.______Finishingtheoutline,youcanbeginthefirstdraft.9.______Youcandomoreresearchifyoufeellikeyou'relackinginformation.Thisisonlythefirstdraft,soyoucanstillmakechangesasyougoon.Onceyourereadyourfirstdraftoverandoverandmakethenecessarychangesyoufeelyoushouldmake,itistimetowriteyourfinaldraft.Makesurethatallthevitalinformationisincludedandthatyourwritingmakessenseandhasasteadyandnaturalflowallthroughout.10.______Atlast,readthefinalversionasmanytimesasyouwantandevenaskafriendorprofessortoreadittoo.A.Then,dotheresearch.B.Next,beorganizedwithyournotes.C.Simplynotewhichpartswillbethebeginning,middleandend.D.Oncethequestionhasbeenanswered,youcanbeginconstructingyouressay.E.Indeed,itrequiresthoroughresearchandneedsafewbasictipsforittobelesschallenging.F.Thisisthepartwhereyouputmoredetailsintothepapersopeoplecanreaditandactuallyunderstandit.G.Checkthespellingandgrammaticalerrors,andeverysourceyouusedislistedinthepaper'sbibliography.【答案】6-10EBCFG【解析】这是一篇说明文。写研究论文很有挑战性，文章主要说明了写一篇好论文的步骤。6.结合后文主要介绍了书写论文的步骤，可推知，本句为肯定上文的说法，说明写研究论文的确具有挑战性，以及分析具有挑战性的原形。上文中challenging可对应到E选项中challenging。故E选项“的确，它需要深入的研究和需要一些基本的技巧来降低它的挑战性”符合语境，故选E。7.本句为本段主旨句，后文主要说明了如何整理笔记，且后文中notesomethingdown可对应到B选项中yournotes。故B选项“其次，整理好你的笔记”符合语境，故选B。8.本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文说明编写大纲的步骤，且上文提到了确定每个主题适合的位置，且论文包括开头、中间和结尾，故C选项“简单地记下哪些部分是开头，中间6\n和结尾即可”符合语境，故选C。9.本句属于过渡句，承接上文说明初稿的意义和目的，上文thefirstdraft可对应到F选项中Thisisthepart。故F选项“这是你在论文中加入更多细节的部分，以便人们可以阅读并真正理解它”符合语境，故选F。10.本句应当承接上文继续说明写终稿的注意事项，故G选项“检查拼写和语法错误，并且你使用的每一个来源都列在论文的参考书目中”符合语境，故选G。CRunningisagreatwaytogetinshapeandjustabouteveryonecandoit.Giventhatit'ssoeasytotakeupthesport,alotofbeginnersjumprightintorunningwithoutactuallyknowingwhatittakestoestablishahealthyroutine.___11___.Ifyouarejuststartingout,avoidthefollowingthingstohelpyouincreaseyourchancesofrunningsuccess.DoingtoomuchtoosoonOneofthebiggestmistakesbeginnersmakeisdoingtoomuchtoosoon.Pickingupanewhobbylikerunningisnodoubtexciting.Runnersneedtoeaseintothesportbeforeincreasingthedistance.___12___.___13___Beginnersmightthinktheyneedtorunnearlyeverydaytomeettheirfitnessorweight-lossgoals,butthiscouldn'tbefurtherfromthetruth.___14___,especiallyforbeginnerswhosemusclesandboneshaven’tyetbeenconditionedforsuchintense(剧烈的)exercise.Soit'simportanttogiveyourbodyamplerestbetweenworkouts.Followatrainingplanthatincludesrestdays.Comparingyourselftoothers___15___,You’reexcitedaboutrunning,soyouareprobablyreadingrunningblogs,magazinesandmessageboardswhereyoumightstarttofeelinadequateaboutyourownrunningpace.Insteadofgettingdownonyourself，rememberthateveryrunnerwasonceabeginnerandusetheirsuccessasmotivation!A.NotrunningeverydayBNottakingrestdaysC.Runningisademandingactivitywhichcanbereallyhardonyourbody6\nD.Asmentioned,ahealthyroutineiswhattheyattachimportancetoE.Whenstartingoutwithrunning,it'stoughnottocompareyourselftoothersF.Manymakeanumberofcommonmistakes,whichcaninterfere(干扰)withtrainingorleadtoinjuryG.Itwillhelpreducetheriskofinjury,soyoucancontinuewithyournewrunningroutine【答案】11-15FGBCE【解析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了对于刚开始跑步的人，要避免哪些事项来提高成功的机会。11.上文提到的跑步是一项很容易参与的运动，所以许多跑步初学者并没有形成一套健康的跑步方式。引出下文Manymakeanumberofcommonmistakes,whichcaninterfere(干扰)withtrainingorleadtoinjury.许多人会犯很多常见的错误，这些错误会干扰训练或造成伤害。故选F项。12.根据上文Runnersneedtoeaseintothesportbeforeincreasingthedistance.可知跑步者需要在增加跑步距离之前进行放松运动。承接下文，G项（它有助于降低受伤风险，因此你可以继续新的跑步日常）切题。G项it指的是前面整个句子，对前面的句子做出了进一步的解释。故选G项。13.根据本段Beginnersmightthinktheyneedtorunnearlyeverydaytomeettheirfitnessorweight-lossgoals,butthiscouldn'tbefurtherfromthetruth.和Followatrainingplanthatincludesrestdays.可知初学者可能会认为他们几乎每天都要跑步以达到他们的健身或减肥目标，但这不可能是事实。要在训练计划中安排休息。所以这段要讲的误区就是坚持跑步而不休息，B项（没有休息日）符合，是本段的主旨句。故选B项。14.根据后文especiallyforbeginnerswhosemusclesandboneshaven'tyetbeenconditionedforsuchintenseexercise.可知特别是对那些肌肉和骨骼不适合如此剧烈的运动的初跑者，此处是想表达跑步是一项有难度的运动，连接下文，C项（跑步是一项要求很高的运动，对你的身体来说可以真的很难）切题，故选C项。15.根据小标题Comparingyourselftoothers可知跑步的一个误区就是拿自己和别人比较，E项（刚开始跑步的时候，不拿自己和别人比较很难做到）符合语境，故选E项。6
