高考维“升”素14——历史文化（时间：30分钟分值：31分）维A1阅读理解(每题2分，满分8分)选材网站：http：//course.cug.edu.cn/cugThird高考曾用材料：2012大纲全国卷ⅡD篇选材相似度：★★★★设题相似度：★★★难度系数：★★★★ThemodernBritishEmpirefirsttookshapeintheearly17thcentury，withtheBritishsettlementoftheeasterncoloniesofNorthAmerica，whichwouldlaterbecometheoriginalUnitedStates，aswellasCanada'sMaritimeprovinces，andthecolonizationsofthesmallerislandsoftheCaribbeansuchasTrinidadandTobago，theBahamas，Barbados，andJamaica.Thesesugarplantationislands，whereslaverybecamethebasisoftheeconomy，wereatfirstBritain'smostimportantandsuccessfulcolonies.TheAmericancoloniesprovidingtobacco，cotton，andriceinthesouthandnavalmaterialandfursinthenorthwerelessfinanciallysuccessful，buthadlargeareasofgoodagriculturallandandattractedfarlargernumbersofBritishimmigrants.Britain'sAmericanempirewasslowlyexpandedbywarandcolonization.TheevergrowingAmericancoloniespressedwestwardinsearchofnewagriculturallands.ConflictarosewiththeDutchovertradeandempire;FirstAngloDutchWar(1652～1654);SecondAngloDutchWar(1665～1667);ThirdAngloDutchWar(1672～1674);BritaingainedcontrolofNewAmsterdam，whichwasrenamedNewYork，butcededSuriname.TheydefeatedtheFrench，firstexpandingtheirholdoverthemaritimeprovinces.ThenduringtheSevenYearsWartheBritishdefeatedtheFrenchatthePlainsofAbrahamandcapturedallofNewFrancein1760.ThisgaveBritaincontroloveralmostallofNorthAmerica.FourthAngloDutchWar(1780～1784);AngloDutchTreatyof1814；AngloDutchTreatyof1824.Inthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturyaseriesoftechnological6\nadvancesledtotheIndustrialRevolution.Britain'spositionastheworld'spreeminenttraderhelpedfundresearchandexperimentation.Thenationwasalsogiftedbysomeoftheworld'sgreatestreservesofcoal，themainfuelofthenewrevolution.Notes：①navaladj.海的 ②cedevt.放弃 ③treatyn．条约④preeminentadj.卓越的；优秀的长短句分析：TheAmericancoloniesprovidingtobacco，cotton，andriceinthesouthandnavalmaterialandfursinthenorthwerelessfinanciallysuccessful，buthadlargeareasofgoodagriculturallandandattractedfarlargernumbersofBritishimmigrants.句法点睛：本句中，“providingtobacco，cotton，andriceinthesouthandnavalmaterialandfursinthenorth”为定语，修饰colonies；but连接两个谓语。句意：美洲的殖民地，南方提供了烟草、棉花、水稻，北方提供了海产品和皮毛，这从经济上不是很成功，但是肥沃的农业用地吸引了大量的英国移民。【语篇解读】现代大不列颠帝国的雏形开始于17世纪，当时英国占领了现在美国、加拿大临海的一些省份以及北美一些岛屿国家的地方。英国进行了残酷的殖民统治，从当地人手中夺取了大量的土地。南方为英国人提供烟草、棉花和水稻，而北方则提供大量的优质农业用地。经过多年的战争，英国人从法国人手中夺取了土地，并与当地人签署协议，成为合法的土地使用者。这里的煤炭为18世纪晚期和19世纪早期的工业革命提供了能源保证。1．WheredidtheBritishfirstsettlewhentheyfirstcametoAmericainthe17thcentury?A．OnlytheUnitedStates.B．NotonlytheUnitedStatesbutalsopartsofothercountries.C．ThewholeofCanada.D．Smallislands.答案 B [细节理解题。由“theoriginalUnitedStates，aswellasCanada'sMaritimeprovinces，andthecolonizationsofthesmallerislandsoftheCaribbeansuchasTrinidadandTobago，theBahamas，Barbados，andJamaica”可知，当时英国占领的不仅仅是美国，还占领了加拿大的临海省份，以及一些岛屿国家。]6\n2．AccordingtothepassagewhatinAmericamadetheBritishinterestedmost?A．Tobacco，cotton，andrice.B．Navalmaterialandfurs.C．Agreatdealofgoodfarmland.D．Forests.答案 C [联系第二段中的“navalmaterialandfursinthenorthwerelessfinanciallysuccessful，buthadlargeareasofgoodagriculturallandandattractedfarlargernumbersofBritishimmigrants”可知，英国移民看上的不是海产品和皮毛，而是大量的肥沃土地。]3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“pressed”meaninthethirdparagraph?A．Touched.B．Pushed.C．Published.D．Extended.答案 D [词义猜测题。联系“westwardinsearchofnewagriculturallands”可知，这些殖民者向西扩张以寻求更多的土地，因此D项最合适。]4．HowmanyyearswasitfromthefirstwarwithAnglototheendofthelastwarinhistory?A．132years.B．162years.C．172years.D．108years.答案 A [推理判断题。第一次战争开始于1652年，而最后一次战争结束于1784年，因此得出答案A。]维A2阅读理解(每题2分，满分8分)选材网站：http：//encarta.msn.com高考曾用材料：2012浙江卷B篇选材相似度：★★★★设题相似度：★★★难度系数：★★★★Culturehelpshumansocietiessurviveinchangingnaturalenvironments.Forexample，theendofthelastIceAge，beginningabout15,000yearsago，broughtanenormouschallengetowhichhumanshadtoadapt.Beforethistime，largepartsofthenorthernhemispherewerecoveredingreatsheetsoficethatcontainedmuchoftheearth'swater.InNorthAmerica，largeanimalsthatroamedthevasttundraprovidedpeoplewithfoodandmaterialsforclothing6\nandsimpleshelters.Whentheearthbecamewarm，largeIceAgeanimalsdisappeared，andmanylandareasweresubmergedbyrisingsealevelsfrommeltingice.Butpeoplesurvived.Theydevelopednewtechnologiesandlearnedhowtosurviveonnewplantandanimalspecies.Finallysomepeoplesettledintopermanentvillages，durablehousesandfarms.Culturaladaptationhasmadehumansoneofthemostsuccessfulspeciesontheplanet.Throughhistory，majordevelopmentsintechnology，medicine，andnutritionhaveallowedpeopletoreproduceandsurviveineverincreasingnumbers.Theglobalpopulationhasrisenfrom8millionduringtheIceAgetoabout6billiontoday.However，thesuccessesofculturecanalsocreateproblemsinthelongrun.Overthelast200years，peoplehavebeguntouselargequantitiesofnaturalresourcesandenergyandtoproduceagreatamountofmaterialandchemicalwastes.Theglobalpopulationnowconsumessomecrucialnaturalresources—suchaspetroleum，wood，andmineralores—fasterthannaturecanproducethem.Manyscientistsbelievethatintheprocessofburningfuelsandproducingwastes，peoplemaybechangingtheglobalclimateinunpredictableandpossiblyharmfulways.Thus，theadaptivesuccessofthepresentdayglobalcultureofproductionandcommercemaybetemporary.Notes：①tundran．冰原；苔原 ②submergevt.淹没③crucialadj.关键的 ④oren．矿长短句分析：Manyscientistsbelievethatintheprocessofburningfuelsandproducingwastes，peoplemaybechangingtheglobalclimateinunpredictableandpossiblyharmfulways.句法点睛：这是个主从复合句。Manyscientistsbelieve为主句部分，intheprocessofburningfuelsandproducingwastes为宾语从句的时间状语，peoplemaybechangingtheglobalclimateinunpredictableandpossiblyharmfulways为宾语从句的主干部分。句意：很多科学家认为，在燃料燃烧和产生垃圾的过程中，人们可能正以无法预测的，甚至是有害的方式改变着全球的气候。【语篇解读】6\n本文为议论文。文章论述了人类在适应自然环境得到了飞速发展的同时，也带来了系列问题：人类的过度发展破环了自然，以至给人类自己带来了灾难。1．Whatdoesthefirstparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．HowthehumanbeingsurvivedintheIceAge.B．WhatthesituationwasduringtheIceAge.C．WhatcausedtheIceAgetocometoanend.D．WhytheIceAgewasveryimportant.答案 A [主旨大意题。虽然冰川融化，人类食物链遭到破坏，但由于人类具有认识和使用新技术的能力而得以存活，并发展状大。]2．Thepassagedoesn'ttellthereaders________.A．whatcausedtheearthtobecomewarmB．whentheendingoftheIceAgebeganC．thepopulationoftheIceAgeD．theproblemofculturaladaptation答案 A [细节理解题。短文没有论及地球变暖的原因。]3．Whichistheproblemofculturaladaption?A．Averydevelopedculturecameintobeing.B．Toomuchspecieshavebeenendangered.C．Theworldhasbecometoocrowded.D．Humanactivitieshavemadedamagetothebalanceofnature.答案 D [细节理解题。人类过量使用自然资源而破坏了生态平衡。]4．Infaceofthegreaterchallenge，humanbeingsshould________.A．stopdevelopinganylongerB．reduceusingtoomuchnaturalresourcesC．findawayouttostopthewarmingupoftheglobeD．savemoreanimalsincasetheyalldieout答案 B [细节理解题。人类过量使用自然资源已经导致了环境的恶化，理智的办法就是减少使用自然资源。]维B短文改错(每题1.5分，满分15分)下面文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；6\n2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。Angelaworksatauniversityasadviser.Studentscancomeandaskherformanyproblemsiftheyneedhelporadvices.Mostofthemareworriedabouttheirstudiesandexams.Someofthemhaveproblemsconnectwithrentingflats，thoughthebiggestproblemwasloneliness.Universitiesareexcitedplacesbutsomestudentsfinddifficulttomakefriends.Theymisstheirfamiliesbutfeellostinthenewenvironment.They'reupset.Angela'sjobistolistentoandtrytounderstandwhethertheyarethinkingabout.Andofcourseshealsogivespracticaladvicewhensheisneeded.答案 Angelaworksatauniversityasadviser.Studentscancomeandaskherformanyproblemsiftheyneedhelpor.Mostofthemareworriedabouttheirstudiesandexams.Someofthemhaveproblemswithrentingflats，thoughthebiggestproblemloneliness.Universitiesareplacesbutsomestudentsfinddifficulttomakefriends.Theymisstheirfamiliesfeellostinthenewenvironment.They'reupset.Angela'sjobistolistento\/andtrytounderstandtheyarethinkingabout.Andofcourseshealsogivespracticaladvicewhenisneeded.6
