增分强化练(十四) 阅读理解×2＋阅读七选五＋语法填空(限时35分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解AFromthecoldArctictotheAfricanplains,everysocietyseemstohavesomeformofmusicaspartoftheirculture.Musicissocommonandwidespreadthatmostpeopledon'tevenquestionitanymore.Butuntilrecently,therewereresearcherswhodoubtedit:Howcouldweknowthatmusicwasreallyapartofallknownsocieties?Now,Harvardresearchers,SamuerMehrandManvirSingh,havefoundfurtherevidencetosupporttheargument.Theygatheredmusicfromdifferentcountries,mediaandtimeperiods,andcollecteddescriptionsofmanydifferentpiecesofmusic.Ratherthanfocusingonmusicfirstandthenlookingatwhereitcouldbefound,theystartedbystudyingarecordofdetaileddescriptionsofmorethanthreehundredknownglobalsocieties,andfoundthatallofthemhavemusicaspartoftheirculture.Toseeifpeoplecouldrecognizethefunctionsofsongsfromaroundtheworld,theresearchersalsocreatedalisteningexperimentinwhichpeopletriedtoguessthebehavioralcontextofasong.Thiswentsurprisinglywell.Particularlymusicthatwasintendedfordancingortocalmababywaseasytorecognizeaseitherdancemusicorlullabies.Lovesongswereabitmoredifficulttoqualify,becausetheytendtobeverydiverseevenwithincultures.Thissystematicstudyofconnectionssoundslikethewaythatresearchersinotherfieldswouldstudybiologicalpatterns.“There'safieldknownasculturalphylogenetics，”saysSingh.Whereasbiologicalcharacteristicsareonlyreceivedfromparenttochild,culturalcharacteristics(likemusic)arealsosharedbetweenpeopleofthesamegeneration.Thatmakesitmuchmoredifficulttofigureoutwherethecharacteristichascomefrom.“Finally，”Singhsays,“Westilldon'tknowwhymusicdevelopedgradually.Ourstudyshowsthathumanseverywheresharecognitivemechanisms(认知机制)thatmakecertainsoundsseemappropriateinparticularcontexts.”[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。文章揭示了世界上音乐的共同特征，研究人员通过研究发现在全球三百多个社会群体中都发现音乐作为了他们文化的一部分。从生物遗传特征来讲还是无法弄清楚对音乐认知的特征来自哪里，但人类共有的认知机制能够在特定的环境(如人类社会各种活动)中赋予音乐生命力，所以，世界各地的音乐还是拥有共同的特点，同时成为各种文化不可或缺的组成部分。\n1．WhatdoestheunderlinedworditinParagraph1referto?A．Thefactthatmusicispartofeveryculture.B．Thequestionwhethermusiciswidelyspread.C．Thedoubtwhetherfurtherresearchhasbeendone.D．TheideathatAfricaandtheArctichavecoolmusic.解析：代词指代题。根据第一段第一句“FromthecoldArctictotheAfricanplains,everysocietyseemstohavesomeformofmusicaspartoftheirculture.”可知，每个社会群体似乎都把某种音乐形式当作自己文化的一个部分，由此推断代词it指代音乐是每种文化的一部分这一事实。故选A。答案：A2．WhatdidMehrandSinghdofirst?A．Theyfoundoutfurtherevidence.B．Theystudiedvarioussocieties.C．Theysoughttheoriginsofmusic.D．Theyfocusedmainlyonmusic.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“Ratherthanfocusingonmusicfirstandthenlookingatwhereitcouldbefound,theystartedbystudyingarecordofdetaileddescriptionsofmorethanthreehundredknownglobalsocieties”可知，Mehr和Singh首先做的事情是研究全球三百多个已知社会群体详细描述的记录。故选B。答案：B3．What'sthepurposeofthelisteningexperiment?A．Tocomfortababy.B．Topickoutlovesongs.C．Tocreateacontext.D．Totellfunctionsofsongs.解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Toseeifpeoplecouldrecognizethefunctionsofsongsfromaroundtheworld,theresearchersalsocreatedalisteningexperiment”可知，听乐辨析实验的目的是看人们能否对世界各地的音乐功能加以辨别。故选D。答案：D4．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Musicshapessocietiesindifferentcultures.B．Globalmusicsharescommoncharacteristics.C．Musicalsystemsdisplayculturaldifferences.D．Multicultureisbasedonbiologicalpatterns.\n解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，实验中，虽然爱情乐曲稍难辨认，很难弄清楚同一代人之间共有的文化特征(如音乐)来自何处，也不知道为什么音乐得以逐渐发展，但人类共有的认知机制能够在特定的环境(如人类社会各种活动)中赋予音乐生命力，所以，世界各地的音乐自然拥有共同的特点，即能够长期依附于各种社会群体的各种活动、同时成为各种文化不可或缺的组成部分。选项B具有很好的概括性和针对性。故选B。答案：BBModernagricultureanditsabilitytofeedbillionsofpeoplemaybeoneofhumanity'sgreatestachievements.Howeveritcomeswithhiddencosts.Forexample,haveyoueverconsideredhowmuchwaterisneededtoprovideyouwithasteakorasalad?Itmaysurpriseyou.InarecentstudypublishedinthejournalNutrients,scientistsfromtheCommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganization(CSIRO)，Australia'snationalscienceorganization,tookacloselookatthedietsof9,341adultAustralians—specifically,their“waterscarcityfootprints(水消耗足迹)”．Itturnsoutthatasweettoothnotonlyaddstoourwaistlinesbutalsostressesourwaterresources.Thewaterscarcityfootprintisawidelyrecognizedmeasurementofwaterconsumption.First,itcountsthelitersofwateryouused.Then,itlooksattheplacewherethewaterwasused.Usingaliterofwaterinthedesertisnotthesameasusingaliterofwaterinatropicalrainforest.Themorescarcewaterisinyourarea,thelargeryourwaterscarcityfootprint.ThescientistsfoundthattheaverageAustralian'sdiethadawaterscarcityfootprintof362litersperday.Snacksandbeverages—cookies,cakes,sodasandalcohol—accountedfor25percentofthewaterscarcityfootprint.Theresearchalsoincludedaglassofwine(41liters),asingleservingofpotatochips(23liters),andasmallbarofmilkchocolate(21liters)．Notsurprisingly,cuttingdownonsnackswouldbethetoppriorityifyouwantedtoloweryourownwaterscarcityfootprint.Earth'ssurfaceis70percentwater,butonly2.5percentofthatcanbeusedfordrinkingorfarming.Whilehumanityfacesanuphillbattletofeeditsgrowingpopulation,climatechangeiscausingdroughtsandextremeweatherinagriculturalcenterslikeCaliforniaandeasternAustralia.Citiesaren'tsafe,either.In2018,CapeTown,SouthAfrica,nearlyranoutofwaterduetoadrought.Itsfreshwater\nreservoir(储藏)stayedatjustabove13.5percentoffullcapacity.By2030,aworldofabout8.6billionpeoplewillneed35percentmorewater,40percentmoreenergy,and50percentmorefood,accordingtotheUnitedStatesNationalIntelligenceCouncil.So,weneedtowatchwhatweeat,notjustforourpersonalhealthbutforthehealthofoursocieties.[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们所吃的零食会造成的水资源消耗的现象。所以，我们需要关注我们的饮食，不仅是为了我们的个人健康，也是为了我们社会的健康。5．Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthat________.A．modernagriculturehastheabilitytofeedbillionsofpeopleB．asteakorasaladconsumesmuchwaterC．asweettoothputspressureonwaterresourcesD．snacksconsume85litersofwaterperday解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Itturnsoutthatasweettoothnotonlyaddstoourwaistlinesbutalsostressesourwaterresources.(结果发现，吃甜食不仅会增加我们的腰围，而且会对我们的水资源造成压力)”可知，科学家从研究中发现爱吃甜食会给水资源带来压力。故选C项。答案：C6．Whatisthepublic'sattitudetothewaterscarcityfootprintasawaytomeasurewaterconsumption?A．Doubtful. B．Approving.C．Negative.D．Indifferent.解析：细节理解题。根据第四段“Thewaterscarcityfootprintisawidelyrecognizedmeasurementofwaterconsumption.(水消耗足迹是一种公认的水资源消耗测量方法)”可知，公众对以水消耗足迹作为衡量水资源消耗的方法是持支持态度的。故选B项。答案：B7．Theauthordevelopstheseventhparagraphmainly________.A．byexplaininganexperimentB．byanalyzingaproblemC．bymakingcomparisonsD．bylistingnumbers解析：推理判断题。根据第七段“Earth'ssurfaceis70percentwater,butonly2.5percentofthatcanbeusedfordrinkingor\nfarming.(地球表面70%是水，但其中只有2.5%可用于饮用或农业)”及“Itsfreshwaterreservoirstayedatjustabove13.5percentoffullcapacity.By2030,aworldofabout8.6billionpeoplewillneed35percentmorewater,40percentmoreenergy,and50percentmorefood,accordingtotheUnitedStatesNationalIntelligenceCouncil.(根据美国国家情报委员会的数据，到2030年，全球约86亿人口将需要35%的水、40%的能源和50%的粮食)”可知，作者在第七段主要是通过列举数字来展开的。故选D项。答案：D8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．WaterscarcityFootprintIsMeasuredB．WaterWasteStartswithSnacksC．WaterResourcesAreReducedD．WaterConsumptionFacesanUphillBattle解析：标题归纳题。根据第三段“Itturnsoutthatasweettoothnotonlyaddstoourwaistlinesbutalsostressesourwaterresources.(结果发现，吃甜食不仅会增加我们的腰围，而且会对我们的水资源造成压力)”以及最后一段“So,weneedtowatchwhatweeat,notjustforourpersonalhealthbutforthehealthofoursocieties.(所以，我们需要关注我们的饮食，不仅是为了我们的个人健康，也是为了我们社会的健康)”可知，文章的最佳标题为“水资源浪费从零食开始”。故选B项。答案：BⅡ.阅读七选五Whenisthebesttimetoexerciseandwhattimeswillyieldthebestresults？ 1 Thismeansanytimethatourbodiesarenotfeelingexhaustedandatleastanhourafteramealtoallowtheenzymes(酶)tobreakdownthefoodandhelpthebodyreturntoitsnormalstate. 2 However,thosewhoprefertoexerciseinthemorningbutendupfeelingboredandwornout,dosobecauseofalackofsugarinthebody. 3 Ifyoudon'thavetimetoenjoyadeliciousone,justhaveacoupleofbiscuitstofillyourstomach.Forexerciseintheafternoonorevening,itisstronglyadvisedthatyoushouldnotallowyourstomachtostartgrowingafterasessionofexerciseeither.Thebodyrequiresabout2,000kilocaloriesperday,butwhenexercising,wewillburnupto500kilocaloriesextra. 4 Ifwedonotrefillourenergystores,weareeasiertofeelcheerlessorevenexhausted.Forthosewhodonothavethetimetoexerciseproperly,itisadvisablethatyoutrytousestairsinsteadofliftsandwalktogetyourlunchratherthandrive.Even\nthoughtheseactivitieswillnotburnasmanycaloriesasseriousexercise,theywillensurethatyourmusclesareworkingharderthanusual. 5 A．Thatiswhyeatingbreakfastissoimportant.B．Thebesttimeforexerciseisdifferentforeachperson.C．It'ssaidthatpeoplewhoworkoutearlyaremostlikelytostickwitharoutine.D．Thetruthisthatanytimeyouareavailableandpreparedtoexercisewouldbeokay.E．Whenthisenergyisrunningout,ourbodieswillsendusamessagethatfoodisneeded.F．Iftheseactivitiesthenbecomehabits,theywillhaveapositiveeffectonhowwellyourbodyenergy.G．Notonlywilltheseactivitieshelpimproveourphysicalwellbeing,theycanincreaseproductivityatwork.答案：1.D 2.C 3.A 4.E 5.FⅢ.语法填空Ifyouhavealwayswantedtobecome1.anastronaut,nowcouldbeyourchance.NowtheUSspaceagencyNASAisseekingcandidatestobefutureastronauts.ThesearchcomesafterNASA2.announced(announce)planstosendthefirstwomanandthenextmantothemoonaspartofitsArtemisProgramlastyear.Artemisaimstoreturnhumanstothemoonby2024.NASA'snextgoalistoestablishalongtermbaseonthemoon,3.whereNASAsaysitwillbeabletolaunchregularspaceoperations,4.including(include)taskstoMars(火星)．NASAsaysitexpectstochoosethefinalcandidatesinthemiddleof2021.Theywillthen5.immediately(immediate)begintrainingtobecomeArtemisGenerationastronauts.SowhatexactlyisNASAlookingforinitscrewofnewastronaut?Twogeneral6.requirements(requirement)arethatapplicantsmustbeUScitizensandholdamaster'sdegreeinafield7.related(relate)toscience,technology,engineeringormathematics.8.Inaddition，candidatesshouldalsohaveatleasttwoyearsof9.professional(profession)experienceintheirfield.Ofcourse,allapplicantswillhavetocompleteaNASAphysical10.examination(examine)totesttheirfitnessforlongtermspaceflight.
