阅读理解（建议用时：25分钟）A体裁议论文话题性格和行为的成因词数369(2022·潍坊模拟)Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.It’snoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestion.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother,andthereisagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Theargumentisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoasnaturevs.nurture.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredetermined(注定)tosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts(本能).Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,or,astheyareoftencalled,behaviorists,claimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Behavioristsseehumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Theirviewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuli(somethingthathelpssb./sth.todevelopbetterandmorequickly)asthebasisoftheirbehavior.Thesocialandpoliticalconnectionsofthesetwotheoriesaresignificant.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligenttest.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksaregeneticallyworsethanwhites.Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatthedifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftenrobbedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy,andthat,as-7-\naresult,theydonotdevelopthesameresponsesthatwhitesdo.Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thattheargumentwillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.1.Theauthorismainlyconcernedaboutsolvingtheproblem .A.whyourpersonalitiesandbehaviorsdifferB.whatmakesdifferentstagesofintelligenceC.howsocialscientistsformdifferenttheoriesD.whatcausesthe“nature/nurture”argument2.Theunderlinedword“proponents”canbestbereplacedby .A.approachesB.advocatesC.principlesD.characters3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaybesupportedbythe“nature”school?A.Wearebornwithcertainpersonalitiesandbehaviors.B.Environmenthasnothingtodowithourpersonalities.C.Abilitiesandcharacteristicsareshowedbybehaviors.D.Onlyextremebehaviorsaredeterminedbyinstincts.4.Whatcanwelearnaboutthebehaviorists?A.Theybelievehumanbeingsaremechanical.B.Theycompareourbehaviorstothemachines.C.Theysuggestthatwereacttotheenvironmentasthemachinesdo.D.Theyagreethatthemechanistictheorycanbeappliedonusaswell.5.The“nature”theoristsbelievethattheblacks’lowscores .A.aretheresultoftheeducationaldisadvantagesB.areadisplayoftheblacks’poorintelligenceC.havenothingtodowiththeirtrueintelligenceD.havenothingtodowithfactorsotherthanheredityB体裁议论文话题教育孩子词数291 Whenachildistoldheis“uncool”,itcanbeverypainful.Hemaysayhedoesn’tcare,-7-\nandevenactinwaysthatareoppositeofcoolonpurpose.Butthesearesimplywaystohandlesadnessbypretendingit’snotthere.Helpingachildfeelbetterinschoolhadtobecareful.Ifyousay,“Whyareyouworriedaboutwhatotherchildrenthinkaboutyou?Itdoesn’tmatter!”Childrenknowthatitdoesmatter.Instead,anactivewaymaybebest.Youcouldsay,“I’mgoingtodoacoupleofthingsforyoutohelpyoufeelbetterinschool.”Ifaboyishavingtroublemakingfriends,theteachercanhelphim.Theteachercanarrangethingssothathehaschancestousehisabilitiestocontributetoclassprojects.Thisishowtheotherchildrenlearnhowtovaluehisgoodqualitiesandtolikehim.Ateachercanalsoraiseachild’spopularityinthegroupbyshowingthathevaluesthatchild.Itevenhelpstoputhiminaseatnexttoaverypopularchild,orlethimbeapartnerwiththatchildinactivities,etc.Therearethingsthatparentscandoathome,too.Befriendlywhenyourchildbringsothershometoplay.Encouragehimtoinvitefriendstomealsandthenservethedishestheyconsider.Whenyouplantrips,picnics,movies,andothershows,inviteanotherchildwithwhomyourchildwantstobefriends.Whatyoucandoistogivehimachancetojoinagroupthatmaybeshuttinghimout.Then,ifhehasgoodqualities,hecanstarttobuildrealfriendshipofhisown.6.Achildwhohasbeeninformedofbeing“uncool”may .A.carenothingaboutitB.dosomethinguncoolonpurposeC.developasenseofangerD.pretendtogethurtverymuch7.Ateachercanhelpanunpopularchildby .A.seeingthechildastheteacher’sfavoriteB.askingthechildtodosomethingforpartnersC.forcingotherchildrentomakefriendswiththechildD.offeringthechildchancestoshowhisgoodqualities-7-\n8.Howcanparentshelptheirchildfitinbetter?A.Bycookingdeliciousfoodforhim.B.Bybeingkindtohisschoolmates.C.Byforcinghimtoinvitefriendshome.D.Bytakinghimtohavepicnicsinthepark.9.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Childrendon’tcareothers’commentsonthem.B.It’sonlyteacher’sworktomakechildrenpopular.C.Parentsshouldtaketheirchildrenoutforpicnicsandshowsmoreoften.D.Invitingchildren’sfriendstofamilyactivitiesisgoodforthemtomakefriends.10.Thetextismainlyabout .A.howanunpopularchildcanbehelpedB.whysomechildrenareunpopularC.whatgoodqualitiesunpopularchildrenhaveD.whocareaboutunpopularchildrenC体裁说明文话题减肥和饮食词数311(2022·永州模拟)Fouroutoftenwomenwhodietendupheavierthanwhentheystartedwatchingtheirwaistline(腰围),astudyrevealedtoday.Theresearchalsoshowedthatalargepercentageofwomenstartnoticingthepoundscreepingbackonjust21daysafterreachingtheiridealweight.Yesterday,Dr.IanCampbelloftheJennyCraigweightmanagementprogramsaid,“IntheUK61.4percentofadultsareoverweightorobese.Successfulweightmanagementrequiresalong-termcommitmentinordertoloseweightsuccessfullyandforgood.Dietingcanbearealchallengesosettingrealisticgoalsandremainingfocusedonthemisimportant.Otherwiseasthisresearchshows,womencouldendupheavierthanwhentheystarted.”The“Food:Body:Mind”reportwaspublicizedbyJennyCraigwhoquizzed2,000womenagedbetween18and65whodietregularlyontheirattitudes,beliefsandbehaviorsaroundweightloss.Sixintensaidtheyarecurrentlyonadietandoneinfivewomensaidtheyareona“continuousdiet”.-7-\nItfoundthemostcommontriggerstostartdietingwasseeingtheir“reflectionsinthemirror”,preparingforasummerholidayorunflatteringphotospostedonsocialnetworkingsites.Otherpopularreasonsincludecommentsbyfriendsorrelativesortheirotherhalf.However,thestudyshowedthatoneintengiveupwithinoneday,whilealmostafifthmanagetomakeittoaweekormore.Theaverageistendays.Manyblamedpressuretheyputonthemselvestoloseweighttooquicklyfortheweightgain,whichleavesthemwithabiggerappetitethannormal.Othersblamedcolleagues,whotuckintofattylunchesandsnacksunawareoftheeffectithasonthedieter,whilemotherswhopolishofftheirchildren’sleftovers(剩饭)wasanothercommoncauseofweightgain.11.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthisarticle?A.ThreeReasonsforFailinginDietingB.ImportantThingsforSuccessfulDietsC.Obesity:Problemfor61.4%AdultsintheUKD.FourinTenWomenGainWeightonDiets12.IntheUK,womenwhogoonadiet .A.arealloverweightorobeseB.arelikelytogainweightagainafterreachingtheiridealweightC.allfailbecausetheyarenotpersistentenoughD.endupheavierthanwhentheystarttodiet13.Theunderlinedword“triggers”inParagraph4probablymeans .A.effectsB.examplesC.causesD.imagination14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhymanypeoplequitdietingverysoon?A.Thepressuretheyputonthemselvestoloseweightquickly.B.Colleagueswhogivethemfattylunchesandsnacks.C.Reflectionstheyseeinthemirror.D.Leftoversofchildren’stakenbytheirmothers.15.Inwhichcolumnofthenewspaperdoyouprobablyfindthepassage?A.Health.B.Economy.C.Sports.D.Education.-7-\n【拓展训练】根据阅读理解C篇完成下列问题。1.WhatdidJennyCraigquiz2,000women?(Nomorethan8words)①_________ ②__________③_____________________________________2.TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.Successfulweightmanagementrequiresalong-termcommitmentinordertoloseweightsuccessfullyandforgood._________________________________________________答案解析A1.【解析】选A。主旨大意题。首段首句指出作者要讨论的问题,第二段开始从两个方面解释该问题,末段是总结段,由此看来,首段首句和末段首句提到的人类行为是本文的中心内容,因此答案为A。2.【解析】选B。词义猜测题。根据文章内容,我们可以判断proponent应指人,指这两种理论的支持者,只有advocates“拥护者”符合这种推测,故选B。3.【解析】选A。细节理解题。第三段首句的largelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors和末句的governedbyourinstincts都表明“天性论”派会认同A项的看法,故选A。4.【解析】选C。细节理解题。本题实际上考查对第四段末句的正确理解。原文该句中的likemachines,humansrespond...表明作者并非单纯把人类比作机器,而是把人类对环境的反应与机械对环境的反应做对比,由此可见,C为正确的理解。5.【解析】选D。细节理解题。将D选项与第三段结合起来,可以确定D为本题答案,只有D项才符合“天性论”派对性格与行为形成的看法。B6.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知,当一个孩子被告知他不酷的时候,他可能会说他不在乎甚至会故意做出不酷的行为来。7.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第三段第二句Theteachercanarrangethingssothathehaschancestousehisabilitiestocontributetoclassprojects.老师可以安排一些事情,-7-\n这样他有机会运用他的能力为班级做贡献。8.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第四段第二句Befriendlywhenyourchildbringsothershometoplay.当孩子带其他同学回家玩的时候,父母一定要友好。9.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知家长邀请孩子的好友来聚会有助于孩子交友。10.【解析】选A。主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了父母和老师怎样帮助一个不酷的孩子交到朋友。C【文章大意】十分之四的节食女性结果比她们刚减肥时还胖。11.【解析】选D。主旨大意题。根据全文尤其是文章第一段可知,本文主要介绍了十分之四的节食女性结果比她们刚减肥的时候还胖。12.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第一段Theresearchalsoshowedthatalargepercentageofwomenstartnoticingthepoundscreepingbackonjust21daysafterreachingtheiridealweight可知,研究表明,很大比例的妇女注意到在达到理想体重仅仅21天后,她们的体重又反弹了。13.【解析】选C。词义猜测题。根据第四段Otherpopularreasonsinclude可知C为正确选项。trigger=cause,表示“引起”。14.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知A、B、D三项正确,根据文章第四段startdietingwasseeingtheir“reflectionsinthemirror”可知C项错误。15.【解析】选A。推理判断题。本文介绍了节食与减肥等,故可推断本文选自健康栏目。【拓展训练】1.①Attitudes ②Beliefs③Behaviorsaroundweightloss2.成功的体重管理需要长时间地投入才能成功减肥,持久减肥。-7-
