五、推理判断——观点态度题(2022·浙江，C)Asculturalsymbolsgo，theAmericancarisquiteyoung.TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquettePlantinMichiganacenturyago，withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline(装配线)onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelevencarswereproducedthenextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem.ModernAmericawasbornontheroad，behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture：theroadsidediner，thebillboard，themotel，eventhehamburger.Formostofthelastcentury，thecarrepresentedwhatitmeanttobeAmerican—goingforwardathighspeedtofindnewworlds.Theroadnovel，theroadmovie，thesearethemosttypicalAmericanideas，bornofabundantpetrol，cheapcarsandanever-endinginterstatehighwaysystem，thelargestpublicworksprojectinhistory.In1928HerbertHooverimaginedanAmericawith“achickenineverypotandacarineverygarage.”Sincethen，thissocietyhasmovedonward，neverlookingback，asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsocietyintoanindustrialpower.ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecological18\ndisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.Theproblemsofexcessive(过度的)energyconsumption，climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst，buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(经济)isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign，buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater，cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。其主题是“人与社会”，介绍了美国经典的“汽车文化”，它对美国各方面的影响是巨大而深远的。汽车给美国人民带来便利的同时，也带来了很多问题，例如能源的过度消耗、气候变化以及污染等。素材的选择旨在向考生传递一种科学的世界观：看待事物一定要一分为二，分析利弊，趋利避害，利用事物好的方面为人类服务。28.WhyishamburgermentionedinParagraph2?A.ToexplainAmericans’lovefortravellingbycar.B.ToshowtheinfluenceofcarsonAmericanculture.C.TostressthepopularityoffastfoodwithAmericans.D.TopraisetheeffectivenessofAmerica’sroadsystem.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture...eventhehamburger.”可知，汽车塑造了某些最持久的美国文化，其中就包括汉堡。由此可知，汽车对于汉堡文化的形成，影响是非常大的。所以，在第二段中提及汉堡，就是为了表明汽车对于美国文化有相当大的影响。故选B项。29.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Environmentalproblems.C.Ashortageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelped18\ntocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.”可知，驱动美国梦的汽车导致了全球性的生态灾难，即汽车的使用引起了环境问题。故选B项。30.WhatisFriedman’sattitudetowardsAmerica’sfuture?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolerant.答案 C解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句“Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(经济)isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.”可知，Friedman认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。一、题型解读所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问形式常有：1.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowards...?2.Whatistheauthor’sopinionon...?3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout...?二、解题技巧——“忠于措辞”定选项1.文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辞。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。(4)关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者观点。18\n2.要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：(1)表示支持或肯定的词语favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯定的，确实的；supportive支持的；approval赞成，正式批准；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic热情的等。(2)表示反对或否定的词语critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；disapproval不赞成；impractical不实际的；radical激进的；prejudiced有成见的，偏颇的等。例如：【真题感悟】中第30题，根据最后一段第一句“Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(经济)isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.”可知，Friedman认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。A(2022·和平区一模)Onehundredgrandmotherswereaskedhowgoodmannershadchangedsincetheywerechildren，whattheyexpectedoftheirownchildrenwhentheyweregrowingupandhowtheirgrandchildrenbehavetoday.Althoughthegrannieswereunitedinthebeliefthatgoodmannerscostnothing，theyunwillinglycametotheconclusionthatalltheoldlittlecourtesies(礼节)aregraduallybeingerased.Somechildrenarenottaughtsimplegoodmannersbytheirparents，inthebeliefthattheyshouldbefreetoexpressthemselves.Mannersatmealtimesrevealedthegreatestinter-generationaldifference.While92percentofgrandparentsand87percentoftheirchildrensatdownatthetablewithallthefamilytoeatatleastonceaday，nowadaysthisappliestojust54percentofchildren.Traditionalfamilymealtimeshavebeenonaslipperyslopeformanyyearsandthissurveyrevealsanapparentcorrespondingdeclineintablemanners.Onegrandmothersaid：“Mygrandchildrenhavebadtablemannersastheyhaven’tbeen18\ntaughtbytheirparents.”Only49percentofchildrentodayhavetoasktogetdownfromthetablecomparedwith89percentoftheirgrandparentsand80percentoftheirparents.Keepingyourelbowsoffthetableisalmosttotallyunnecessary，withjust19percentofgrandchildrenstillexpectedtosticktotheoldrule.However，someparentsarestillkeepingfamilymealtimesalive，witheventhesmallestchildrenjoiningthematthetableintheirhighchairswhetheritistheirmealtimeornot.Althoughsomelittlecourtesiesmaynolongerbeencouragedtoday，goodoldfashioned“please”and“thankyou”seemtohaveweatheredthestorm.Nevertheless，therehasbeenabigdownturninwritingthank-youletters，from86percentofgrandparentstojust35percentofgrandchildrenputtingpentopapertoday.Afinalwordfromonewisegrandmother：“Ifthereweren’trulestherewouldbenothingforkidstobreak，norisktotake，noscarstoshowformistakes.Rulesletyoufly.”1.Whichofthefollowingwouldsomemodernparentsmostprobablyagreewith?A.Goodmannersareveryimportant.B.Kidsshouldshowwhotheytrulyare.C.Itiseasyforkidstolearngoodmanners.D.Kidsshouldlearnfromtheirgrandparents.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Somechildrenarenottaughtsimplegoodmannersbytheirparents，inthebeliefthattheyshouldbefreetoexpressthemselves.”可知，当下一些父母很可能认同孩子们应该展示他们真实的一面。2.Accordingtothesurvey,81percentofkids.A.puttheirelbowsonthetableB.usuallyeatintheirhighchairsC.havemealswithallthefamilyD.askpermissiontoleavethetable答案 A解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“Keepingyourelbowsoffthetableisalmosttotallyunnecessary，withjust19percentofgrandchildrenstillexpectedtostick18\ntotheoldrule.”可知，根据调查，只有19%的孩子仍希望遵守旧规则，而剩下81%的孩子把胳膊肘放在桌子上。3.Whatmightmanykidsbeencouragedtodo?A.Apologizesincerelyfacetoface.B.Showappreciationbywritingletters.C.Talkabouttheweatherwithstrangers.D.Expressthankfulnessinspokenwords.答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Nevertheless，therehasbeenabigdownturninwritingthank-youletters，from86percentofgrandparentstojust35percentofgrandchildrenputtingpentopapertoday.”可知，被要求写感谢信的比例有所下降。故可以推测出，孩子被鼓励口头表达谢意。4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsstickingtotraditionalcourtesies?A.Heisuncertainaboutit.B.Heismildlycritical.C.Heapprovesofit.D.Heisstronglyagainstit.答案 C解析 观点态度题。阅读全文，根据文章最后一段“Afinalwordfromonewisegrandmother：‘Ifthereweren’trulestherewouldbenothingforkidstobreak，norisktotake，noscarstoshowformistakes.Rulesletyoufly.’”可以看出，作者对于坚持传统的礼节是支持的。5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtoExpressYourself?B.ChangetheUnnecessaryRulesC.AreGoodMannersaThingofthePast?D.GrandmothersCaringforGrandkids答案 C18\n解析 标题归纳题。阅读全文，根据文章内容可知，有一百位祖母被问到，从她们小时候至今，礼貌有多大改变，她们对自己的孩子成长中的期望以及她们的子孙们今天的行为如何。本文以此展开，主要讲述了礼节不只是过去的事情。BCharityCyclingUKrecentlylaunchedacampaigntoraiseawarenessofdooringafterdiscoveringthatmanypeopledon’tknowwhatitis.Dooringiswhenadriverorpassengeropensthedoorintoanotherroaduser—typicallyacyclist—withoutlookingforotherroadusers.CyclingUKChiefExecutivePaulTuohytoldGloucestershireLive：“Somepeopleseemtoseecardooringasabitofajoke，butit’snotandcanhaveseriousconsequences.CyclingUKwantstoseegreatawarenessmadeaboutthedangersofopeningyourcardoornegligently，andpeopletobeencouragedtolookbeforetheyopen.”Thecharitysays2,009ofthe3,000injuriesweresustainedbycyclists，resultinginfivefatalitiesbutsaysthismightnotbethefullextentofthedanger.CyclingUKsaysnotallcardooringincidentswillbeattendedbypolice，sothecharityhaswrittentotransportministerJesseNormancallingforapublicawarenesscampaignurgingallcaroccupants，notjustdrivers，tolookbeforeopeningvehicledoors.Oneofthewaysthecharitysuggestsisthe“Dutchreach”，wherepeopleleavingavehiclereachoverandusethenon-doorsidehandtoopenthedoor.CyclingUKalsosuggestsharsherlawsandadviceonsaferroadpositioningforpeoplewhocycle.MrTuohysaid：“IntheNetherlandstheyareknownforpractisingamethod，knownsometimesasthe‘Dutchreach’，whichwethinkcouldbesuccessfullyencouragedintheUK.”“CyclingUKhaswrittentotheDepartmentforTransportaskingthemtolookintothis，andhighlightthedangersof‘cardooring’throughapublicawarenessTHINKstylecampaign.” Ifyou’rereallyconcernedaboutopeningadoorintothepathofacyclistcomingbehindyou，considerusingwhat’sknownasthe‘Dutchreach’toopenthedoor.Thatwillnaturallyturnyouinyourseatandgiveyouamuchbetterviewofwhat’scomingupalongsidethecar.18\n语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了cardooring(因开车门造成的撞人事故)的危害以及解决问题的可行方法。6.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Cardooring.B.Trafficawareness.C.The“Dutchreach”.D.Thecharity’scampaign.答案 A解析 主旨大意题。通读文章可知，全文围绕话题cardooring展开，介绍了cardooring的危害以及解决问题的方法。所以A正确。7.WhydoestheauthormentionthefiguresinParagraph3?A.Tocausepublicconcern.B.Toreporttheterribleaccidents.C.Toshowthedangersofcardooring.D.Tostresstheimportanceoftrafficsafety.答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句中的“CyclingUKwantstoseegreatawarenessmadeaboutthedangersofopeningyourcardoornegligently...”可知，cardooring有危险，第三段进一步用数据说明该问题的严重性。所以C项正确。8.Whiledoingthe“Dutchreach”，youshould.A.sitstillinyourseatB.openthecardoorpolitelyC.usetheinsidehandtoopenthedoorD.usethelefthandtoopenthecardoor答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“wherepeopleleavingavehiclereachoverandusethenon-doorsidehandtoopenthedoor”可知，应该用不靠近车门的手开门。故选C。9.Whatcanbelearnedfromthetext?18\nA.Manypeopleareignorantofcardooring.B.The“Dutchreach”iswellreceivedinEngland.C.Dooringincidentsareallattendedbypolice.D.Driversaretoblamefordooringincidents.答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“CharityCyclingUKrecentlylaunchedacampaigntoraiseawarenessofdooringafterdiscoveringthatmanypeopledon’tknowwhatitis...”以及文中多次出现的“publicawareness”可知，很多人对cardooring这个问题重视不够。10.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardscardooring?A.Enthusiastic.B.Ridiculous.C.Neutral.D.Concerned.答案 D解析 观点态度题。cardooring导致诸多事故，而人们对此又了解不多，作者在字里行间表达了对这一现象的担心。故选D。题型组合练(八)Ⅰ.单项填空1.entirelywiththeflagshipsmartphoneanddirectedbyPeterChan(陈可辛)，the7-minutevideofollowsatrainattendantonasix-daytrainjourneyfromNanningtoHarbin.A.ShotB.PicturedC.ScreenedD.Videoed答案 A解析 句意为：完全使用智能手机拍摄，陈可辛执导的这部七分钟的短片追踪了一名从南宁到哈尔滨的火车上的一位列车员，该趟列车行程六天。shoot拍摄；picture画，想象；screen放映；video录制。根据句意，故选A。2.WhenyouwalkintoanydepartmentstoreinWuxi，chancesarethatyouwillseesignswithasingledigitnumberandtheChinesecharacter“zhe”prominentlydisplayed18\nnexttoproductsthatareon.A.discountB.bargainC.saleD.reduction答案 C解析 句意为：当你走进无锡的任何一家百货公司时，在正促销的商品旁边你都会看到贴着醒目的促销牌子，上边会有数字和一个中国汉字“折”。discount打折；bargain交易，便宜货；sale销售；reduction减少。onsale廉价出售。根据句意，故选C。3.Whatisthepsychologybehindyourmindlessscribbles(涂鸦)？Ifyourflower，forexample，hasalargecircularcenter，expressesconfidenceandtheenjoymentofagoodsociallife.A.whichB.asC.thisD.such答案 C解析 句意为：信手涂鸦背后反映了什么心理？例如，如果你画的花朵有一个大大的圆心，这表明你充满自信，社交生活愉快。if引导条件状语从句，因此“expressesconfidenceandtheenjoymentofagoodsociallife”是主句，无须连词，which和as是连词，故A、B不正确；this指代上文提到的事情；such表示“诸如此类的人或事”。根据语境，故选C。4.OncethemassiverocketbySpaceXsprintedoff(腾空而起)atabout3∶45p.m.，everythingseemedtoasplanned，fromtheactivationofDavidBowie’s(大卫·鲍威)musicassoundtracktothepinpointreturnoftworeusableboosterrockets.A.takeoffB.gooffC.setoffD.pulloff答案 B解析 句意为：(美国)太空技术探索公司(SpaceX)的巨大火箭在下午3∶45时腾空而起，从作为配乐的大卫·鲍威的音乐的激活到两个可重复使用的助推火箭的精确返回，一切似乎都在按计划进行。takeoff起飞；gooff进行；setoff引爆；pulloff脱去。根据语境，故选B。5.PlayersoftheJapanesegame“TravelFrog”takecareofthefrogsandoftencome18\ntofeelapetowner，expressingprideinbeingthe“mother”ofdiligentanddisciplinedchildrenorworryingaboutthegrowthoftheirchildren.A.littlemorethanB.morethanC.nomorethanD.notmorethan答案 B解析 句意为：日本的一款游戏“旅行青蛙”的玩家照顾青蛙，经常感觉自己不仅仅是一个宠物主人，也是勤奋的、有纪律的孩子的母亲，或者是担心孩子成长的母亲，并为此感到自豪。littlemorethan仅仅是；morethan不仅仅；nomorethan仅仅，只是；notmorethan不超过。根据语境，故选B。6.Introverts(性格内向的人)，accordingtoSusanCain，tendtoenjoybeingalone，doingquieterthingsorbeingwithjustonefriendatatime.Shesaysthatistheygettheirenergy.A.whyB.whenC.howD.where答案 C解析 句意为：性格内向的人，根据苏珊·凯恩所说，常常喜欢自己待着、安静做事或者一次只和一个朋友在一起。她说这是内向性格的人获得能量的方式。why为什么；when……的时候；how如何，引导表语从句，表示方式；where……的地方。根据语境，故选C。7.Todaywefocusoniscalledrecurrentobesity(复发性肥胖)oryo-yoobesity(溜溜球式肥胖)，isthephenomenonwegainweightandthengoonasuccessfuldiet，butwithin12monthswegobacktoouroriginalweight.A.what；which；inwhichB.which；which；whereC.all；that；thatD.whatever；as；which答案 A解析 句意为：今天，我们集中在被称为“复发性肥胖”或“溜溜球式肥胖”上。这是一种现象，一个人在体重增加后通过节食成功减重，但是在12个月以内又恢复到原有的体重。“iscalledrecurrentobesity(复发性肥胖)oryo-yo18\nobesity(溜溜球式肥胖)”是宾语从句，从句中缺乏主语，what引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或者表语，故第一空填what；第二空which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句内容，并在从句中作主语；“wegainweightandthengoonasuccessfuldiet”是定语从句，先行词是thephenomenon，在从句中作抽象地点状语，引导词用关系副词where或者inwhich。故选A。8.The19thPartyCongresswasamilestoneinthatitnotjustforfiveortenyearswhichpartycongressestraditionallydo，butpotentiallyformorethanthirtyyearstomid-century.A.settheagendaB.setalarmbellsC.setthetrendD.setthelimit答案 A解析 句意为：中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会是一个里程碑，因为它不仅做了大会传统上做的，为未来五年或十年设下了议程，而且潜在地为以后三十多年，直到本世纪中叶做了规划。settheagenda制定议程；setalarmbells设置警钟；setthetrend(在式样、风尚上)带个头；setthelimit设置限制。根据语境，故选A。9.Hadthegovernmentofferedthehelp，wealoss.A.oughtnottohavesufferedB.couldn’thavesufferedC.shouldn’tsufferD.couldn’tsuffer答案 B解析 句意为：如果政府给我们提供帮助，我们就不可能遭受损失。本句表示与过去事实相反的情况，故选B。10.TheSpringFestivalisthetimeofyearthatthelargestannualmassmigrationontheplanetwhenonesixthoftheworld’spopulationhome.A.willsee；travelsB.saw；wastravellingC.willbeseeing；willbetravellingD.sees；travel答案 D18\n解析 句意为：每年的春节是这个星球上最大的年度大规模迁徙的时候，在那个时候，全球人口的六分之一旅行回家。see“见证”作定语从句中的谓语，that指代先行词thetimeofyear，先行词是第三人称单数，与谓语动词see是主动关系，句子讲述客观事实用一般现在时，故第一空填sees；分数或者百分数修饰名词作主语，谓语动词与所修饰的名词保持人称和数的一致，根据语境可知，population此处表示“人们”是复数，文章描述客观存在的事实用一般现在时，故第二空填travel。故选D。Ⅱ.阅读理解ATheUniversityofBirmingham’sStudyAbroadProgrammeAyearabroadisundoubtedlyoneofthebestopportunitiesthatisavailabletoyouduringyourundergraduatecareer.Itisaprivilegeandanexperiencetobeproudofandrememberthroughoutyouruniversityandprofessionallife.EntryrequirementsToattendtheStudyAbroadProgramme，youmustmeetthefollowingrequirements：·NativespeakerofEnglishorEnglishLanguagequalificationequivalenttoIELTS6.5(7.0forLaw)；·Completedatleastoneyearofuniversitystudy；·Achievedagradepointaverageofatleast3.0；·Haveaparticularinterestorbackgroundinthesubjectofchoice.Aletterofreferencefromyourprofessorisrecommended，ifapplicable.Feesfor2022/18InternationalStudyAbroadProgramme：Sept.2022－Jun.2022：￡12,000Sept.2022－Dec.2022：￡6,750Jan.2022－Jun.2022：￡6,750EUStudyAbroadProgramme：Sept.2022－Jun.2022：￡9,000Sept.2022－Dec.2022：￡4,500Jan.2022－Jun.2022：￡4,500Howtoapply18\nOuronlineapplicationisnowavailable.Whenapplying，youwillneedtouploadthefollowingdocumentation：·Acopyofanofficialtranscript(成绩单)showingthecoursestakenandgrades；·Acopyofyourpassport/IDphotopage；·EvidenceofEnglishlanguageability(ifapplicable).Ifyouhaveanyquestionsabouttheapplication，pleaseemailtheStudyAbroadTeam.TheStudyAbroadProgrammewithEnglishIfyoudonotmeettheEnglishlanguagerequirementsforentrytotheStudyAbroadProgramme，itispossibletoattendapre-sessional(预备课程)Englishcoursefirst.ThesecoursesarerunbyourEnglishforInternationalStudentsUnit(EISU)andyoucanfindoutthedetails，costsandapplicationprocessforthosecoursesonline.Thepre-sessionalEnglishcourseisforinternationalstudentswhohaveanoffertostudyattheProgrammebutwhodonotcurrentlymeettheEnglishlanguagerequirements.ThecourseisdesignedtosuityourlevelofEnglishandallowsyoutomeettheEnglishlanguagerequirementforyourprogrammewithoutretakingIELTS.PleasenotethatunfortunatelywecannotofferfeediscountsforstudentswholeavetheprogrammeinthemiddleofaUniversityofBirminghamteachingterm.11.IfJohnSmith，anAmericansophomore(大二学生)inLaw，wantstoapplyfortheBirminghamStudyAbroadProgramme，heshould.A.haveanIELTSscoreof6.5B.haveagradepointaverageofatleast3.0C.haveatalentinthesubjectprovedbyprofessionalsD.promisetostudyinBirminghamforatleastoneyear答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据Entryrequirements部分中的“Achievedagradepointaverageofatleast18\n3.0”可知，平均成绩需达到3.0以上。法律系的学生的雅思成绩需要达到7.0，故A项错误，C、D两项文章没有提及。12.Chineseuniversitystudent，WangLi，isgoingtoattendtheprogrammefromJanuary2022toJune2022.Howmuchshouldshepay?A.￡12,000.B.￡9,000.C.￡6,750.D.￡4,500.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据Feesfor2022/18部分中的“InternationalStudyAbroadProgramme：Jan.2022－Jun.2022：￡6,750”可知，从2022年1月到6月的学费是6750欧元。13.WhichofthefollowingisNOTneededtobeuploadedwhennon-nativespeakersofEnglishapplyfortheprogramme?A.Acopyofyourpassport/IDphotopage.B.Acopyofanofficialtranscript.C.Acopyofarecommendationletterfromtheprofessor.D.EvidenceofEnglishlanguageability.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据Howtoapply部分中的“Acopyofanofficialtranscript(成绩单)showingthecoursestakenandgrades；Acopyofyourpassport/IDphotopage；EvidenceofEnglishlanguageability(ifapplicable).”可知，申请时，您需要上传以下文件：显示所学课程和成绩的官方成绩单副本；护照/身份证照片页的副本；英语能力证明(如适用)。包括了A、B、D三个选项。故选C。14.Whatistrueaboutthepre-sessionalEnglishcourse?A.Thecoursedoesn’tbelongtoanyprogramoftheUniversity.B.ThecourseisintendedforalltheinternationalstudentsintheStudyAbroadProgramme.C.Aftertakingthecourse，studentswillhavenodifficultypassingtheIELTStest.D.ThosewhohaveadequateIELTSscoresneedn’ttakethecourse.答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据文章最后一部分中的“IfyoudonotmeettheEnglishlanguage18\nrequirementsforentrytotheStudyAbroadProgramme，itispossibletoattendapre-sessional(预备课程)Englishcoursefirst.”可知，如果您没有达到入读留学英语课程的英语语言要求，可以先参加预备课程英语课程。说明那些有足够雅思成绩的人不需要参加课程。故选D。15.WhatisRIGHTaboutthefees?A.ThefeesarethesameforallthestudentsoutsideUK.B.Thestudentcangetafeediscountifhe/shecanfinishanentireteachingterm.C.Ifastudentdropsouthalfwaythroughtheprogramme，he/shewillnotgetrefundedthetuition.D.Thestudentcangetascholarshipifhe/shehasahighgradepointaverage.答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段“PleasenotethatunfortunatelywecannotofferfeediscountsforstudentswholeavetheprogrammeinthemiddleofaUniversityofBirminghamteachingterm.”可知，无法为在伯明翰大学任教期间离开课程的学生提供费用折扣。BEarthwormslyingonsidewalksorstreetsafteraheavyspringrainhasbecomeacommonplace，butwhydotheydothis...andcouldthatbeatravelriskiness?Researcherssupposeseveralreasonswhyheavyrainstormsbringearthwormsoutoftheirsoilhomes.Foryearsscientistsseemedtothinktheonlyreasonearthwormscametothesoilsurfaceafteragoodrainwastopreventdrowningintheirwater-filledholesintheground.“Thisisnottrueasearthwormsbreathethroughtheirskinsandactuallyrequirewetinthesoiltodoso.”saidDrChrisLowe，thelecturerinWasteandEnvironmentalManagement.Earthwormsareunabletodrownlikeahumanwould，andtheycanevensurviveseveraldaysfullygounderthesurfaceofwater.Soilexpertsnowthinkearthwormssurfaceduringrainstormsformigrationpurposes.“Itgivesthemanopportunitytomovegreaterdistancesacrossthesoilsurfacethantheycoulddothroughsoil.”saidDrLowe.“Theycan’tdothiswhenitisdrybecauseoftheirwetrequirements，butduringunwateredconditions，life18\niscertainlymoredifficultforaworm.”“Earthwormsdigdeeperintothesoilwhereitiswetterwhenconditionsaredry，”saidProfessorMaryAnnBruns.Anotherexplanationinvolvesraindropvibrations(震动)onthesoilsurfacesoundingsimilartovibrationofanimalswhoeatorkillearthworms，likethoseofmoles(鼹鼠).Earthwormsoftencometothesurfacetoescapemoles.“Raincansetupvibrationsontopofthesoillikemolevibrations.”saidProfessorJosefGorres.“Similartohowearthwormsmoveupwardsandoutofthewaywhenpredatorvibrationsarefelt，theycouldmoveinasimilarwayforrainvibrations.”Similarly，humanscreatevibrationstobilkwormsoutoftheirholesintheground；fishermenrunapieceofsteelorahandsaw(手锯)acrossthetopofastake，whichcausesarubbingsoundtooccurasthestakevibrates.Earthwormsarethenmovedtothesurface，muchtothefishermen’sdelight.Earthwormsusetouchtocommunicateandinteract.Researchconfirmedthatsocialcuesamongearthwormsinfluencebehavior.Exactlywhyearthwormshavecometoformgroupsisstillbeinginvestigated，butitispossiblethatwormsgathertoprotectthemselves.Protectionfromweatherelementshasn’tbeenruledout.16.Whichmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.HowDoEarthwormsGetRidofBeingAttacked?B.HowDoEarthwormsCommunicateandInteract?C.WhyDoEarthwormsSurfaceAfterRain?D.HowDoEarthwormsSurfaceAfterRain?答案 C解析 标题归纳题。根据文章内容可知，本文讲述的是为什么蚯蚓会在雨后浮出来。故C项作本文标题最佳。17.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Earthwormsprotectthemselvesbyvibrations.B.Earthworms’behaviorisinfluencedbytheirlivingplaces.C.Earthwormssurfaceafterrainforsurvival.D.It’snotsuitableforearthwormstobreatheindrysoil.答案 D18\n解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thisisnottrueasearthwormsbreathethroughtheirskinsandactuallyrequirewetinthesoiltodoso.”可知，蚯蚓不能在干燥的土壤中呼吸。18.Accordingtothepassage，heavyraincan.A.destroyearthworms’homeB.makeearthwormsmovefartherC.inspireearthwormstokeepfoodD.makeearthwormslivedeeper答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Itgivesthemanopportunitytomovegreaterdistanceacrossthesoilsurface”可知，大雨会使蚯蚓移动得更远。19.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A.molesliketoeatearthwormsB.earthwormsgetfoodthroughvibrationsfromeachotherC.toowetenvironmentscanmakeearthwormsdieD.molevibrationsarethesameasearthwormvibrations答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句可知，鼹鼠喜欢吃蚯蚓。20.Theunderlinedword“bilk”canbereplacedby.A.beatB.cheatC.preventD.pull答案 B解析 词义猜测题。根据句意可知，人类创造振动，把虫子从洞里诱骗出来，所以该词的意思是“骗”。故选B。18
