优点英语非谓语动词近三年高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；作宾语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；它们作某一成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。在形式方面主要考查用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词。题型一、辨别谓语与非谓语动词1.Beforeyouquityourjob,________(consider)howyourfamilywouldfeelaboutyourdecision.2.Letthoseinneed________(understand)thatwewillgoallouttohelpthem.3.________itwithmeshouldbeagoodchoice.Trustme! A．WhenleftB．LeaveC．IfyouleaveD．Leaving4.Pleasedomeafavor—________myfriendMr.SmithtoYouthTheaterat7：30tonight.A．toinviteB．invitingC．inviteD．invited【特别提醒】谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。非谓语：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。 【重点、难点】一、非谓语动词作状语1．不定式作状语不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用soasto/inorderto替换，但soasto一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为onlytodo)。,优点英语①Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.(原因)②TogetthereontimeIgotupveryearly.(目的)③Herushedtoschoolonlytofindtherewasnobodythere.(结果)2．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。Notknowingwhattodo，hewenttohisparentsforhelp.由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。Givenmoreattention，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbedin(沉溺于)、bornin(出身于)、dressedin(穿着)、tiredof(厌烦了)等。Lost/Absorbedindeepthought，hedidn'thearthesound.3．独立主格结构作状语如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语。(1)名词/主格代词＋现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。Thegirlstaringathim(＝Asthegirlstaredathim)，hedidn'tknowwhattosay.女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。(2)名词/主格代词＋过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。,优点英语Theproblemssolved(＝Astheproblemsweresolved)，thequalityhasbeenimproved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。(3)名词/主格代词＋不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane，someoldpartstohelp.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。(4)with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。Withtimepassingby(time和pass之间为主动关系)，healmostforgoteverythinginthepast.随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。Hesatonthechair，withhishandstied(hands和tie之间为被动关系)behindhisback.他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。1.Anotherreasonforcorn’srise：Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofrice(improve)waterquality.2.BackfromhistwoyearmedicalserviceinAfrica，Dr.Leewasveryhappytoseehismother________(take)goodcareofathome.3.Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetal_______(create)specialdesigns.4.WhenIwaslittle,mymotherusedtositbymybed,________(tell)mestoriestillIfellasleep.5.________(eat)atthecafeteriabefore,Tinadidn'twanttoeatthereagain.6.Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly________thatalltheticketshasbeensoldout.A．tobetoldB．totellC．toldD．telling7.Oilpriceshaverisenby32percentsincethestartoftheyear，________arecordUS$57.65abarrelonApril4.A．havereachedB．reaching,优点英语C．toreachD．tobereaching【特别提醒】1．现在分词与主句的主语之间是主动关系，用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果等；第二，过去分词与主句的主语之间是被动关系；第三，作状语的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前要用分词的完成时。2．作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，表示处于某种状态，如：crowded，devoted，discouraged，done，dressed，drunk，experienced，frightened，gone，hurt，interested，killed，known，learned，lost，pleased，satisfied，shut，surprised，tired，undressed，worried，astonished，broken，completed，covered等。 二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语1．非谓语动词作主语(1)Laughinghelpsyourbodystayhealthyandcanevenhelpyoufightpain.(动名词作主语)(2)Toseeistobelieve.(不定式作主语)(3)Itisimportanttorespectpeople.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)(4)Itisnousecryingoverspitmilk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)2．非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。3．非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。,优点英语(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。动词接动名词作宾语接不定式作宾语remember记得曾做过某事记得要做某事forget忘记曾做过某事忘记要做某事try尝试做某事努力做某事regret对做过的事表示后悔对要做的事表示遗憾mean意味着做某事企图(打算)做某事can'thelp禁不住做某事不能帮助做某事goon继续做未完成的事做完一件事后，接着做另一件事stop中断正在做的事中断正在做的事，去做别的事【特别提醒】1．动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。Doyoumindmy/mereadingyourpaper?你介意我看你的考卷吗？2．作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/todo前加not。(1)Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.(not须放在having前)我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。(2)Theycouldn'tstandbeingtreatedlikethat.他们不能忍受被那样对待。(3)HedecidedtohelpmebutIpretendedtohavefinishedmyjob.他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。,优点英语非谓语动词做主语、宾语1.Iquicklylowermyself，duckingmyheadtoavoid(look)directlyintohiseyessohedoesn’tfeelchallenged.2.Fastfoodisfulloffatandsalt;by________(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.3.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,________(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthetop.4.Myambassadorialdutieswillinclude________(introduce)Britishvisitorstothe120pluspandasatChengduandothersataresearchcentreinthemistymountainsofBifengxia.5.________(ignore)thedifferencebetweenthetworesearchfindingswillbeoneoftheworstmistakesyoumake.6.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheirabilityto“aircondition”ahousewithout________(use)electricequipment.7.Shortlyaftersufferingfromamassiveearthquakeand________(reduce)toruins,thecitytookonanewlook.8.Iremembered________(lock)thedoorbeforeIlefttheoffice,butforgottoturnoffthelights.9.Ican'tstand________withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses________talkingwhilesheworks.A．working;stoppingB．towork；stoppingC．working；tostopD．towork；tostop10.Isn'tittimeyougotdownto________thepapers?A．markB．bemarkedC．beingmarkedD．marking【特别提醒】非谓语作主语、宾语的重点(1)it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语①ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。②IthinkitimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。,优点英语(2)it作形式主语使用动名词的句型①Itisnouse/nogood/useless＋doingsthItisnousecrying.哭没有用。②Itisfun(agreatpleasure,awasteoftime)＋doingsthItisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain.设法解释是浪费时间。 非谓语动词做表语1.Theyarerequired________(process)thefoodthatweeat，torecoverfrominjuryandforseveralotherbodilyfunctions.2.—Areyousureyou'rereadyforthetest?—Noproblem.I'mwell________(prepare)forit.3.Wegotalittle________(sunburn)，butthedayhadbeensorelaxingthatwedidn'tmind.4.Theenginejustwon'tstart.Somethingseems________(go)wrongwithit.5.Tomsoundsverymuch________(interest)inthejob,butI'mnotsurewhetherhecanmanageit.6.Pleaseremain________；thewinneroftheprizewillbeannouncedsoon.A．seatingB．seatedC．toseatD．tobeseated【特别提醒】非谓语作表语的重点(1)不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。Ourplanistokeeptheaffairsecret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。Theirjobismakingwheelchairsfordisabledpeople.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。Themusictheyareplayingsoundsexciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。Thisbeautifulvillageremainsunknowntotherestoftheworld.这个美丽的村庄仍未被外界所知。,优点英语(2)现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如：Thisdogisfrightening.这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)Thisdogisfrightened.这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态)Climbingistiringandwearecompletelytiredafteraday'sclimbing.爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态) 三、非谓语动词作定语1．不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。Youarethethirdonetoentertheroom.(主谓关系)Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.(动宾关系)Hehasnoopportunitytogoabroad.(同位关系)2．动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。areadingroom(＝aroomforreading)3．现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。Thequestionbeingdiscussed(＝whichisbeingdiscussed)nowisimportant.4．过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。Thequestiondiscussed(＝whichwasdiscussed)yesterdayisimportant.非谓语动词做定语1.．..aTVshowinthemid1980s，whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporter________(permit)tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.2.Youcannotacceptanopinion________(offer)toyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.3.Theroomisemptyexceptforabookshelf________(stand)inthecorner.4.Ifthereisalotofwork________，I'mhappytojustkeeponuntilitisfinished.,优点英语A．todoB．tobedoingC．doneD．doing【特别提醒】1．不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被thefirst/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：Sheisalwaysthefirst(one)tocomeandthelasttoleave.(2)如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。例如：Let'sfirstfindaroomtolivein/toputthethingsin.(3)不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时，若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语，则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。例如：Haveyougotanythingtosayatthemeeting?(you...say...anything)HereisalettertobetakentoMr.Li.在therebe句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。比较：Thereisnothingtodoatpresent.(＝Wehavenothingtodoatpresent.)Thereisnothingtobedoneatpresent.(＝Wecandonothingatpresent.)2．－ing分词作定语(1)单个的－ing分词作定语一般前置，说明名词的性质、特征或用途等，－ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个－ing分词也常后置。例如：asleepingcar(＝acarforsleeping)asleepingchild(＝achildwhoissleeping),优点英语(2)－ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。例如：Doyouknowtheboytalking(＝whoistalking)totheteacher?比较：误：Heisthemanvisitingourclassyesterday.正：Heisthemanwhovisitedourclassyesterday.3．－ed分词作定语－ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作，－ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作，－ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。例如：adeveloped/developingcountryHeisastudentlovedbyalltheteachers.ThebuildingbeingbuiltwillbethethirdTeachingBuildingofourschool.4．像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句例如：Thestudents,wearingtheirschooluniforms,marchedintotheplayground.Thesubstance,discoveredalmostbyaccident，hasgreatlychangedtheworld. 四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语1．advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：Tellthechildrennottoplayonthestreet.Thepolicewarnedusnottogooutatnight.2．make/let/have等使役动词后面用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to的不定式。如：Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.,优点英语3．感官动词后面可用不带to的不定式或分词作补语。从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：Isawhimcrossthestreet.我看到他穿过了大街。Isawhimcrossingthestreet.我看到他正在穿过大街。Isawhimsurroundedbyagroupofstudents.我看到一群学生围着他。五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式1．非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。Hepretendednottoseeme.Iregretnotfollowinghisadvice.Nothavingtriedhisbest，hefailedintheexam.2．不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.3．动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.,优点英语HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.HisnotknowingEnglishtroubledhimalot.4．现在分词的完成式和被动式。当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。Havingdonehishomework，heplayedbasketball.当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Havingbeentoldmanytimes，thenaughtyboymadethesamemistake.非谓语动词做宾语补足语1.Themanagerwassatisfiedtoseemanynewproducts______(develop)aftergreateffort.2.Whenwesawtheroad________(block)withsnow,wedecidedtospendtheholidayathome.3.Passengersarepermitted________(carry)onlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane.4.Theteacheraskedus________somuchnoise.A．don'tmakeB．notmakeC．notmakingD．nottomake5.—Excuseme，sir,whereisRoom301?—Justaminute.I'llhaveBob________youtoyourroom.A．showB．showsC．toshowD．showing【特别提醒】非谓语动词做宾语补足语的要点：(1)主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词，将来的动作用不定式。(2)几个特别的结构▲have＋宾语＋do/doing/done,优点英语①“have＋宾语＋dosth”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的have是使役动词，宾语后的dosth是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。Thebossoftenhasthemworkfor14hoursaday.老板经常要他们一天工作14个小时。②“have＋宾语＋doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。Don'thavethedogbarkingmuch,Lilin.李林，别让狗狂吠不停。③“have＋宾语＋done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了……，此时，主语是无意中的受动者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。Wehadthemachinemendedjustnow.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。Hehadhisleginjuredwhileplayingfootball.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。▲get＋宾语＋todo/doing/done三种结构的意义请参看上述“have＋宾语＋do/doing/done”的意义解释。Hegothissistertohelphimwithhisclothes.他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。Canyoureallygetthatoldclockgoingagain.你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？Dorisgotherbadtoothpulledoutinthehospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。▲catchsbdoingsth逮住某人干某事Ifshecatchesmereadingherdiary,she'llbefurious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 ▲make＋oneself＋doneoneself与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系Heraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。非谓语动词的固定搭配和句型1.Ifhetakesonthiswork,hewillhavenochoicebut________(meet)anevengreaterchallenge.,优点英语2.Georgereturnedafterthewar,only________(tell)thathiswifehadlefthim.3.Herprogressinspeakingability,________(tell)thetruth,isabigcomforttome.4.________(fill)withshame,theboyloweredhishead,readyforthepunishmentfromhisdad.【特别提醒】已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词(短语)：常见的有：considering...(鉴于/考虑到……)，judgingby/from...(从……来看，依据……来判断),supposingthat...(假定……),providingthat...(假定……),accordingto...(依据……),including...(包括……),owingto...(由于……),talking/speakingof...(谈及……)，given...(考虑到……),providedthat...(如果……)，totellthetruth说实话课后练习一1.Linda,IamafraidthatIwon’tbeinourdormitorytonightbecausemymotherhascomehereseemeandIplantosleepintheroomshehasbookedinanearbyhotel. 2.Allinall,Ithinkmyenthusiasmandfullsenseofresponsibilitywillmakemeaqualifyingteachingassistant. 3.Lastsummer,myparentsandIpaidavisittoEurope.Ittookusabout10hoursflyfromBeijingtoLondon,Britain. 4.Todayallthestudentsinmyschoolhadaheatdiscussionaboutwhetherwestudentsshouldwearschooluniformsornot. 5.SoeverydayafterthatIwouldspendonehourpractisemyoralEnglishonQQ. 6.Comparingwithotherteachers,Mr.Moorepaysmoreattentiontohiswayofteaching. 7.Truefriendshipisthecommunicationoftheheartsandunderstandofthesouls. 8.Atfirst,seenthewavescomingoneafteranother,Iwasafraid. 9.Itwasagreatpleasuretohavesuchadevotingfriend. ,优点英语10.Iwillavoidfindexcusesforputtingthemoff. 二Passage1Thetruththattreesarevitaltoourlifeisnotasecret.Theyprovideuswithfood,woodandmostimportantly,oxygen.Nowthereisonemorethingwecanaddtothislist— 1 (block)outharmfulbacteriafromwater. Thediscoverywasmadebyateam 2 (consist)ofscientistsfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)andhighschoolstudentswhowereseekinganaturalwaterfilter—onethatwouldhelpcommunitiesin 3 (develop)countriesthatdonothaveaccesstomodernwaterfiltersystems. Theresearchers, 4 (lead)byProfessorRohitKarnik,decided 5 (turn)totreesforhelpbecausetheycouldallowliquid 6 (flow)through,whileblockingoutairbubbles. Theybeganby 7 (cut)1.5-inch-widesectionsoftreebarkfromthebranchesofawhitepinetree.Thepeople 8 (relate)thentestedthewood’sfilteringabilitybypouringwater 9 (contain)reddyeparticlesofdifferentsizesthrough.Totheiramazement,theyfoundthatitwaseffectiveintrappingallthearticles. 10 (encourage),theteamconductedanotherexperiment,thistimewithwaterthatcontainedbacteria.Sureenough,thesapwoodheldback99%ofthebacteria,allowingonly1%toflowthrough. Passage2Inthesummerof1848,inGuatemala,aman 1 (call)AmbrosioTutwentintothejungle,ashedidalmosteveryday.Tutwasagum-collector(树胶采集者), 2 (look)forguminthejungle. 3 (do)this,hehadtoclimbthetrees.Onhisparticularday,hegottothetopofonetreeandsomethingcaughthiseye.Helookedoutacrossthetreesandsawthetopsofsomeoldbuildings. Tutdidn’treallyknowwhathehadseenbutheknewitwassomethingspecial.Heran 4 (tell)thelocalgovernor,andtogetherthey 5 (walk)intothejungle.TheretheyfoundTikal(蒂卡尔),acitythattheMayans(玛雅人) 6 (build)manyhundredsofyearsbefore.Thetwomensawtemplesandpyramids,squaresandhouses,andplaceswherekingshadlivedwhentheMayanpeopleruledtheregion. Foralongtimebeforethatday,localpeoplehadknownthatsomewhereinthejungletherewasanoldMayancity,butnoonehadseenitforcenturies.Between200and900AD,thecityofTikalhadbeenthecenterofMayan,优点英语civilizationintheregion,butthentheMayansleftthereandnobodyknowswhy!After1000AD,thejunglebegan 7 (cover)itandpeopleforgotthatitwasthere. SevenyearsbeforeTutlookedoutforthetrees,twoBritishexplorershadgonetoGuatemalaandhadwrittenareportaboutMayantreasuresinthejungle,buttheydidn’tmentionTikal.Evenearlierthanthis,localIndianshadtoldEuropeantravelersaboutagreatcity 8 (hide)inthetrees,butnoonewouldlistentothem.Nowthe 9 (lose)cityhadbeenfoundagain,andarchaeologistswentthereimmediately 10 (see)it.
