第二讲 据“位”而思——根据三类空格位置准解题目上一讲从宏观上解读了解答阅读七选五必备的思维意识，是第一遍读题后对空格匹配选项的初判；但为了确保答案万无一失，知其然更知其所以然，本讲从空格位置及所承担的语意关系层面讲解做题技法。本讲内容与上一讲内容是相辅相承的，做题时要综合灵活运用，融会贯通才能游刃有余。一、设空在段首若是针对段落小标题设空，其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同，选项应短小精悍，多为名词词组、动名词短语或祈使句。若段落首句设空，段首句要么与段落标题相关联，要么是段落主题句，选项要具有概括性，要么承接上段，要么是对下文的概括。思考点(一) 段落主题句 当某段开头处设空时，通常要填的内容是该段的主题句，考生需要认真研读该段内容，尤其是设空处后面的一两句，确定线索词，然后从备选项中查找这些线索词的同义词、近义词或关联词。一般正确选项与空后第一句在内容上是连贯且符合逻辑的，在意义上是紧密衔接的。[典例1] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)·__37__Questionsaboutsubjectcontentaregenerallywelcomed.Beforeaskingquestionsaboutthecoursedesign,readthesyllabus(教学大纲)andlearningmanagementsysteminformationtobesuretheanswerisn’thidinginplainsight.A．That’swhattheyarefor.B．Turntoanonlineinstructorforhelp.C．Ifmoreinformationisneeded,theywillask.D．Rememberthatonlineprofessorsgetalotofemails.E．Belowaresomecommondo’sanddon’tsforonlinelearners.F．Everyonehastakenanotsogreatclassatonetimeoranother.G．Askquestions,butmakesuretheyaregood,thoughtfulquestions.\n分析：本题考查段落主题句。本段主要介绍了应该提问什么样的问题，所提的问题要确保答案不能显而易见。本段内容围绕“questions”展开，故G项“提问题，并且要确保所提问题是经过深思熟虑的好问题”，符合语境。故选G。思考点(二) 承上启下句 当非首段的第一句设空时，设空处有可能是承上启下句，这就要求考生既要熟悉上一段的内容，尤其是上一段结尾的内容，又要结合本段内容，使所选答案能够把两段内容进行无缝对接。[典例2] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ)37_B．It_is_traditional_to_bring_a_gift_to_a_housewarming_party.Somepeopleregisteralistofthingstheywantorneedfortheirnewhomeatalocalstoreorstores.Somecommonthingspeoplewillputonagiftregistryincludekitchentoolslikeknivesandthingslikecurtains.Evenifthereisn’taregistry,agoodhousewarminggiftissomethingtodecoratethenewhousewith,likeapieceofartoraplant.__38__Thisisoftenappreciatedsinceatahousewarmingthereisn’talotoffoodserved.Thereareusuallynoplannedactivitieslikegamesatahousewarmingparty.Thehostorhostessofthepartywill,however,probablygivealltheguestsatouroftheirnewhome.Sometimes,becauseahousewarmingpartyhappensshortlyafterapersonmovesintotheirnewhome,peoplemaybeaskedtohelpunpackboxes.39_A．This_isn’t_usual_though.A．Thisisn’tusualthough.B．Itistraditionaltobringagifttoahousewarmingparty.C．Youcanalsobringfoodordrinkstosharewiththeotherguests.D．Ifyou’reluckyenoughtoreceivegifts,keeptheminasafeplace.E．Italsogivespeopleachancetoseewhatthenewhomelookslike.F．Thebesthousewarmingpartiesencourageoldfriendstogettogether.G．Thiswassothatthepersoncouldkeeptheirhomewarmforthewinter.分析：本题考查段落之间的衔接。前面段落所讲内容为带礼物，可以是厨房工具、窗帘、\n艺术品或绿植。本空承接上文，也应与礼物相关，根据设空处后面的句子“Thisisoftenappreciatedsinceatahousewarmingthereisn’talotoffoodserved.”可知，空处所带的礼物应与食物相关，故选C。二、设空在段中当设空在段中时，通常考查该空与前后句子之间的逻辑关系和上下文的衔接。考查的逻辑关系：总分关系、解释关系、例证关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系和并列关系7大关系。有时会出现下列衔接词语：first,second,then,next,later,soon,so,but,however,additionally,what’smore,thatis,namely,inotherwords,foronething...foranother等。思考点(一) 总分关系[典例3] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Thefriendswhointroducedmetocampingthoughtthatitmeanttobeapioneer.__37__Wesleptinatent,cookedoveranopenfire,andwalkedalongdistancetotaketheshowerandusethebathroom.ThisbriefvisitwithMotherNaturecostmetwodaysofffromwork,recoveringfromabadcaseofsunburnandthedoctor’sbillformyson’sfoodpoisoning.A．Thistimetherewasnotent.B．Thingsaregoingtobeimproved.C．Thetriptheytookmeonwasaroughone.D．Iwastolearnalotaboutcampingsincethen,however.E．ImustsaythatIhavecertainlycometoenjoycamping.F．Afterthetrip,myfamilybecamequiteinterestedincamping.G．Therewasnoshadeasthetreeswerenomorethan3feettall.分析：本题考查总分关系。根据下文的描述“我们睡在帐篷里、在篝火上做饭、走很远的路去洗澡和上厕所”可知，这次野营比较艰难。设空处是总体评价，后面是详细描述。故选C。\n思考点(二) 解释关系[典例4] (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Imagineachildstandingonadivingboardfourfeethighandaskinghimselfthequestion:“ShouldIjump？”Thisiswhatmotivationorthelackofitcando.Motivationandgoalsettingarethetwosidesofthesamecoin.__36__Likethechildonthedivingboard,youwillstayundecided.A．Thiscanaffectyourwork.B．Sohowshouldyoumotivateyourself?C．However,thisshouldnotdiscourageyou.D．Sowhyshouldwetrytosetspecificgoals?E．Theycanchangeaccordingtocircumstances.F．Motivationiswhatyouneedmosttodoagoodjob.G．Withoutmotivation,youcanneithersetagoalnorreachit.分析：本题考查解释关系。设空处前一句的句意“动力和目标设定是同一枚硬币的两面”，设空处解释二者之间的关系“没有动力，你既不能设定目标，也不能去实现它”。故选G。思考点(三) 例证关系[典例5] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Therearethreemaintypesofcryptography.__37__Forexample,thefirstlettersof“Myelephanteatstoomanyeels”spelloutthehiddenmessage“Meetme.”A．Itisveryhardtobreakacodewithoutthecodebook.B．Inanylanguage,somelettersareusedmorethanothers.C．Onlypeoplewhoknowthekeywordcanreadthemessage.D．Aslongastherehavebeencodes,peoplehavetriedtobreakthem.E．Youcanhideamessagebyhavingthefirstlettersofeachwordspellit\nout.F．Withacodebook,youmightwritedownwordsthatwouldstandforotherwords.G．Anotherwaytohideamessageistousesymbolstostandforspecificlettersofthealphabet.分析：本题考查例证关系。设空处前一句的句意为“有三种主要的密码术”。空后接着就给出一个例子“你可以通过拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息”。故选E。思考点(四) 转折关系[典例6] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Someindividualsarebornwithagiftforpublicspeaking.__16__Doyouwanttobeagoodpublicspeaker?Herearesomeprinciplesyoumustmaster.A．Dotheopposite.B．Youwanttobeaneffectivepublicspeaker.C．Youdon’tneedtoapologizeforaminorslip.D．Whenitcomestopublicspeaking,lessisusuallymore.E．Theobjectiveofmostspeechesistobenefittheaudience.F．Takethefearoutofpublicspeakingbyfocusingonyourlisteners.G．However,themajorityofpeopleareeffectivespeakersbecausetheytraintobe.分析：本题考查转折关系。设空处前一句的句意为“有些人天生就有公众演讲的天赋”。设空处后一句的句意为“你想成为一个好的公众演说家吗？”。根据逻辑判断，设空处应与前一句构成转折关系，故G项“然而，大多数人之所以能成为有效的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练”符合语境。思考点(五) 因果关系[典例7] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Writtencommunicationscanoftenreadascoldanddull.Usingemojiscanaddhumor\nandfeeling,keepingintentionclear.__37__，encouragingbetterandmorefrequentcommunication.A．MessagewithemojisfeelmoreconversationalB．EvenaformalemailcanseemcoldandunfriendlyC．SendingsmilingfacestocolleaguesmayseemstrangeD．ThepopularityoftheseplatformsisspreadinggloballyE．GivingemployeesthetoolsenablesthemtocommunicatehonestlyF．StudiesshowthatfriendliercommunicationleadstoahappierworkplaceG．Aneasywaytobringallworkgenerationstogetheriswithachatplatform分析：本题考查因果关系。根据下文“encouragingbetterandmorefrequentcommunication(鼓励更好、更频繁的沟通)”可知，设空处所填的句子是下文的原因。A项“使用表情符号的信息让人感觉更适合交谈”符合语境。故选A。思考点(六) 递进关系[典例8] (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Anotherwayofsettingrealisticgoalsistoanalyzeyourshortandlongtermobjectives,keepinginmindyourbeliefs,valuesandstrengths.Rememberthatgoalsareflexible.__39__Theyalsoneedtobemeasurable.Youmustkeepthesepointsinmindwhilesettingyourgoals.A．Thiscanaffectyourwork.B．Sohowshouldyoumotivateyourself?C．However,thisshouldnotdiscourageyou.D．Sowhyshouldwetrytosetspecificgoals?E．Theycanchangeaccordingtocircumstances.F．Motivationiswhatyouneedmosttodoagoodjob.G．Withoutmotivation,youcanneithersetagoalnorreachit.\n分析：本题考查递进关系。根据上句“Rememberthatgoalsareflexible.(要记住目标是灵活的。)”可知，E项“目标可以根据情况做出改变”，承接上文，与上一句为递进关系。故选E。思考点(七) 并列关系[典例9] (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Yourgoalisnottobeaperfectpublicspeaker.__19__Andlikeeverythingelseinlife,thattakespractice.Remember,evenworldchampionathletespracticetheirskillsonaconsistentbasis.A．Dotheopposite.B．Youwanttobeaneffectivepublicspeaker.C．Youdon’tneedtoapologizeforaminorslip.D．Whenitcomestopublicspeaking,lessisusuallymore.E．Theobjectiveofmostspeechesistobenefittheaudience.F．Takethefearoutofpublicspeakingbyfocusingonyourlisteners.G．However,themajorityofpeopleareeffectivespeakersbecausetheytraintobe.分析：本题考查并列关系。由本段第一句“Yourgoalisnottobeaperfectpublicspeaker.”及空后一句“And...takespractice.”可以锁定B选项为正确答案，它们之间构成并列关系。三、设空在段尾思考点(一) 总结句当设空在段尾时，通常是结论性、概括性语句，是对上文的概括总结。如果缺的是结论性、概括性的语句，考生应快速浏览七个备选项，注意选项中是否出现表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如so,therefore,asaresult,inshort,inaword,allinall等词或短语，快速缩小选择范围，再根据段落主题一致性原则，从而确定正确选项。\n[典例10] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)·Recognizeallofyourstrengths.Writethemdowninajournal.Begintotrainyourbraintolookatstrengthbeforeweakness.Listallofyouraccomplishmentsandachievements.Youhaveajob,earnedyourdegree,andyougotoutofbedtoday.__39__A．Feelingupsetagain?B．Wheredoyoustart?C．Nothingistoosmalltocelebrate.D．Remember,youareonlyhuman.E．Setanintentionforselfacceptance.F．Stopcomparingyourselfwithothers.G．Whendoesthecomparisongamestart?分析：本题考查段落总结句。由本段首句可知本段主题是“认识到你所有的优点”，段中列举了一些小的成绩，如有了一份工作，拿到了学位等，段尾对这些成绩做了一下总结：没有什么事情太小而不值得庆祝。故选C。思考点(二) 段落过渡句当设空在非尾段段末时，也有可能是考查承上启下的过渡句。假如所缺的是段落间的过渡句，首先可以关注表示逻辑关系的衔接词，再结合词汇复现等原则进行答案的选择。[典例11] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)IfanyonehadtoldmethreeyearsagothatIwouldbespendingmostofmyweekendscamping,Iwouldhavelaughedheartily.Campers,inmyeyes,werepeoplewhoenjoyedinsectbites,illcookedmeals,anduncomfortablesleepingbags.Theyhadnothingincommonwithme.__36__Thefriendswhointroducedmetocampingthoughtthatitmeanttobeapioneer.37_C．The_trip_they_took_me_on_was_a_rough_one.Wesleptinatent,cookedoveranopenfire,andwalkedalongdistancetotaketheshowerandusethebathroom.ThisbriefvisitwithMotherNaturecostmetwodaysofffromwork,recoveringfromabadcaseofsunburnandthedoctor’sbillformyson’sfood\npoisoning.A．Thistimetherewasnotent.B．Thingsaregoingtobeimproved.C．Thetriptheytookmeonwasaroughone.D．Iwastolearnalotaboutcampingsincethen,however.E．ImustsaythatIhavecertainlycometoenjoycamping.F．Afterthetrip,myfamilybecamequiteinterestedincamping.G．Therewasnoshadeasthetreeswerenomorethan3feettall.分析：考查段落过渡句。根据空处上文“如果三年前有人告诉我，以后我的大部分周末时间都会露营，我会放声大笑。在我看来，露营者是喜欢让昆虫咬、吃不好吃的饭菜和睡令人不舒服的睡袋。这些和我毫不相干”和下一段的“介绍我去露营的朋友们认为这是一次具有开创性的露营。这次露营比较艰难。我们睡帐篷、在篝火上做饭、走很远的路去洗澡和上厕所。这次对大自然母亲的短暂造访让我请了两天假，要在皮肤严重灼伤后进行恢复，并且还要支付来自医生治疗我儿子食物中毒的账单”可知，两段之间有转折关系，所以要填一个承上启下的过渡句，D项“然而，从那时起我却学到了很多关于露营的知识”符合语境。故选D。思考点(三) 补充信息句段末设空还有可能是对前文内容进行补充说明，这时要选择补充性的语句。[典例12] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)·Don’tsharepersonalinformationorstories.Professorsarenottrainednurses,financialaidexpertsoryourbestfriends.Ifyouareinneedofadeadlineextension,simplyexplainthesituationtotheprofessor.__39__A．That’swhattheyarefor.B．Turntoanonlineinstructorforhelp.C．Ifmoreinformationisneeded,theywillask.D．Rememberthatonlineprofessorsgetalotofemails.\nE．Belowaresomecommondo’sanddon’tsforonlinelearners.F．Everyonehastakenanotsogreatclassatonetimeoranother.G．Askquestions,butmakesuretheyaregood,thoughtfulquestions.分析：本题考查逻辑关系。本段主要讲的是“不要把个人信息和经历告诉教授，如果你需要延长最后期限，向教授解释处境即可”。C项“如果需要了解更多信息，他们会问你的”是对上文内容的补充说明，符合语境。故选C。[随堂体验落实]Havingalearningdisabilitydoesn’tmeanyoucan’tlearn.Learningdisabilitieshappenbecauseofthewayaperson’sbraintakesinandprocessesinformation.__1__Thetrickwillbefiguringouthowyoulearnbest.Learningdisabilitiesaren’tcontagious(传染的),buttheycanbegenetic.Thatmeanstheycanbepasseddowninfamiliesthroughthegenes,likemanyothertraitswegetfromourparentsandgrandparents.Someonewithalearningdisabilityprobablyhasotherfamilymemberswhohavehadsomelearningtroubles,too.Kidswithlearningproblemsaresometimessurprisedtofindoutthatoneoftheirparentshadsimilartroubleswhenheorshewasinschool.__2__It’sveryhardforakidtoknowifheorshehasalearningdisability.Butkidsdon’thavetofigureallthisoutontheirown.__3__Startwithyourteacherandyourmomordad.Findingoutyouhavealearningdisabilitycanbeupsetting.__4__Butthetruthisthatlearningdisabilitiesareprettycommon.Andifyourlearningspecialistorpsychologisthasfiguredoutwhichoneyou’refacing,you’reontherighttrack.Now,youcanstartgettingthehelpyouneedtodobetterinschool.Butforthisspecialhelpreallyworks,you’llneedtopracticethenewskillsyou’relearning.Itmaytakealotofeffortseveryday.__5__Soon,you’llenjoytheresultsofallyourhardwork:morefunandsuccessatschool!A．Asaresult,peoplelearndifferently.B．Whatakidneedstodoistellsomeone.\nC．Thatcanbeachallenge,butyoucandoit.D．Youmightfeeldifferentfromeveryoneelse.E．Therearepeoplewhoknowhowtodojustthat.F．Butkidstodayhaveanadvantageovertheirparents.G．Butyou’llneedsomehelpandyou’llneedtoworkextrahard.[思维脉络图]1．选A 前面一句说到学习障碍产生的原因，此处为得出的结论：因此，人们学习也就不一样。2．选F 该段说明学习障碍的特点，它可以遗传。一家人中可能有几位成员有类似的学习障碍。F项与前文形成转折，表示“现今孩子们比上一代要强一些”。故选F项。3．选B 该段叙述了孩子如何发现是否具有学习障碍。根据下句的“从老师和你的爸爸或妈妈开始”可知，应选B项。4．选D 根据上一句“发现自己有学习障碍是令人烦恼的”和空格后的But一词可知，上下句为转折关系，故选D项。5．选C 根据前一句“每天都需要很多努力”和下一句的“不久，你将会享受到努力的结果……”可知，C项衔接上下文。故选C项。
