九、词句猜测——代词指代题(2022·全国Ⅱ，B)IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968，whenGeorgeRoyHill，thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid，introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn’twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon’tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat；theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference，webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.Wewererespectfulofcraft(技艺)andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors：humorous，aggressive，andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore(核心)ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess，youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewman’sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill，andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn’tseeeachotherallthatregularly，butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He’dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas，andwedidn’ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationship13\nthatdidn’tneedalotofwords.24.Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletotheauthoratfirst?A.PaulNewmanwantedit.B.Thestudiopowersdidn’tlikehisagent.C.Hewasn’tfamousenough.D.Thedirectorrecommendedsomeoneelse.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Whenthestudiodidn’twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.”可知，电影公司想要像保罗那样出名的人，由此可以判断，作者不够出名，故选C项。25.WhydidPaulandtheauthorhavealastingfriendship?A.Theywereofthesameage.B.Theyworkedinthesametheater.C.Theywerebothgoodactors.D.Theyhadsimilarcharacteristics.答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors：humorous，aggressive，andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore(核心)ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.”可知，作者与保罗在荧幕前和荧幕后都很幽默、有进取心，并互开对方的玩笑，即他们两人有相似的性格，故选D项。26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto?A.Theirbelief.B.Theircareforchildren.C.Theirsuccess.D.Theirsupportforeachother.答案 A解析 代词指代题。根据第三段第一句“Wesharedthebeliefthat...”以及下面对belief的具体解释可知，画线处是指共同拥有这种“信念”使他们两人连在一起，故选A项。27.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Toshowhisloveoffilms.B.Torememberafriend.13\nC.Tointroduceanewmovie.D.Tosharehisactingexperience.答案 B解析 写作意图题。本文是按照时间顺序写的，从作者与保罗的最初相见，到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看望生病的保罗，由此可知作者写此文的目的是回忆一位朋友，故选B项。一、题型解读代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问形式常有：(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/it/them/which...”referto?(2)Theunderlinedpart“it/that/they/which...”inParagraph...refersto“”.二、解题技巧——“就近原则”判指代第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中，或者前几句中。第二步：熟悉代词的含义(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。(3)which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。第三步：替换核实再比较(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。例如：【真题感悟】中第26题，sharingthat与前面的sharedthebelief呼应，由此可推知，拥有同样的信念使两人成了朋友；thebelief替换that后，经核实意义正确，故选A项。A(2022·和平区三模)Holidaysarereallyimportant.Manyofuswillhavechildhoodmemoriesofsummerholidayswhereweweretakenawayfromhometoexperiencenewenvironmentsandlearnindifferentways.Butholidaysareexpensiveand，forthoseonlowwagesorlivingonbenefits，theyareoftenunobtainable.Eventhecheapestholidaysrequiretravelandother13\nadditionalcoststhataredifficultformanyfamiliestomeet.Forworkingparents，thelongsummerbreakcanbeaverydifficultproblemforchildcare.Whenanannualleaveallowanceamountstoonlyfiveweeks，thereisaneedtospreadthisacrosstheyear.Couplescanfindthemselvestakingleaveinturninordertocareforchildrenwhoareonholiday.Forsome，thismakesevenanaffordablefamilyholidaydifficult.TheschoolsthatIvisitinNottinghamarefullofexperiencedstaffcommittedtogivingourchildrenacaringandinspiringlearningenvironment.ThenumberofchildrenreceivingfreeschoolmealsisquitelargeinNottinghamandmanyschoolshavebreakfastclubstomakesurethatchildrengetahealthystarttotheday.Mostschoolsundertakeprogramsofgrouporindividualeducationalsupport.Schoolsalsohaveanimportantroleinsafeguardingchildren’swelfarethroughtheongoingtouchandsupportwiththeirpupils.Duringthelongsummerholidays，muchofthisismissed.WhileteachersareholidayingintheUK，manyoftheirpupilsspendthewholesixweeksonthestreetwheretheylive.Thelackoffreeschoolmealsforsixweekscanresultinpressureonafamilybudgetandaninabilitytoaffordtheinspiringexperiencesthathelpchildrentocontinuetheirlearning.Insettingoutitsplansforafive-termyear，NottinghamCityCouncil(委员会)isseekingtoreducethesummerholidaydowntofourandahalfweeks，withamorebalancedfivetermsofroughlyeightweeks，eachfollowedbyatwo-weekbreak.Webelievethiswillgivereal“downtime”forschoolstaffandpupilsalikebutwillbeshortenoughnottocausearealbreakinlearning.Weacknowledgethatthischangemaybedifficultforsomeschoolstaff，particularlywhoseownchildrenareeducatedinotherauthorities.However，thismustbeweighedagainstthebenefitsforcitychildrenforwhomweallhavethegreatestdutyofcare.1.Thepassageisprobablywrittenby.A.anexperiencedteacherB.aworkingparentC.aninspiredstudentD.acitycouncilmember答案 D解析 推理判断题。从文章倒数第二段“...NottinghamCityCouncil(委员会)isseeking13\ntoreducethesummerholidaydowntofourandahalfweeks，withamorebalancedfivetermsofroughlyeightweeks...”和“Webelievethiswillgivereal‘downtime’forschoolstaffandpupilsalikebutwillbeshortenoughnottocausearealbreakinlearning.”以及最后一段中“Weacknowledgethatthischangemaybedifficultforsomeschoolstaff...”可知，说话者的口气“我们相信……”“我们承认……”，由此推知作者是城市委员会的一员。2.Theunderlinedword“they”inthesecondparagraphrefersto.A.environmentsB.holidaysC.wagesD.benefits答案 B解析 代词指代题。根据画线后一词unobtainable“无法得到的”词义以及前面提到的“holidaysareexpensive(假期是昂贵的)”可知，代词they指代前文的holidays，意为“对于一些低收入家庭或靠救济而过活的家庭来说，假期是无法得到的”。3.Itissuggestedinthepassagethatthesummerbreakbereducedto.A.2weeksB.4.5weeksC.5weeksD.6weeks答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“...NottinghamCityCouncil(委员会)isseekingtoreducethesummerholidaydowntofourandahalfweeks...”可知，假期被缩短到4.5周。4.Theplansforashortersummerholidaywillhelpstudents.A.obtainthecheapestholidayswithoutadditionalcostsB.getachancetospendsixweeksatermwithteachersinschoolC.benefitmorefromthecaringandinspiringlearningenvironmentD.havemoreschooldaystoreceivefreeschoolmeals答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句以及倒数第二段最后一句可知，学校将致力于为学生提供一个有爱的、激励的学习环境，而这种缩短假期的方案将使教职工和学生得到一个真正的休整时间且不影响学习。也就是说，通过缩短假期可以让大家在这样一个有爱的、激励的学习环境中受益更多。5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A.workingparentscanenjoyafive-weekbreaktocarefortheirchildrenB.thesuggestedplansforafive-termschoolyearcanhardlybecarriedoutC.thelongsummerholidaygivesteachersandstudentsreal“downtime”13\nD.someschoolstaffwillsay“No”totheplansforashortersummerholiday答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Weacknowledgethatthischangemaybedifficultforsomeschoolstaff...”可知，一些学校员工将会反对这个计划。BIfyouworkhardtohaveapositiveattitude，youmightbesurprisedbyhowmuchbetteryoufeelaboutyourselfandlifeingeneral.Whenyouturnawayfromthenegativeandfocusonthepositive，youopenyourmindtoappreciatethegoodthingsaroundyouthatmighthaveotherwisegoneunnoticed.Havingapositiveattitudecanalsoreduceyourstresslevel.Thelessstressyoufeel，thebetteryouwillfeeloverall.Soifyou’vebeenfeelingtired，putonahappyfaceandyoujustmightfeelbettersoon.Buthowcanyouhaveapositiveattitudewhenlifeishard？It’smorethanjustturninglife’slemonsintolemonade.Havingapositiveattitudecantakesomehardwork.Butit’sworthit.Herearesomewaysyoucandevelopandmaintainapositiveattitudeeveninthemidstoflife’stroubles.Apositiveattitudedoesn’tmeanignoringlife’stroubles.Itjustmeansbeinganoptimistandlookingforthegoodinthings，ratherthanbeingapessimistandconcentratingonthebadinthings.Sometimesyourperspectivecanmakeallthedifferenceintheworld.Smileandlaugh！Yes，itcanbethatsimple.Learntolovelife，nomatterwhat’sgoingon.Smileatothersandtheywillsmilebackatyou.Havefunandfindthehumorinlife.Sometimeslaughterreallyisthebestmedicine.Exercise！Getoffthecouchandgetmoving.Beingactiveandhealthycangiveyouacompletelydifferentoutlookonlife.Whenyoufeelbetterphysically，youoftennaturallyfeelbettermentally，too.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。积极乐观的心态能够使你保持良好的精神面貌，文章介绍了保持积极乐观的意义及若干方法，其中包括寻找事情中好的一面，微笑和锻炼。6.Theunderlinedword“that”inParagraph1probablyrefersto.A.thepositivefeelingsB.thegoodthingsC.thesurprisingresultsD.theimportanceoflife答案 B13\n解析 指代猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：当你把注意力从消极的事情转移到积极的事情上时，你就会敞开心扉去欣赏你周围原本未注意到的美好事物。此处that引导定语从句，修饰先行词thegoodthings。7.Whatprobablyhelpstokeepyourstresslevelproper?A.Workinghardatyourlessons.B.Settingupapracticalgoal.C.Feelingproudofyourself.D.Keepingyourselfpositive.答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，保持积极乐观的态度能控制压力水平。故选D。8.Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat.A.itisimpossibletokeeppositiveB.keepingpositivecostsalotofmoneyC.therearetipsforkeepingyourselfpositiveD.therearemanytroublesindailylife答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Herearesomewaysyoucandevelopandmaintainapositiveattitudeeveninthemidstoflife’stroubles.”可知，有一些保持积极乐观的方法。故选C。9.Accordingtothetext，youcankeeppositiveby.a.avoidingalltroublesb.lookingforthegoodinthingsc.beingfriendlytoothersd.beingapessimiste.dependingonmedicinef.stayinghealthyA.a，d，eB.b，c，fC.c，d，eD.a，b，f答案 B解析 细节理解题。文章后三段讲述了保持积极乐观的若干方法，其中包括寻找事情中好的一面、对其他人友好和保持健康，故B项为正确答案。10.Thetextismainlytotellus.A.howtokeeppositiveB.therightattitudetowardslifeC.theimportanceofhealth13\nD.waysofdealingwithstress答案 A解析 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了如何保持积极乐观。故选A。题型组合练(十二)Ⅰ.单项填空1.Theonlythingreallymatterstothechildrenishowsoontheycanreturntotheirauntanduncle’sfarm.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.this答案 A解析 空格处为定语从句，可考虑关系代词that和which，但主句中先行词被only修饰，因此只能选A。2.Theyremainedfullofhopeanddeterminationtheirrepeatedfailures.A.insteadofB.insearchofC.becauseofD.inspiteof答案 D解析 句意为：尽管他们反复失败，但他们依然充满希望和决心。insteadof代替，而不是；insearchof搜寻，探索；becauseof因为，表“因果”关系；inspiteof尽管，不顾，表“让步”关系。故选D。3.IfhehadvisitedmeinBeijing，Ihimtoseethesights.A.hadtakenB.willtakeC.wouldtakeD.wouldhavetaken答案 D解析 此题考查虚拟语气，从句时态为过去完成时，主句应用should/would/might/could＋havedone，故选D，其他选项均不符合虚拟语气中的时态要求。4.You’llsoongetusedtoalargebreakfastinEngland.A.eatB.thatyoueatC.eatingD.youeat答案 C解析 getusedtodoingsth.习惯于做某事，为固定用法，故选C。5.TheInternetissomuchapartofourculturethatitaffectsourlivesbyactingasaforface-to-facecontacts.(2022·苏北六市联考，21)A.preferenceB.motivationC.substituteD.guideline13\n答案 C解析 句意为：因特网是我们文化中不可或缺的一部分，通过充当面对面交流的替代品来影响我们的生活。substitute替代品，代替者，符合句意。preference偏爱，优先权；motivation动力，动机；guideline指南，指导方针。6.Hemadegoodpreparationsforexam.Otherwise，hesuchrapidprogress.A.shouldnothavemadeB.neednothavemadeC.couldnothavemadeD.mustnothavemade答案 C解析 “Otherwise，hecouldn’thavemadesuchrapidprogress.”意为“否则，他不可能取得如此大的进步(实际上已取得)。”7.Thetravelerssoughtsheltertherainandhappenedtofindaroadsideinn.A.atB.byC.fromD.against答案 C解析 seekshelterfromtherain意为“寻求避雨处”。8.Themealover，themanagerswentbacktothemeetingroomtotheirdiscussion.A.putawayB.takedownC.lookoverD.carryon答案 D解析 句意为：饭后，经理们回到会议室，继续刚才的讨论。putaway收起来，放好；takedown写下，记下；lookover检查，查看，调查；carryon继续。9.thepeoplehavebecomemastersoftheirowncountrysciencecanreallyservethepeople.A.Itisonlythen；thatB.Itwasthat；whenC.Itisonlywhen；thatD.Itwaswhen；then答案 C解析 此处是“Itis/was...that...”强调句型，本句中when引导的时间状语从句是被强调的对象。10.—Lucydoesn’tmindlendingyouherdictionary.—She.I’vealreadyborrowedone.13\nA.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t答案 C解析 根据该空后面的句子“I’vealreadyborrowedone.”，说明她没必要借词典给我了，故本题选C。Ⅱ.阅读理解Mynewlywedhusbandsaidthesamethingeverymorning，“You’rebeautifultoday.”Oneglanceinthemirrorshowedthatitwasfarfromthetruth.“Liar，”Ishotbackwithagrin.Itwasmyusualresponse.Mymother’sfirsthusbandwasnotakindmanandhisverbal(语言的)andphysicalabuseforcedherandhertwochildrentofindasafeplace.Heshoweduponherdoorsteponedaywithroses.Shelethiminandhebeatherwiththoserosesandtookadvantageofher.Ninemonthslatershegavebirthtoa9lb.13oz.babygirl—me.Therudewordsweheardgrowinguptookroot.Ihadtroubleseeingmyselfassomeoneofvalue.IhadbeenmarriedtwoyearswhenIsurprisedmyself.MyhusbandwrappedhisarmsaroundmeandtoldmeIwasbeautiful.Alotofyearshavepassed.Myhusbandhasgreyinhishair.I’mnolongerskinny.LastweekIwokeupandmyhusband’sfacewasinchesfrommine.“Whatareyoudoing？”Iasked.Icoveredmymouth，tryingtohidemymorningbreath.Hereacheddownandkissedmyface.“WhatIdoeverymorning，”hesaid.Whataman!Myhusbandunderstandsmypast.He’sbeenbesidemeasI’vegrownfromanunsureyounggirltoaconfidentwoman，mother，speakerandauthor.ButI’mnotsurethatheunderstandsthepartheplayedinthattransformation.ThewordsIheardgrowinguppierced(刺穿)mysoul，yethiswordspiercedevendeeper.ThisAnniversaryDayIplantowakeearly.IwanttotellRichardhowmuchIlovehim.Hemaylookinthemirrorandseeanextrapoundortwo，orwishforthedaywhenhishairwasdarkandcurly，butallI’llseeisthemanwhosawsomethinginmewhenIcouldn’tseeitmyself，andwholeavesbutterflykisses，evenaftertwenty-threeyearsofmarriage.13\n11.Whentheauthorlookedintothemirror，shefoundherself.A.beautifulB.confidentC.untidyD.unusual答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据文章前两段可知，当作者照镜子时，她发现自己并不干净利落。12.Whydidtheauthor’smotherandhertwochildrenhavetomove?A.Becausetheirhousewastoosmall.B.Becausetheywerenotwelltreatedbyhermother’sfirsthusband.C.Becausetheywereexpectinganotherbaby.D.Becausehermother’sfirsthusbandwantedthemtomove.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，作者的母亲和她的两个孩子要搬家是因为她们没有得到母亲第一任丈夫的善待。13.Asayounggirl，theauthor.A.wasmarriedearlyB.hadahappychildhoodC.lookedforrooteverywhereD.lackedconfidenceinherself答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据第五段前两句“Therudewordsweheardgrowinguptookroot.Ihadtroubleseeingmyselfassomeoneofvalue.”可知，作为一个年轻的女孩，作者缺乏自信。14.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A.theauthor’shusbandhadapositiveinfluenceonherlifeB.theauthorplayedanimportantpartinthechangeC.theyhavebeenmarriedfor23yearsD.theauthor’shusbandhasgainedsomeweight答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据文中作者对自己小时候因为恶言恶语而缺乏自信，而丈夫却一直在赞美自己的描述，结合最后三段对丈夫对自己的影响的描写可推知，作者的丈夫对她的生活产生了积极的影响。15.Theunderlinedphrase“Thewords”inthelastbutoneparagraphrefersto.A.herownwords13\nB.herhusband’swordsC.hermother’swordsD.herfather’swords答案 D解析 词义猜测题。根据“ThewordsIheardgrowinguppierced(刺穿)mysoul，yethiswordspiercedevendeeper.”结合上文对母亲的第一任丈夫，即作者的父亲的恶言恶语的描述可知，thewords指的是“她父亲的话”。Ⅲ.阅读表达Howmuchdoyouhatewaitingforanotherbeerinacrowdedbar?ItannoyedJoshGoodmanenoughtoinventaprettyobvioussolution—self-servicebeertap.Goodman,36，recalledtheexactmomentinlate2022whenhisfrustrationboiledover.“IwashangingoutwithmyfriendsataBaltimoresportsbarbeforeagame，”hesaid.“Wejustcouldn’tgetanotherbeerservedtousquickly.”Evenmorethanbeingannoyed，Goodmanwasstruckbyhowmuchmoneythebarmustbelosing.Almostimmediately，hegottoworkonaself-servicebeerconcept.Withinonlyafewmonths，GoodmanhadlaunchedPourMyBeerinChicago.Heinvested20,000andpartneredwithaU.S.manufacturertomakebeertableswithtwotofourself-servicetaps，whichweredesignedbyhimself.InFebruary2022，Goodmanlandedhisfirstclient：AbarinBaltimore，America.Hespentthenexttwoyearsgrowingthebusinessandaddingmorebarsandrestaurants.In2022，PourMyBeerdesignedself-service“beerwalls”，whichletpeoplepourtheirownbeerfromtapsonawall.PourMyBeerhasswelledtoover200restaurantsandbarsin28statesinAmericaandCanada.ItisplannedtoenterChicago’sO’HareInternationalAirportthisweekandinItalyandBrazillaterthisyear.Thetablesstartat4,000andthebeerwallscostasmuchas16,000.Theygeneratedmorethan400,000insalesin2022anddoubledthatin2022.Goodmanexpectstotakeincloseto2millioninrevenuethisyear—whichwouldmakeitthecompany’sfirstprofitableyear.“Ourbusinesscustomerstellusthatthey’vecutdownonwasteandthey’resellingtwiceasmuchbeeronaverage，”saidGoodman.16.WhatmadeGoodmancomeupwiththeidea?(nomorethan15words)Hisexperienceofwaitingforanotherbeerinacrowdedbar./Hisexperiencethathecouldn’tgetanotherbeerservedquickly.13\n解析 根据第一、二段内容的介绍，JoshGoodman有一次在酒吧等待啤酒的长时间经历，让他想出了一种应对措施，即自助服务。17.HowlongdidGoodmanturnhisideaintoreality?(nomorethan6words)Withinonlyafewmonths.解析 根据第三段中的“Withinonlyafewmonths，GoodmanhadlaunchedPourMyBeerinChicago.”可知，在几个月内，JoshGoodman就把想法付诸实施。18.WhatdidGoodmandesignforcustomersinthebars?(nomorethan13words)Beertablesandbeerwalls.解析 根据第三段最后一句可知，他自己设计了啤酒桌和自助龙头。19.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“swelled”mostprobablymean?(1word)Expanded/Enlarged/Increased.解析 根据第四段中的“Hespentthenexttwoyeasgrowingthebusinessandaddingmorebarsandrestaurants.”以及画线词所在句可知，他花了两年的时间把生意扩大，所以swell的意思是“扩大，增加”。20.WhatdoyouthinkofJoshGoodman?Giveyourreasons.(nomorethan25words)Heiswise，becausehecanturnhisideaintoreality.解析 这是一个开放性的问题。只要符合主题都可以。13
