二、段落概括的9大技巧读写任务型写作中，开头的30词的段落概括是一篇好的书面表达的开始。我们必须从文体入手，分析文章结构，准确把握要点，注意区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等逻辑关系。在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。1．概括的标准：瞄准目的，省却细节，抛弃例子。2．概括的写作步骤：(1)确定主题句；(2)寻找关键词；(3)重构主题句；(4)重组支撑句。3．注意概括段落的文体(1)对于故事性、记叙性的文体：要找出文中的时间、地点、人物、事件(过程)、原因、结果(影响、感悟、启发、启迪、结论)。即when，where，who，what，why，how。(2)对于议论文，转述时则要准确而全面地概括作者的观点和态度。①在文中找关键词(主题字眼)；②找出涉及主题的问题(作者看法)；③找出相关问题的解决办法。可以借助相关过渡词，恰当地概括文章要点，切勿照抄原文句子。4．如何写主题句进行读写任务型写作时，因“写作内容”所列要点的顺序已具有内在的逻辑性，所以考生按照所给内容要点顺序写作即可，无需重新调整。一般是每个写作要点安排一段，且将写作内容的每个要点作为各段的主题句，放在句首。这样既符合英语的写作习惯，又可以避免写作时跑题或漏掉要点，并且层次分明，方便阅卷老师落实要点是否齐全。当然，如果所给要点之间有非常紧密的联系，也可以安排在同一段内。10\n微技能(一) 直接翻译对不含提问性质的要点，一般将其译成英语即可，必要时可增加关联词。例如：1．其他督促学生认真学习的办法。However，thereareotherwaystomakestudentsworkhard.2．中学生活和大学生活的差别。Frommypointofview，thecollegelifewillbedifferentfromthelifeinhighschool.微技能(二) 回答要点主题句对要点提问作出明确回答。例如：1．要点：学生的压力来源是什么？Nowadays，studentsareundergreatpressure，whichmainlycomesfromtheirschoolworkaswellaspeerrelationship.2．要点：在小孩几岁的时候教他们理财？用什么形式理财？Ithinkfivetosixisanappropriateagetobeginteachingchildrenmoneymanagementskills.Parentsmayaccompanytheirchildrentothebankandhelpthemopenanaccountinwhichtheycansavetheirluckymoney.微技能(三) 明确观点对带有一般问句性质、要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要点，考生要明确表示支持还是反对、赞同还是不赞同、该还是不该等，或表明会不会做某事。例如：1．你是否也埋怨过父母。Asforme，Ialwayscomplainaboutmyparents’highexpectationonmeandtheirignoringmyrealfeelings.2．你是否赞同“狼爸”式的教育，并陈述你的理由。PersonallyIdisapproveofwhatisadvocatedinthebookentitled“That’sWhyTheyGotoPekingUniversity”，becauseIwonderwhethertheadmissiontoaprestigiousuniversityhasbecometheonlymarkerofsuccessinmostparents’mind，orrather，afullstoptoparentalduties.微技能(四) “重要”表达如果要点是“谈谈……的重要性”，主题句则为“……有重要作用”；如果要点是“谈谈……有何重要意义”，主题句则为“……很有意义”等。说明必要、重要或意义的常用表达有：1．Weshouldattachmoreimportancetosth.2．Itisimportant/significantforsb.todosth.10\n3．Sth.playsaveryimportantrole/partin...4．Sth.isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlife.5．Peoplearecomingtorealizetheimportanceof...6．Thesignificanceof...cannotbeovervalued.例如：1.谈谈独立的重要性。Inspiredbythestory，Isuddenlyrealizedtheimportanceofindependence.2．谈谈在危急的状况下保持镇静的重要意义。Firstofall，keepingcalminanemergencyisofgreatsignificance.微技能(五) 表明看法对“你对……的看法/态度”之类的写作要点，考生可用inmyopinion/view，personally，asfarasI’mconcerned等开头，直接表明自己的看法。例如：1．你对父母溺爱孩子的看法。Inmyopinion，overprotectionandtoomuchcareareextremelybadforchildren’sdevelopment.2．我对大学扩招的看法。Frommypointofview，thistendencyshouldbecontinued，asweneedmorecapablepeopletocontributetothefastgrowingeconomy.微技能(六) 引出经历由别人的经历引出自己的经历时可用以下句型来表达：1．Itremindsmeofthetimewhen...2．Itremindsmeofanaccidentwhichhappenedseveraldaysago.3．Afterreadingthestoryabove，Irecalltheexperienceofmyfriendwho...4．Thestoryaboveremindsmeofoneofmyexperiences...例如：1．讲述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的经历(时间、地点和起因)。Sam’sstoryremindsmeofmysimilarexperience.2．你(或你同学)的一次车祸经历。Ialsoexperiencedasimilarcaraccident.题组过关1 根据所给要点写出每个段落的主题句1．要点：发脾气的害处。Asweknow，gettingangrynotonlydoesharmtoone’shealth，butalsohasabadeffectontherelationshipbetweenpeople.2．要点：我们能以木匠建房的态度去对待我们的生活吗？Innowayshouldwetreatourlifeinthewaylikethecarpenter.10\n3．要点：作为校方应该采取哪些措施避免此类悲剧(校园安全问题)的发生。Morelecturesshouldbeheldonsafetytoenhancestudents’awarenessoftheissue.4．要点：你是否支持该校长的做法，并陈述理由。I’mcompletelyforwhattheheadmasterdid.Onlywhenstudentsbehavewellcantheycreateagoodenvironmentforstudy，soit’snecessarytosuspendthemisbehavedstudentsandhelpthemtobehavewell.5．要点：北大不应该拒绝游客。ItsurprisesmetolearnthatPekingUniversityshutsitsdoortogrouptours，whichseemsinappropriate.6．要点：越来越多的人又开始骑自行车的原因。Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleridebicycles.Themainreasonisthat...7．要点：你是否赞成文中对出国游学的看法？Icouldn’tagreemorewiththeauthor./Itotallyagreewiththeauthor.8．要点：日常生活中为了保护环境我们还可以做些什么？Ashighschoolstudents，wearesupposedtomakegreateffortstohelpprotectourenvironment.微技能(七) 要素串联法对记叙文进行概括时，要抓住原文的人物、事件、结果三大要素。有些记叙文的结尾有一个点题句，表达深刻内涵或故事带给人们的启示，在写概要时也需把故事寓意表达出来。1．寻词摘句，确定要素：记叙文通常包含时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、经过(how)等六大要素。在阅读时要圈定这些要素。2．整合信息，串联要素：列出上述要素和关键词后，需要对其进行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的逻辑顺序，在整合时要有所取舍，对于能揭示主题的主要信息，应该全部概括；而对于主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地舍弃。3．认真审题，注意表达：表达时要注意以下三点：(1)确定人称：如果原文是第一人称，在转述时一般要改为第三人称。(2)确定时态：记叙文以一般过去时为主。若记叙文中有作者从中得到的“启示”或“意义”等，一般用一般现在时表达。(3)确定词数与句数：概要要求是“以约30个词概括”，满分作文概括的词数在26～38个单词之间。受词数限制，概括部分一般用1～3句表达，以用两句最佳，句子过多，要么内容累赘，要么句式过于简单，均会影响表达效果。注意：故事性阅读材料，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水，而且最好讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。题组过关2 阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容，并按要求写出步骤。Afathercamehomefromworklate，tiredandexhausted.Heworkeddayandnight10\nhopingtoearnmoremoneyforhisonlychild.His5－year－olddaughterwaswaitingforhimatthedoor.“Dad，howmuchdoyouearnanhour？”askedthedaughter.“Whydoyouaskthat？”“Ijustwanttoknow.Pleasetellmehowmuchyouearnanhour.”“Ifyoureallywanttoknow...Iearn20anhour.”“Oh，”thelittlegirlrepliedwithherheaddown.Lookingupshesaid，“Dad，mayIborrow10？”Thefatherbecameangry.“Gotobedrightnow!Thinkabouthowselfishyouare！Iworkhardeverydaybutyoujustwanttobuyyoursillytoy！”Thelittlegirlquietlywenttoherbedroomfeelingsad.Afteranhourorsothefathercalmeddownandstartedtofeelsorrybecauseshereallydidn’taskformoneyveryoften.Sohewenttohisdaughter’sroomandgaveher10.Thelittlegirljumpedfromthebed.“Oh，thankyouDad！”Shewasreallyhappyindeed.Thenshetookoutherownsavingsandsaid，“Dad，Ihave20now.CanIbuyanhourofyourtime?Pleasecomehomeearliertomorrow.Iwouldliketohavedinnerwithyou.”第一步：圈定本文的要素whoagirlandherfatherwhenatthetimewhenherfathercamehomefromworkwhereathomewhatThegirlborrowed10fromherfatherandwantedtobuyanhourfromherfather.第二步：确定人称和时态1．人称：第三人称；2．时态：一般过去时。第三步：串联要素，确定表达Inthepassage，alittlegirlaskedherfather，whooftencamehomelatefromhardwork，howmuchheearnedanhour.Thensheborrowedsomemoneyfromherfatherandaskedhimtosellonehourofhistimetoaccompanyher.微技能(八) 中心词挖掘法10\n说明性短文，用概括的文字介绍或说明某种事物的性质功用或社会现象。所以我们碰到这样的文体，可以用中心词挖掘法。题组过关3 阅读下面短文，写出文章关键词，然后以约30个词归纳文章大意。WelcomebacktoModernParenting.We’vealreadytalkedaboutbeingopenandhonestwithyourkids，butthereisonethingthatallgoodparentsdo，andit’ssurprisinglysimple：readtoyourkids.Studiesshowthatchildrenarebetterpreparedforschoolandtendtogetbettergradeslateroniftheirparentsmakeahabitofreadingtothemfromayoungage.OnestudyfromHarvardUniversityfoundthatthenumberofbooksinthehomewasthesinglebiggestfactorrelatedtosuccessinschool，morethantheeducationorincomeoftheparents!Readingisfun，anditcanbeanimportantpartofrelaxingatbedtime.Bestofall，itgivesparentsanopportunitytocommunicatewiththeirchildrenandteachthemabouttheworld.It’snevertooearlytostartreadingtoyourchildren.Manyparentsbuybooksfortheirkidslongbeforetheycantalk，andsomeevenstartreadingtotheirchildrenbeforetheyareborn!Tripstothelibraryorthebookstorecanbefunactivitiesforyoungfamiliestodotogether.Soparents，ifyouarewonderingwhattodowithyourkidstonight，remember：allyouneedisagoodbook!That’sallforModernParenting.ThisisLesley，on105.7FM，sayinggoodnight.1．关键词：readtoyourkids；bebetterfor；ahabitofreading；thebiggestfactor；success；opportunity；communicatewith；activities2．根据以上关键词提示，请归纳文章大意：我们可以用这样的句式：(1)Thepassageintroduces...tous，especiallyits...，fromwhichweknow...(2)Thepassagetellsus...，including...(方法1)，...(方法2)，and...(方法3)．(3)Thepassagepointsoutthat...Theprogramintroducesasimplewaytoparents：readtotheirchildrenasearlyaspossible，whichisvitaltochildren’spersonalgrowth，academicachievementsandcommunicationwithparents.微技能(九) 主题概括法1．找出关键词和主题句任何议论文包括论点、论据、论证10\n三部分，所以在写议论文的摘要时也要扣住这三大要素。议论文是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般来说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点或看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。2．根据关键词和主题句进行概括根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。3．整合要点，限制词数用相应的连词对各要点进行连接，使其连贯，整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。题组过关4阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容。Ifyouaskpeoplewhatmakesthemhappy，youwillprobablygetmanydifferentanswers，buttherearetwofundamentalthingsthatwillensurehappiness.Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.Whenyoufeellikeyouareimprovingyourlife，that’swhenyouarehappy.Itdoesn’tnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetoconstantlybuybiggerandbetterthings.Youneedtofeellikeyouaregrowingonapersonallevel.Youneedtoknowthattheessenceofwhoyouareiscontinuallyimprovinginsomeway.Keeplookingforwaystomakeyourselfbettertodaythanyouwereyesterday.Thiscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeoplebutthepointisthatyouhavetofeellikeyouareimprovingandgettingbetterasahumanbeingastimegoesby.Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.Everyonewantstobelievethattheyareputheretodosomethinggreat.Aslongasyouknowthatbyyourbeinghere，bydoingwhatyouaredoing，youarehelpingsomeonesomewhere，itwillbringyouhappiness.Thesearetwowaysofhowtofindhappiness.Arethesetheonlyanswerstowhatmakespeoplehappy?Thatdependsonhowyoudefinehappiness.第一步：圈定文章的关键词和主题句1．关键词：happy，differentanswers；twofundamentalthings2．主题句：Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.第二步：根据文章大意可知本文为“观点对比式议论文”1．人们的观点：Peoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy.10\n2．作者的观点：Happinesscomesfromfundamentalsources.第三步：整合要点，确定答案Whilepeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy，thewriterthinksthathappinesscomesfromfundamentalsources：theimprovementofone’slifeandthesenseofcontribution.1阅读下面短文，写出记叙文的六大要素，并连成一段30词左右的段落大意。TheBestGiftDellaandJimbrokeawayfromtheirfamiliestogetmarried.Nowtheylivedinasmallatticofacoldandoldbuilding.Theywerenowdigestingthehardshipoflife.Theonlyjoywastheirsweetloveforeachother.Thehandsomehusbandhadtobeburdenedwithafamilythoughhewasyoung.Thebeautifulwifetookcareoftheshabbyhousewiththefewcoinsshesaved.Christmaswascoming.Theywerethinkingofagoodgiftforeachother.Dellaworeawaterfallofblackhair，buthercombwasbroken.Jimhadagoldwatchwithanoldchain，whichwaspassedfromhisoldgrandfather.Thebigdayfinallycame.Onarrivinghome，JimwassurprisedtofindDella’slonghaircutshort.ButDellawasalsosurprisedtofindJim’sgoldwatchgone.Shehadsoldherhairtobuyagoldwatchchainforhim!Hehadsoldhisgoldwatchtobuyanexpensivecombforher!Thegiftswerenowuseless.Butinfacttheygotthebestgifts.whoDellaandJimwhereasmallatticwhenbeforeChristmaswhatbuygiftsforeachotherhowselltheirpreciousthingswhylovebetweenthemThepassageisaboutthetruelovebetweenacouple，DellaandJim.Theybothsacrificedtheirmostvaluablethingstobuytheirpartneragifttofulfilltheirlittledreams.10\n2阅读下面短文，并用30词左右来概括段落大意。Aboyfoundaneagle’seggandheputitinthenestofahen.Theeaglehatchedandthoughthewasachicken.Hegrewupdoingwhatchickensdid—scratchingforfoodandflyingshortdistances.Itwasadulllife.Graduallytheeaglegrewolderandbitter.Onedayheandhischickenfriendssawabeautifulbirdsoaringonthecurrentsofair，highabovethemountains.“Oh，IwishIcouldflylikethat！”saidtheeagle.Thechickenreplied，“Don’tgiveitanotherthought.That’sthemighty(强大的)eagle，thekingofallbirds—youcouldneverbelikehim！”Andtheeagledidn’tgiveitanotherthought.Hewentoncacklingandcomplainingaboutlife.Hediedthinkinghewasaprairiechicken.Myfriends，youwerebornaneagletoo.TheCreatorintendedyoutobeaneagle，sodon’tlistentothechickens!Hatchedbyahen，aneaglelivedlikeachicken.Hewantedtoflylikeaneaglebutwasdiscouragedbyhisfellows.Eventuallyhediedbitterlywithoutknowinghehimselfwasaneagle.3阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。Honestymeansspeakingthetruthandbeingfair.Honestyisagoodvirtue.Ifyouarehonestallthetime，you’llbetrustedandrespectedbyothers.Aliarisalwayslookeddownuponandregardedasablacksheepbythepeoplearound.Onceyoulie，peoplewillneverbelieveyouevenifyouspeakthetruth.However，nowadaysitseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplebelieveinmoneyatthesacrificeofhonesty.Tothem，amongsuchthingsashealth，beauty，money，intelligence，honesty，reputationandtalent，honestyistheonlythingthatcanbethrownaway.Theydon’tunderstandorpretendnottounderstandthathonestyisthebiggestfortuneforhumans，andthatitisnecessarytodoeverythingwell.Inshort，honestyisgold.Honest，yourreputationwillbecomegreat；dishonest，yournamewillbespoiled.Therefore，weshouldnevermakesuchanexcuseas“Alittledishonestyisonlyaslightthing.”Weshouldremoveimmediatelytheseedofdishonestyonceit’ssowedinourminds.Itisknownthathonestyplaysanimportantroleinourlife，whichcancontribute10\ntooursuccessandearnusrespectfromothers.Therefore，honestyisofvitalimportanceandbringspeoplebenefits.4阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。Thereisnodoubtthatacademicstudyisanimportantpartoftheschooldays.However，itisnottheonlythingthatstudentsshouldbelearning.Schoolsshouldalsobeteachingstudentscertainlifeskillssothattheygraduate.Followingthisreasoning，Ibelievethatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.Physicalexercisewillbenefitstudentsinmanyways.Firstofall，regularexerciseisanimportantpartofahealthylifestyle.However，withtheirbusyschedules，manystudentsmaynothavetheopportunitytoexerciseathomeandtheymaybecomeweaker.Ifschoolsallowstudentstodosomephysicalactivityeveryday，theywillbehappierandhealthierstudents.Second，doingsomesportsduringtheschooldaywillgivethestudentsabreakandallowthemtorelaxtheirminds.Theywillbeabletoreturntotheirstudiesrefreshedandwithmoreenergytolearn.Asfitnessissuchanimportantingredientofsuccess，Ibelievethatschoolsshouldrequirestudentstoengageinsomephysicalactivitieseveryday.Itwillbegoodnotonlyfortheirbodies，butalsofortheirminds.Happierandhealthierstudentswilldobetterattheiracademicstudiesandinlife.Theauthorarguesthatdailyphysicalexerciseisnecessaryforstudents，becausetheywillbenefitalotinmanyways.Additionally，thewritersuggeststhatschoolshouldencouragestudentstotakesomeexerciseeveryday.10
