考点47阅读理解议论文高考频度：★★★★★议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。 注意事项： 1.避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案) 2.要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较) 高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。 3.阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有： (1)标志类、指示类的信息。 ①表示并列关系：and,also,coupledwith等； ②表示转折关系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等； ③表示因果关系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等； ④表示递进关系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等； ⑤表示重要性的词：prime,aboveall,first等。 以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。34\n (2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬),excessively过分的(贬),objective(客观)等。 4.常见问题： (1)读不懂怎么？ 问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。 unconsciousincompetent(无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段； consciousincompetent(有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段； consciouscompetent(有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段； unconsciouscompetent(无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。 从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。 (2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？ (3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？ (4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？ 能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【命题分析】议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1.题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特点。具体说来：(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。2.侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑联系的审视。3.深层理解题的主要表现形式：34\n(1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：a.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?b.Thetextismainlyabout_________.c.Fromthepassageweknowthat_________.d.Themainideaoftheparagraphis_________.e.Thewriter’spurposeofwritingthistextis_________.f.Thepassagecouldbetitled_________.g.Thepassagedealswith_________.h.What’sthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?(2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式：a.回答对why和how的提问。b.Accordingtothetext,whichofthestatementsistrue/wrong?c.Fromthetext,wecaninferthat_________.d.Wherecanthistextbeselectedfrom?e.Whatcanyouimaginewillbedealtwith/writteninthefollowingpassage?f.以短语accordingtothewriterofthetext或inthewriter’sopinion等引出的其他问题。(3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，三是某个代词it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。【应试策略】议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause&Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。34\n考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。解题方法：1.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。2.互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。3.推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。二、解题技巧历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：1.主旨大意型干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。干扰项可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。干扰项可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。正确答案根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：34\n1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.5.Thispassagemainlydealswith_________.6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas_________.7.Thetopicofthispassageis_________.标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe__________.不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。2.事实细节型细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：34\n①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__________.④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：①包含项原则在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项(或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。②正反项原则所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。③委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,possibly, may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。④同形项原则命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。⑤常识项原则议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。34\n⑥因果项原则阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。解题方法：原文定位法。查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who,what,when,where问题有关的细节上。(2)细心!3.词义猜测型阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。34\n(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。常见的问题形式有：(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means…(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …常用应对方法：同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。反义法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。做题要领(1)从文中找线索或信息词；(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。(4)要特别注意熟词新意！4.推理判断型做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：34\n(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.(2)Wecanconclude(得出结论)fromthepassagethat_________.(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推论)?(4)Whatisthetone(语气)oftheauthor?(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?题组一（2022年高考真题）Passage1(2022·天津卷，D)Ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewedoingallofthiswaiting,andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylikeours?Tounderstandtheissue,let’stakealookatthreetypesof＂waits＂.TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatched-PotWait.Itiswithoutdoubtthemostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink(洗碗池)asanexample.Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit’sfull.Duringthesewaits,thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.AcousintotheWatched-PotWaitistheForcedWait.Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.ProperlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.Directionsareveryspecific.＂Bringthreecupsofwatertoboil,addmix,simmerthreeminutes,removefromheat,letstandfiveminutes.＂Ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall,ForcedWaiting34\nrequirespatience.PerhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingistheLucky-BreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.UnliketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.Turningone’slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope,andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthedirectionsonsoupmixes,buttheLucky-BreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit.Aslongasonedoesn’tcometorelyonit,wishingforafewgoodthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody.Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou’restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou’llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky,don’tbedesperate.You’reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.51.WhiledoingaWatched-PotWait,wetendto___________.A.keepourselvesbusyB.getabsent-mindedC.growanxiousD.stayfocused52.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatched-PotWait?A.TheForcedWaitrequiressomeself-control.B.TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepassive.C.TheWatched-PotWaitneedsdirections.D.TheWatched-PotWaitengagesbodyandbrain.53.WhatcanwelearnabouttheLucky-BreakWait?A.ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.B.Itdoesn’talwaysbringthedesiredresult.C.ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.D.Itdoesn’tgivepeoplefaithandhope.54.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting?34\nA.Takeitseriously.B.Don’trelyonothers.C.Dosomethingelse.D.Don’tloseheart.55.Theauthorsupportshisviewby_________.A.exploringvariouscausesof＂waits＂B.describingdetailedprocessesof＂waits＂C.analyzingdifferentcategoriesof＂waits＂D.revealingfrustratingconsequencesof＂waits＂Passage2(2022·浙江卷，B)GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest:mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.＂MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,＂saysDr.MaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schools34\ninEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.25.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleepinghabits.B.Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.26.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A.7hours.B.8hours.C.10hours.D.18hours.27.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B.Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C.Theyfollowtheirparents’examples.D.Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.题组二（2022年高考真题）Passage1(2022·浙江，A)＂DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamLastFriday?＂LindseywhisperstoTori.Withhereyesshining,Toribrags,＂YoubetIdid,Seantoldmetwodaysago.＂WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?Itjusthappenedtobeyourstruly,AdamFreedman.Icantellyouthatwhattheyaresayingis(a)notniceand(b)noteventrue.Still,LindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHighSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip(闲话).Ihavenoticedthreeeffectsofgossip:itcanhurtpeople,itcangivegossipersastrangekindofsatisfaction,anditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup.Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usually,gossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic—breakups,troubleathome,evendroppingout—thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themore34\nembarrassingorshamefulthesecretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersasharmless,butcruelliescancausepain.Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Theanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor(传言)canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarly,hearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe＂ingroup.＂Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority(优越感).Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,thismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaid,thenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthroughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook.Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thingaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour＂juicystory＂mighthave.41.Theauthorusesaconversationatthebeginningofthepassageto__________.A.introduceatopicB.presentanargumentC.describethecharactersD.clarifyhiswritingpurpose42.Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatit__________.A.breaksuprelationshipsB.embarrassesthelistenerC.spreadsinformationaroundD.causesunpleasantexperiences43.Intheauthor’sopinion,manypeopleliketogossipbecauseit__________.34\nA.givesthemafeelingofpleasureB.helpsthemtomakemorefriendsC.makesthembetterattellingstoriesD.enablesthemtomeetimportantpeople44.ProfessorDavidWilsonthinksthatgossipcan__________.A.providestudentswithwrittenrulesB.helppeoplewatchtheirownbehaviorsC.forceschoolstoimprovestudenthandbooksD.attractthepolice’sattentiontogroupbehaviors45.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgiveinthepassage?A.Neverbecomeagossiper.B.Stayawayfromgossipers.C.Don’tletgossipturnintolies.D.Thinktwicebeforeyougossip.Passage2(2022·新课标全国卷III，D)Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.＂The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,＂saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.＂Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.＂Researchersanalyzingword-of-mouthcommunication—e-mails,Webpostsandreviews,face-to-faceconversations—foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative(消极的),butthatdidn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathow34\npeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimes’website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe＂moste-mailed＂listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimes’readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused(激发)onewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,＂Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.＂32.Whatdotheclassicrulesmentionedinthetextapplyto?A.Newsreports.B.Researchpapers.C.Privatee-mails.D.Dailyconversations.33.WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner?A.They’resociallyinactive.B.They’regoodattellingstories.C.They’reinconsiderateofothers.D.They’recarefulwiththeirwords.34.Whichtendedtobethemoste-mailedaccordingtoDr.Berger’sresearch?A.Sportsnews.B.Sciencearticles.C.Personalaccounts.D.Financialreviews.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.SadStoriesTravelFarandWide.B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople.C.ReadingHabitsChangewiththeTimes.D.GoodNewsBeatsBadonSocialNetworks.Passage3(2022•北京卷)WhyCollegeIsNotHome34\nThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves＂tryingon＂newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbotherintellectually(在思维方面)andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide＂safespaces＂withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity(群体)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(规定)andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirm34\nattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescent’sdesireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.67.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudents?A.Sympathetic.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.D.Neutral.68.Theunderlinedword＂passage＂inParagraph2means_________.A.changeB.choiceC.textD.extension69.Accordingtotheauthor,whatroleshouldcollegeplay?A.Todevelopasharedidentityamongstudents.B.Todefineandregulatestudents’socialbehavior.C.Toprovideasafeworldwithouttensionforstudents.D.Tofosterstudents’intellectualandpersonaldevelopment.70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?A. B.34\nC. D.I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点)C:ConclusionPassage4(2022•四川卷，B)Ifyoucouldhaveonesuperpower,whatwoulditbe?Dreamingaboutwhetheryouwouldwanttoreadminds,seethroughwalls,orhavesuperhumanstrengthmaysoundsilly,butitactuallygetstotheheartofwhatreallymattersinyourlife.Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextraordinarythingstoimprovetheworld.Theyhaveadifferentkindofsuperpowerthatallofuspossess:thepowertomakeadifferenceinthelivesofothers.We’renotsayingthateveryoneneedstocontributetheirlivestothepoor.Yourlivesarebusyenoughdoinghomework,playingsports,makingfriends,seekingafteryourdreams.Butwedothinkthatyoucanliveamorepowerfullifewhenyoudevotesomeofyourtimeandenergytosomethingmuchlargerthanyourself.Findanissueyouareinterestedinandlearnmore.Volunteeror,ifyoucan,contributealittlemoneytoacause.Whateveryoudo,don’tbeabystander.Getinvolved.Youmayhavetheopportunitytomakeyourbiggestdifferencewhenyou’reolder.Butwhynotstartnow?Ourownexperienceworkingtogetheronhealth,development,andenergythelasttwentyyearshasbeenoneofthemostrewardingpartsofourlives.Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.24.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2referto?A.Yourlifestyle.34\nB.Yourlifevalue.C.Yourtroubleinlife.D.Yourlifeexperience.25.Whydoestheauthorsaytheyareinspiredeveryday?A.Theypossessdifferentkindsofsuperpowers.B.Theyhavegotthepowertochangetheworld.C.Somepeoplearoundthemaremakingtheworldbetter.D.Therearemanypowerfulpeopleintheirlifeandwork.26.WhatdoestheauthorstressinParagraph5?A.Learningmoreandcontributingmoretoacause.B.Risingaboveselfandactingtohelpothers.C.Workinghardtogetabiggeropportunity.D.Tryingyourbesttohelpthepoor.27.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Theauthorbelievesthelivesofthepoorestwillgetbetter.B.Muchmoreprogresswillbemadeinthenearfuture.C.Theworkonhealthisthemostvaluableexperience.D.People’seffortshavebeenmateriallyrewarded.题组三（2022年名校模拟题）Passage1(2022届山西省太原市高三第三次模拟)Agingbringswrinkles,saggingbodiesandfrustratingforgetfulness.Butgettingolderisnotallbadformanypeople.Mountingevidencesuggestsagingmaybeakeytohappiness.Thereisconflictingresearchonthesubject,however,andexpertssayitmayallboildowntothis:Attitudeiseverything.Olderadultstendtobemoreoptimisticandhaveamorepositiveoutlookonlifethantheiryoungerandstressedopposites.Thebigquestioniswhyseniorsarehappier.Arecentstudysuggestsonereason:Olderadultsrememberthepastthroughhappymemories.Agingcanbringmorecheeraspeoplebecomemorecomfortablewiththemselvesandtheirrolesinsociety.Theolderadultssaidtheywereenjoyingmore34\ntimewiththeirfamily,spendingmoretimeonhobbiesandhavinggreaterfinancialsecurityanddidnothavetowork.Butothersaredoubtfulaboutthelinkbetweenhappinessandgrowingolder.＂Thenotionthatthoseinoldagearehappiestismisleading,＂saidRichardEasterlin,aprofessorofeconomicsattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.＂Itisbasedoncomparingpeopleofdifferentageswhoarethesameintermsofincome,health,familylife.＂Easterlinadded,＂Whenyoutakeaccountofthefactthatolderpeoplehavelowerincomethanyounger,arelesshealthy,andmorelikelytobelivingalone,thenyouwillfindithardtoacceptthattheyarehappier.Infact,scientistshavefoundthataspeopleage,theirhealthdeclinesandsocialnetworksdisappearastheirfriendsdie,whichcanmaketheelderlylesshappy.Evenifonedoesgiveintoage'sdarkside,healthandhappinessdon'talwaysgohand-in-hand.It'sallaboutattitude.ResearchbytheUniversityofChicago’sYangsuggeststhatattitudeaboutlifeandhappiness,ispartlyshapedbytheerainwhichapersonwasborn.Itturnsoutthatindividualswhoadaptthebesttochangesalsohavethehighestexpectedlevelsofhappiness.Despitetheconflictingfindingsaboutagingandhappiness,thegoodnewsisthattheredoesn’tappeartobealimittohowmuchhappinessonecanachieveinone’slife.＂Mostpeopledesirehappiness,＂Easterlinsaid.＂Tomyknowledge,noonehasidentifiedalimittoattainablehappiness.＂1.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytellus?A.Thekeyfactortoolderadults’happinessB.ThereisaconflictbetweenagingandhappinessC.Noonecandefinethelimittohappiness.D.Therelationshipbetweenhealthandhappiness.2.Whyaresomeseniorshappieraccordingtosomeexperts?A.Theyfocusonwhatmakesthemfeelgood.B.Theyhavetheirowncircleoffriends.C.Theyhavebetterincomeafterretirement.34\n3.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleofthesameagehavethesamesenseofhappiness.B.Attitudemayplayaveryimportantroleinhappiness.C.Peoplewhoadaptthebesttochangesaremorelikelytobeunhappy.D.Olderadultswhohavemorevaluablelifeexperiencearemoreoptimistic.4.What’sthetopicdiscussedinthepassage?A.Whetheragingorattitudebringshappiness.B.Whyseniorsadaptthebesttochangesinsociety.C.Whatthelimittoanelderperson’shappinessis.D.Howolderpeoplefeelcomparedwithyoungerpeople.Passage2(2022届山西省太原市高三第三次模拟)Nowadays,especiallyinChina,everythingseemstofavorsocialintercourse,suchasgatheringsoffriends,KTV,grouptravel,diningtighter,playingcardsandMahjong,plustheChinese-style＂street-crossinggroup.＂Backhome,discussionscanstillbeboisterouslycarriedonwithinthe＂circleoffriends＂ofWeChat.However,thesescenescannotalwayseaseasenseofloneliness.ZhuZiqing,awell-knownprofessorofTsinghuaUniversity,signedwithemotion:＂Mylonelinessincreasesasscenebecomesmuchbusier.＂Onepopularsongtodayisalsocalled＂Alonelymanincrowds.＂Actually,engaginginsocialintercourserequiresability,whilebeingaloneinvolvesthewholecharacter.Thesedays,itisnoteasytocalmdowntotallyandreturntoone’strueself.Willpower,intellectanddisciplinearerequired.Einsteinsaid:＂Itisnotyourworkingtimebutyoursparetimethatdeterminesthepossibilityofwhetheryouwillbesuccessfulornot.＂The＂sparetime＂hereferredtocouldbetakenas＂spendingtimebyyourself.＂Lonelylifecouldbeeitherdull,boringandtastelessorabundant,interestingandcolorful,dependingonone’squality,ambitionandinspiration.Justasthebodyconstantlyrequiresenergy,themindandsoulalsodemandunceasinginputs.However,information,toprocessedandintegrated(融入)intoknowledge,thoughtsandfeelings,insteadofbustle(忙碌)seemstobetheright34\ncondition.Successfulcareersinallwalksoflifeworldwidehaveprovedthat＂thesoulgrowsinpeaceandtalentisnurturedinloneliness＂.Inasense,itmaybereasonabletosaythat＂Happinesstendstobeshallowwhilelonelinessinvolvesprofundity＂.Man,infact,needslonelinessmorethanhappytime,andonlyabundantlonelinesscanproducequalityhappiness.1.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedtheword＂boisterously＂inparagraph1?A.surprisinglyB.sadlyC.busilyD.peacefully2.Whatcanweinferfromthesecondparagraph?A.Beingalonemarkspeopledepressed.B.Socialintercourseimprovesourhappiness.C.OnemayfeellonelyevenwhensurroundedbypeopleD.Weshouldattendsocialintercoursetodecreaseourloneliness.3.WhatcanweknowfromEinstein’swords?A.Youshouldbesuccessfulifyouspendallyourtimebyyourself.B.Youshouldexercisemoreifyouwanttokeepyourmindshealthy.C.Youwillnotbecomesuccessfulifyoujoininmoresocialintercourse.D.Youwillbemoresuccessfulifyoucanmakeyourlonelytimemeaningful.4.Whichmaybethebesttitleforthispassage?A.LiveOnYourOwnB.HappinessandLonelinessC.ThesecretofsuccessD.PracticeYourSocialAbilityPassage3(2022届天津市和平区高三三模)Thereexistcruelwars,fightingandsadnessintheworldtoday,soit’snotonlynecessary,butalsoessentialtohaveagoodsenseofhumorjusttohelpusgothroughdifficulttimesinoutlives.Puttingasmileonsomeone’sfacewhenyouknowtheyarefeelingdepressed,asthesayinggoes,makesmefeelgoodandwarms34\nmyheart.Howwouldyoufeelifyoucouldnotjokearoundwithwife,husband,child,co-worker,neighbor,closefriend,orevenjustsomeonethatyouarestandinginlinewithatyourcornerstore?Iamalwayssayingthingsthatmakeotherssmileorlaugh,evenifIdon’tknowthepersonI’mjokingaroundwith.MyGrandmaalwaysfoundhumorineverythingshedid,evenifitwasthehardestjobanyonecouldimagine.Thisnotonlyrelievesstressinanysituation,butalsoisacommonmannertospeaktoothersthatarearoundyou.Iknowofafewpeoplethatdon’thaveafunnyboneintheirbodies,astheysay.Everyonearoundthemcouldberollingonthefloorafterhearingagreatjokeandtheywouldsittherewithouttheslightestsmileontheirfaces.Theydon’tgetthejokethatmakesotherslaugh.Iam bustingagut whiletheyjustsitthere,lookingatmeasifIwerefromouterspace.Howcanpeoplenotgetareallyfunnyjoke?Laughingisessentialtokeepyourstresslevelsundercontrol.Withouthumor,wewouldfindourselveswithalotofpsychologicalproblems,oronalotofmedicationstokeepusfromgoingcrazy.Thereistoomuchsadnessandbringalittlelightintoourlives.Therefore,Ibelieveourbestmedicineistogettogetherandtellsomejokesandhavesomefunlaughingtogether.1.Accordingtothepassage,humorisnecessaryandessentialbecause______.A.itcanpickuppeople’sspiritB.itcanhelppeoplegetonwellwithothersC.itcanhelpgetridofthecrueltyintheworldD.itmakespeoplemoreconfident2.Theauthoranswersthequestioningthesecondparagraphwith_______.A.factsanddescriptionsB.evidenceandargumentC.examplesandconclusionD.storiesandpersuasion3.Theunderlinedphrase＂bustingagut＂inthethirdparagraphcanreplacedby________.34\nA.keepingsilentB.speakingloudC.laughinghardD.explainingcarefully4.Inwritingthepassage,theauthormainlyintendsto________.A.talkabouthisownunderstandingofhumorB.encouragepeopletobehumorousindailylifeC.introduceapracticalwaytogetthroughdailylifeD.convincepeopleofthepowerofbeingoptimisticaboutlife5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthepresentworld?A.IndifferentB.PositiveC.SatisfiedD.CriticalPassage4(2022届河北省衡水中学高三下学期第三次摸底考试)Parentsplayanimportantroleindeterminingtheeducationalsuccessoftheirchildren.Theirexpectationsforhowwelltheirchildrendoatschoolandtheenvironmentathomeareimportantdeterminantsofachievement.Familyinfluenceisgreatinhelpingachildtorealizeacademicaccomplishment.Childrenwholiveinhomesinwhichtheparentsareacademicallysuccessful,oncetheybecomeparents,oftenfeelthattheirjobistopreparetheirchildrentodolikewiseinschool.Theytaketheirkidsonvacation,buttheyspendtimelearningaboutlocalhistoryatmuseums.Theyalsomayensurethattheirkidshavetimetostudyandunderstandtheimportanceofschoolattendance.Schoolisapriorityforthesefamilies,andchildrenwholiveinthemgrowupwithafocusonlearning.Parentswhohavehighacademicexpectationsandthosewhoadoptamoreauthoritarianparentingstylefortheirchildrenoftenhavechildrenwhodowellinschool.However,itcanbedangeroustosetexpectationstoohigh,suchthatachildfeelsoverlypressuredtoperform.Thesetypesofexpectationsshouldbebalancedwiththosethatrelatedirectlytothechild,sothattheywillbeabletopersonallysetandreachgoals,workhardandtoenjoybeingcurious.Parentswhosupporttheirchildrenintheiracademicworkalsopositivelyinfluencetheirperformance.Thistakesdifferentformsforfamilies.Someparents34\nmighthelpwithhomework,orvolunteeratschool.Othersprovideaquietstudyspace,aconsistentbedtimeorapositiveexampleofhardworkanddiscipline.Howparentsshowsupportfortheirchild'sacademiccareervariesbyfamilyandbyculture.Nomatterhowitisshown,itisavitalpartofachild'sacademicsuccesstoknowtheirparentsarebehindtheirefforts.Aloveofreadinginahouseholdcanalsopositivelyaffectachild'sacademicattainment.Learningnewvocabulary,andhowtopredict,understandandrespondtoatextarejustsomeoftheskillschildrencanlearnathomethatareimportantinanacademicenvironment.Readingbooks,newspapers,magazinesandwebsiteswithchildrenonaregularbasissetsthemupforsuccessatschool.1.Accordingtothetext,parentshaveanimportanteffectonchildren's .A.familylifeB.nextgenerationC.academicachievementD.expectationsoftheirjobs2.Whatmayafamilywithacademicallysuccessfulparentsputfirst?A.Familytravel.B.Attendingschool.C.Historicknowledge.D.Goingtomuseums.3.Howmayacademicallysuccessfulparentsinfluencetheirchildren'sacademicachievement?A.Theycanofferhelptotheirchildrenindifferentways.B.Theymayaskteacherstotheirhousestoteach.C.Theyputgreatpressureontheirchildren.D.Theyasktheirchildrentosolveproblemsalone.4.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtoimprovetherelationinafamilyB.BenefitsofacademicallysuccessfulparentsC.WhatparentscandotohelptheirchildrenD.Familyinfluenceonchildren'sacademicachievement34\n题组一Passage1【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来等待而且说明作者自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。52.A【解析】根据第三段内容，尤其是Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.及Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.可知选A。53.B【解析】根据第四段的句子UnliketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.可知选B。54.D【解析】根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故选D。55.C【解析】通读全文可以知道，作者通过二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。zx*xkPassage2【文章大意】本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。25.A【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。34\n【名师点睛】本文属于议论类短文，所考查的三道题均为细节题中的直接理解题。细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。在阅读中可以使用定位法与跳读法解决直接理解题。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后和选项进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等找出正确答案。以本文26题为例，我们根据题干中＂Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday＂(11岁的孩子每天需要多少小时的睡眠时间)直接定位到第二段第四句Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的)，由此可知上学的孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选择C项。题组二Passage1【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。41.A【解析】目的意图题。根据文章第三段中的Manyofourconversationsaregossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题，故选A。42.D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。43.A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的Theanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus可知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。34\n44.B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第六段中的ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。45.D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour＂juicystory＂mighthave可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。【方法点拨】这是一篇议论文，题目设置以细节理解题为主。学生可以带着题目回到原文，能够在短文中画出解题依据是正确解题的关键，各位考生要谨记，在做阅读理解时要做到＂不见依据不做题＂。理由充分，依据凿实，这是不仅＂知其然＂，而且＂知其所以然＂的超高境界，是阅读水平提高的最大见证。那么如何能快速准确回到原文找到依据呢?1.关键词定位法。这里说的关键词并不一定是中心词，而是在理解题干所问之后，在题干中能帮助你迅速回到原文的＂特征词＂。如43题的信息句是Theanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus,可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，和选项A里面的afeelingofpleasure对应。还有44题，题干中的ProfessorDavidWilson可以定位到第六段的ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehavioursinagroup.可知，他认为传言能帮助人们观察自身的行为，所以答案是B。2.自然段定位法。即命题者往往按照信息点在文中出现的先后来依次命制各个小题，也就是说，各题的答案信息常常在短文中依次出现，排在后面的小题，文中对应的信息点也在后面。例如，第1题往往位于一、二自然段，第2题会在第1题的答案信息之后且与第一题的位置最接近，第3题会在第2题的答案信息之后，往往在文中较为中间的地方，而第4题则位于文中较后的位置。最后一题(偶尔可能是第一题)一般是主旨题(包括给文章加标题、归纳写作目的)，这时，可能涉及全文内容。如41题，题目问文章的开头的作用，自然定位到第一段的内容，结合下文可以快速解答。Passage234\n【文章大意】人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。32.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia＂可知，像＂itbleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。33.C【解析】推理判断题。根据＂youcarealotmorehowtheyreact＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反应，根据＂Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.＂可知，你不想被当作一个＂DebbieDowner＂，说明DebbieDowner指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的人＂，故选C。34.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。35.D【解析】标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂Bytrackingpeople’se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.＂可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远，说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。Passage3【文章大意】大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。68.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据＂fromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility＂可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。69.D【解析】推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacing...34\n＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。70.C【解析】篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.＂中的＂equallyimportant＂和第五段的＂Moreover＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。【名师点睛】一、三类篇章结构题的出题方式1.结构识辨:此类组织结构题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。结构识辨类组织结构题常见的题干表述方式如下：●Howisthetextorganized?●Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby________.●Thetextismainlydevelopedintheorderof________.●Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?2.组织结构功能:此类组织结构题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能、作用，其常见的题干表述方式如下：●Theauthorquoted…wordsin...paragraphinordertomakethearticle________.3.结构推测:此类组织结构题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。其常见的题干表述方式如下：●Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?●Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkhasbeendiscussedinthepartbeforethisselection?二、解题策略考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此，具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面的相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类＂提出论点—分论点1—分论点2—分论点3……—结论＂；第二类＂引入段—导出论点—分点论述—结论＂；第三类＂提出问题—分析问题—解决问题＂；第四类＂提出反面观点—批驳反面观点—提出正面观点＂。34\nPassage4【文章大意】本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，那么穷人的生活将会变得更好。24.B【解析】词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。25.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextraordinarythingstoimprovetheworld.＂可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。26.B【解析】推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。27.A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。题组三Passage1【文章大意】随着年龄的增加变老，人们的幸福感也是不一样的。一些人认为老年人会更幸福些，而另一部分分则持有相反的观点。无论如何，幸福的关键在于一个人对生活的态度。1.C【解析】推理判断题。根据此段中＂thegoodnewsisthattheredoesn’tappeartobealimittohowmuchhappinessonecanachieveinone’slife…noonehasidentifiedalimittoattainablehappiness.＂可知，幸福是没有标准和限度的。故选C。3.B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中＂It'sallaboutattitude.ResearchbytheUniversityofChicago’sYangsuggeststhatattitudeaboutlifeand34\nhappiness,ispartlyshapedbytheerainwhichapersonwasborn.Itturnsoutthatindividualswhoadaptthebesttochangesalsohavethehighestexpectedlevelsofhappiness.＂可知，人们对生活和幸福的感觉主要取决于一个人的态度。故选B。4.A【解析】主旨大意题。随着年龄的增加变老，人们的幸福感也是不一样的。一些人认为老年人会更幸福些，而另一部分分则持有相反的观点。Passage2【文章大意】这是一篇议论文，讲述了幸福和孤独之间的关系。作者认为幸福是肤浅的，孤独是深刻的。人比快乐更需要孤独，只有丰富的孤独才能产生幸福。1.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据前面的＂Nowadays,especiallyinChina,everythingseemstofavorsocialintercourse,suchasgatheringsoffriends,KTV,grouptravel,diningtighter,playingcardsandMahjong,plustheChinese-style＂street-crossinggroup.＂＂可知，现代人忙于在各种场合应付，即使回到家里也是忙于在微信朋友圈＂讨论事情＂。故选C。2.C【解析】推理判断题。根据＂Onepopularsongtodayisalsocalled＂Alonelymanincrowds.＂Actually,engaginginsocialintercourserequiresability,whilebeingaloneinvolvesthewholecharacter.＂可知，即便是周围有人，之间忙碌于各种场合并不能总能缓解孤独感。故选C。3.D【解析】推理判断题。爱伊斯坦的话说＂不是你的工作时间，而是你的业余时间决定了你是否会成功＂，所以可知，只有把业余时间或者说独自度过时光过得更加充实和有意义才会成功。故选D。4.B【解析】主旨大意题。这是一篇议论文，讲述了幸福和孤独之间的关系。故选B。Passage3【文章大意】文章说明了在今天的世界仍然存在着残酷的战争、战斗和悲伤。我们不仅仅需要更有必要有幽默感帮助我们克服困难时期。1.A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段中＂Laughingisessentialtokeepyourstresslevelsundercontrol.Withouthumor,wewouldfindourselveswithalotofpsychologicalproblems,oronalotofmedicationstokeepusfromgoing34\ncrazy.＂可知，笑是控制压力的关键。没有幽默感就会导致很多心理问题。故选A。2.C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段中内容可知，作者经常和周围的人开玩笑，说笑话，认为这不仅缓解了任何情况下的压力，而且也是与周围的人交谈的一种常见方式。作者描写第二段用了举例和总结的方式。故选C。4.B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段＂Therefore,Ibelieveourbestmedicineistogettogetherandtellsomejokesandhavesomefunlaughingtogether.＂可知，＂我＂相信我们提高情绪最好的＂药物＂是聚在一起讲一些笑话，一起开怀大笑。故选B。5.D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段中＂Thereistoomuchsadnessandbringalittlelightintoourlives.＂可知，如今的世界有太多的悲伤。所以，作者对目前的世界持有批判的态度。故选D。Passage4【文章大意】本文叙述了家庭影响在帮助孩子获得学业成功方面起着重要的作用。学业成功的家长重视孩子的教育，但是不要设置过高的目标，在学业上支持孩子的父母也影响这他们的表现，家庭的阅读爱好也积极地影响着一个孩子的学术素养。1.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Familyinfluenceisgreatinhelpingachildtorealizeacademicaccomplishment.可知，家庭影响有助于孩子学业的成功。故选C。3.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段二、三两句Theytaketheirkidsonvacation,buttheyspendtimelearningaboutlocalhistoryatmuseums.Theyalsomayensurethattheirkidshavetimetostudyandunderstandtheimportanceofschool34\nattendance.可知，学业成功的父母带孩子去度假，花费时间去博物馆了解历史，确保孩子有时间学习，理解上学的重要性。因此推断学业成功的父母用不同的方法帮助孩子。故选A。4.D【解析】标题判断题。纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述家庭对孩子学习的重大影响，学业成功的父母重视学习，从各个方面给孩子提供帮助，支持孩子学习，家庭的阅读爱好也对孩子的学习起着积极地作用。因此推断D项＂家庭对孩子学业成功的影响＂为最佳标题。故选D。34
