专题15阅读理解社会生活、议论类I、2021年高考真题（2021·新高考I卷·D篇）Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional（情感的）intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills."Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis（重视）onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives（视角）fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.1.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?-27-,A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson'spositivequalities.2.Whydoestheauthormention"doctor"and"cheater"inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.3.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.【答案】DBAB【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了什么是情商，以及情商普及的优势，同时作者提出了对情商研究是未来期望。1.细节理解题。根据题干信息misunderstanding定位到第一段：Manypeoplenowmisunderstand… asalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeup… 分析可知，大多数人认为情商就是构成人性格中几乎所有可取的部分，而后跟的句子suchascharacter,motivation,-27-,confidence… 则是作者在列举一些情商中具体的优良品质。选项D：它指的是一个人的优良品质，是该句的同义替换。故选D。2.推理判断题。根据题干信息的paragraph2，定位到第二段Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceas…；分析可知，我们更喜欢把情商称作是一套特定的技能，它既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。而后作者便分别列举了doctor和cheater用于解释说明 "好目的" 和 "坏目的" 。由此我们可以推测，作者提及doctor和cheater是为了阐明前句所提到的关于情商的概念。故选B。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息popularizationofemotionalintelligence定位到第三段：Althoughpopularbeliefsregarding… theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.分析可知，虽然大众对于情商的普遍认知远远超过了目前研究可以支持的观点，但是宣传的总体效果（对于情商的发展研究）是利大于弊的。而后作者便进一步列举了好处体现在哪些方面（themostpositiveaspectofthispopularization…）。可知，作者对此态度是正向的、支持的。故选A。4.主旨大意题。根据题干信息lastparagraph定位到最后一段Itisourhopethat… advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectivesfromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence… mayservetopointusintherightdirection.分析可知，我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供一个新的视角。而情商也许会给我们指明一个正确的方向。因此可以得知，最后一段作者是在提出对于未来研究的期待和方向。B项中的Expectationsforfuturestudies.符合题意。故选B。（2021·浙江卷·B篇）Weliveinatownwiththreebeaches.Therearetwoparkslessthan10minutes'walkfromhomewhereneighbourhoodchildrengathertoplay.However,whatmychildrenwanttodoafterschoolispickupascreen—anyscreen—andstareatitforhours.Theyarenotalone.Today'schildrenspendanaverageoffourandahalfhoursadaylookingatscreens,splitbetweenwatchingtelevisionandusingtheInternet.Inthepastfewyears,anincreasingnumberofpeopleandorganisationshavebeguncomingupwithplanstocounterthistrend.Acoupleofyearsago,film-makerDavidBondrealisedthathischildren,thenagedfiveandthree,-27-,wereattachedtoscreenstothepointwherehewasabletosay"chocolate"intohisthree-year-oldson'searwithoutgettingaresponse.Herealisedthatsomethingneededtochange,and,beingaLondonmediatype,appointedhimself"marketingdirectorforNature".Hedocumentedhisjourneyashesetabouttreatingnatureasabrandtobemarketedtoyoungpeople.Theresultwas ProjectWildThing,afilmwhich charts thebirthoftheWildNetwork,agroupoforganisationswiththecommongoalofgettingchildrenoutintonature."Justfivemoreminutesoutdoorscanmakeadifference,"DavidBondsays."Thereisalotofreallyinterestingevidencewhichseemstobesuggestingthatifchildrenareinspireduptotheageofseven,thenbeingoutdoorswillbeahabitforlife."Hisownchildrenhavegotintothehabitofplayingoutsidenow:"Wejustsendthemoutintothegardenandtellthemnottocomebackinforawhile."Summerisuponus.Thereisanamazingworldoutthere,anditneedsourchildrenasmuchastheyneedit.Letusgetthemoutandletthemplay.1.Whatistheproblemwiththeauthor'schildren?A.Theyoftenannoytheneighbours.B.Theyaretiredofdoingtheirhomework.C.Theyhavenofriendstoplaywith.D.Theystayinfrontofsereensfortoolong.2.HowdidDavidBondadvocatehisidea?A.Bymakingadocumentaryfilm.B.Byorganizingoutdooractivities.C.ByadvertisinginLondonmedia.D.Bycreatinganetworkoffriends.3.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"charts"inparagraph2?A.recordsB.predictsC.delaysD.confirms4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.LetChildrenHaveFun-27-,B.YoungChildrenNeedMoreFreeTimeC.MarketNaturetoChildrenD.DavidBond:ARoleModelforChildren【答案】DAAC【解析】本文作者以自己的孩子为例存在着长时间盯着电子屏幕的问题，从而引出了电影导演DavidBond怎样激励自己的孩子们养成户外活动、锻炼身体的习惯的做法。1.细节理解题。根据第一段第三句"However,whatmychildrenwanttodoafterschoolispickupascreen—anyscreen—andstareatitforhours."可知，作者的孩子们放学之后只想看电子屏幕，并盯着看好几个小时，故选D。2.细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“Hedocumentedhisjourneyashesetabouttreatingnatureasabrandtobemarketedtoyoungpeople.TheresultwasProjectWildThing,afilmwhichchartsthebirthoftheWildNetwork,agroupoforganisationswiththecommongoalofgettingchildrenoutintonature.“可知，作者记录了自己的旅程，并制作成电影，故选A。3.词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话句意”结果是ProjectWildThing，一部描绘了WildNetwork诞生的电影，WildNetwork是一组以让孩子们融入大自然为共同目标的组织。“可知，本句主要阐述作者拍摄的纪录片ProjectWildThing记录下了组织WildNetwork的诞生，因此record（记录、记载）与所猜词汇最为接近，故选A。4.主旨大意题。文章首段阐述现状，即孩子们花太多时间在电子屏幕上，紧接着提到了作者为呼吁孩子们走进大自然拍摄了纪录片，希望孩子们能多花些时间在户外运动上。因此本篇文章主要内容为：向孩子们"推销"自然，故选C。（2021·3月天津卷·B篇）Aboutfiveweeksago,Inoticedtheskinofourpetlizard（蜥蜴）wasgrowingdusty.Itworriedme.Ireportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizardtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Secondslater,ourlizardemergedfromitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.Ididn'tthinkaboutitmuchuntilamorninglastweekwhenIknockedmyfavoriteteapotoffthetable.Itburstintohundredsofpieces.AsIsweptupthemess,Iwonderedwhywehadbeenbreakingsomanythingsoverthemonths.-27-,Thedestructionstartedthreemonthsago.Itwasmyhusband'sbirthday.Hehadjustlosthisjob.Theuncertaintywasstartingtowearonus,soIwantedtodosomethingspecial."Let'smakeacakeforDad!"Icried.Mykidsscreamedwithjoy.Webaked,icedandsprinkledformostoftheday.Candlesonthecake!Balloonsonthewalls!Flowersonthetable!Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,mydaughterclimbeduptograbaglassvasefromahighshelf.Itfellandcrashedbesidethecake.Tinypiecesofglasswereeverywhere.ShesobbedloudlyasIthrewthecakeaway.Myhusbandhadbananapuddingforhisbirthday.Threedaysago,thelightinourlivingroomsuddenlywentout.Afterseveralfrustratinghoursofunsuccessfulattemptstofixit,myhusbandsuggestedwatchingtheMichaelJordandocumentary（纪录片）series TheLastDance.Thepoignancy（酸楚）ofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,Isawhim leavingbehindthelayer thatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.Humansdonotshedskin（蜕皮）aseasilyasotheranimals.Thebeginningofchangeisupsetting.Theprocessistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeourlizard,rawandnearlynew.Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutthepetlizardfromParagraph1?-27-,A.Itstankgrewdirty.B.Itsoldskincameoff.C.Itgotaskindisease.D.Itwentmissing.2.Whydidtheauthor'shusbandhavebananapuddingforhisbirthday?A.Thebirthdaycakewasruined.B.Theauthormadegoodpuddings.C.Puddingwashisfavoritedessert.D.Theycouldn'taffordabirthdaycake.3.Whydoestheauthormention TheLastDance inthepassage?A.Toproveatheory.B.Todefineaconcept.C.Todevelopthetheme.D.Toprovidethebackground.4.Theunderlinedpart"leaving behind the layer"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas .A.lettinggoofthepastB.lookingforanewjobC.gettingridofabadhabitD.givingupanopportunity5.Whatdoestheauthormostlikelywanttotellus?A.Loveoffamilyhelpsussurvivegreathardships.B.It'snottheendoftheworldifwebreakthings.C.Weshouldmoveonnomatterwhathappens.D.Pastexperiencesshouldbetreasured.【答案】BACAC【解析】文章大意：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了MichaelJordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。-27-,1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句"Ireportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizardtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Secondslater,ourlizardemergedfromitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.（第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来）"可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选：B。2.细节理解题。根据第六段"Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,mydaughterclimbeduptograbaglassvasefromahighshelf…Myhusbandhadbananapuddingforhisbirthday.（就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁）"可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选：A。3.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段"Thepoignancy（酸楚）ofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.…Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.…Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.（Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后）"以及最后一段"Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.（Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点）"可推知，作者在文章中提到TheLastDance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选：C。4.词义猜测题。根据画线词后文"Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem…Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.（他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后）"可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是"放开过去"。故选：A。5.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段"Humansdonotshedskin（蜕皮）aseasilyasother-27-,animals…Iseeourlizard,rawandnearlynew.（人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴）"以及最后一段"Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.（Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点）"可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选：C。（2021·3月天津卷·D篇）Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingageneralist,evenifyouareaspecialist.Knowingalittleaboutalotofthingsthatinterestyoucanaddtotherichnessofawhole,well-livedlife.Societypushesustospecialize,tobecomeexperts.Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation,branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.Thereisagreatdealofpressuretomasterone'sfield.Youmaypursuetraining,degrees,orincreasinglevelsofresponsibilityatwork.Thenyoudiscoverthepressureofhavingtokeepup.Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty.Butsuchcommitmentcanalsoweakenasenseoffreedom.Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight,thenlookbackandrealizetheywouldhavelovedtohavegonehomeandenjoyedthesweetnessoftheirfamilyandfriends,ortraveledtoexcitingplaces,meetinginterestingpeople.Masteringonethingtotheexclusion（排除）ofotherscanholdbackyourtruespirit.Generalists,ontheotherhand,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallitsconnections.Theyarepeopleofability,talent,andenthusiasmwhocanbringtheirbroadperspective（视角）intospecificfieldsofexpertise（专长）.Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.-27-,Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy."Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit."Theseexpansionsintonewworldshelpusbygivingusnewperspectives.Webegintoseetheinterconnectednessofonethingtoanotherinallaspectsofourlife,ofourselvesandtheuniverse.Developbroad,generalknowledgeandexperience.Theuniverseisallyourstoexploreandenjoy.1.Tobecomeaspecialist,onemayhaveto .A.narrowhisrangeofknowledgeB.avoidresponsibilitiesatworkC.knowmoreaboutthesocietyD.broadenhisperspectiveonlife2.ThespecialistsmentionedinParagraph3tendto .A.treasuretheirfreedomB.travelaroundtheworldC.spendmosttimeworkingD.enjoymeetingfunnypeople3.Accordingtotheauthor,asuperiordoctorisonewho .A.isfullyawareofhistalentandabilityB.isapurespecialistinmedicineC.shouldlovepoetryandphilosophyD.bringsknowledgeofotherfieldstowork4.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A.Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B.In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C.Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.-27-,D.Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialistB.SpecialistorGeneralist:HardtoDecideC.TurnaGeneralistintoaSpecialistD.WaystoBecomeaGeneralist【答案】ACDDA【解析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二、三句"Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation,branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）"可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中提到"Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty…Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight,…(有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…..这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)"可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句"Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.（这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。）"可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。4.推理判断题。根据文章第五段第一、二句"Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）"以及下文举出Toni的例子"MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinese-27-,philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。)"可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。5.最佳标题题。文章第一段第一句提出观点"Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingageneralist,evenifyouareaspecialist.（作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才）"。根据文章第二段第三句"Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless."可知，成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深。根据文章第四段第一句"Generalists,ontheotherhand,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallitsconnections."可知，当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。根据上述内容可知，作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为"BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）"。故选A。II、2021年高考模拟试题（2021·天津十二区县联考2·阅读理解D篇）Theplayingfieldisneverevenorequal.Yourskillsandattitudeplayamajorroleintheoutcome.Knowingwhatyoucandotohaveanadvantagecanmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.Mykidstellmeit'sunfairtoplaywiththebigchildren.Itellthemthat'sright.Unfairnessisagoodthing.Thereismoretobegainedbytheeffortwhenthingsseemunfair.Itistruethatmanythingsintheworldareunfair.Butunfairthingsusuallycanbeaboontoyou.Forexample,theearlybirdcatchestheworm.Itisunfairthatthebirdthatsleepsinmissesoutonbreakfastbutitisnicetoknowthatifitgetsupearlyitissuretogettheworm.Ialwaystrytoexplaintomykidsthatcomplainingabouthowunfairsomethingiswillgetthemnowhere.Instead,makethemostoutofitandgetontheothersideofit.Onceyoudothatyouareintheadvantage.Aboveall,youhavetofocuson-27-,gainingthatunfairadvantageandinordertodothat,buildyourinnerstrength,Whenyouempower（武装）yourself,youaregainingskillsorabilities,confidenceandself-esteem（自尊）.Youshouldlookatyourplaceintheworld.Wheredoyouwantiobefinancially,spiritually,emotionally,andphysically?Youarecreatingyourownstorywhenyouempoweryourself.Youcanbuildalltheadvantagesthatyouneedtolivethelifethatyouwant.Ifyouhaven'tyet,youneedtomakealistofallthethingsyouwanttoexperienceinyournewlife.Thiswillhelpyoufocusonbuildingadvantagessothatyouneverhavetosaythatit'sNotFair.Whenyoudothisthenyouwillbeabletorealizethatunfairnessisagoodthingandyouwillwanttoteachthosearoundyoutoseeunfairnessinthiswaytoo.1.Whatdocstheunderlinedword"boon"inParagraph2probablymean?A.Somethingthatisveryterrible.B.SomethingthatisveryhelpfulC.SomethingthatisverykindD.Somethingthatisveryscared2.Whatcanweinferfromtheexampleoftheplayingfieldusedbytheauthor?A.TheauthorwantstointroducehistopicB.TheauthorwantstosupporthisopinionC.HewantstellusthathavinganadvantageisneededD.Hewantstoshowskillsandattitudesareimportantinplayinggames3.Whatisthebestwaytodealwithunfairnessaccordingtotheauthor?A.Justacceptit.B.Thytochangeit.C.Simplyignoreit.D.Makegooduseofit.4.Youaretoldtolookatyourplaceintheworldinorderto________.A.makeyourselfbetterB.beproudofyourselfC.havemoreconfidenceD.knowothers'advantages5.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thewaytoliveahappylife.B.Therightattitudetounfairness.C.Beingpatientenoughtosucceed.D.Stayingcalmwhentreatedbadly.【答案】BADAB-27-,【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述对待不公平的正确态度。1.词句猜测题。由文章第二段中的转折词“But”可知，划线词应是褒义的，再结合下文“Forexample,theearlybirdcatchestheworm.（例如，早起的鸟儿有虫吃）”，说明划线词应是指“有帮助的”意思。故选B项。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段“Theplayingfieldisneverevenorequal.Yourskillsandattitudeplayamajorroleintheoutcome.Knowingwhatyoucandotohaveanadvantagecanmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.（竞技场从来就不是平等的。你的技能和态度对结果起着重要作用。知道你可以做什么来获得优势可以决定成功和失败）”可知，文章首段的目的应是引出话题。故选A项。3.细节理解题。由文章第三段“Ialwaystrytoexplaintomykidsthatcomplainingabouthowunfairsomethingiswillgetthemnowhere.Instead,makethemostoutofitandgetontheothersideofit.Onceyoudothatyouareintheadvantage.（我总是试图向我的孩子们解释，抱怨某件事是多么的不公平，对他们没有任何好处。相反，你应该充分利用它，站在它的另一面（考虑）。一旦你这样做了，你就处于优势了）”可知，在作者看来充分利用不公平是对待不公平本身最好的方法。故选D项。4.推理判断题。由文章第四段“Youshouldlookatyourplaceintheworld.Wheredoyouwantiobefinancially,spiritually,emotionally,andphysically?Youarecreatingyourownstorywhenyouempoweryourself.（你应该看看你在世界上的位置。你想在经济上、精神上、情感上和身体上处于什么位置？当你赋予自己力量时，你正在创造自己的故事）”以及第五段“Youcanbuildalltheadvantagesthatyouneedtolivethelifethatyouwant.（你可以建立所有你需要的优势，过上你想要的生活）”可知，看清你在这个世界上的位置是为了让你变得更好。故选A项。5.主旨大意题。由文章第五段“Whenyoudothisthenyouwillbeabletorealizethatunfairnessisagoodthingandyouwillwanttoteachthosearoundyoutoseeunfairnessinthiswaytoo.（当你这样做的时候，你就会意识到不公平是一件好事，你也会想要教会你周围的人以这种方式看待不公平）”结合文章主要围绕对待不公的正确态度展开可知，B项表述正确。故选B项。（2021·宝坻区三模·阅读理解D篇）Thosewithclosedmindsrefusedtoconsideranycontradictoryfacts,andthey-27-,proceedwiththeirplannedcourseofaction,fullspeedahead,withtheir“mindsmadeup”andtightlyshut.Asanillustration,considerthesituationin1986,priortothespaceshuttleChallenger’sdisatrouslaunchthatkilledallsevenastronautsaboard,therewasaheatedtelephonedebatebetweentwoengineersfromthecompanythatproducedtheshuttleboosterrocketsandthetopofficialsofNASA(thefederalgovernment’sspaceagency).TheengineersinsistedthattheflightwastooriskybecauseoffreezingtemperatureattheFloridalaunchsite.Theyexplainedthatsomeofthesealsonthefueltankswerenotdesignedtowithstandsuchlowtemperaturesandmightleakunderpressure,thusendangeringthecraftandcrew.Despitethepleastostoptheflight,officialsatNASAoverruledtheengineers,whowerebestqualifiedtomakejudgmentsaboutthecomplextechnicalproblemsofspaceflight.Whatcausedtheofficialstoignoretheengineers?Severalflightshadalreadybeenpostponed,anditwouldnotlookgoodtopostponeanother.Itwouldbebadpublicrelationstodisappointthecrowdsofpeopleandnewsreporterswaitingforthelaunch.Topgovernmentofficialswerereadytoappearonthenationaltelevisionandtakethecreditforanothersafeflight.Asaresult,withtheirmindsabsolutelyclosedtothefactspresentedbytheengineers,NASAofficialsorderedtheChallengertotakeoff.Seventy-threesecondslater,thespacecraftwasenvelopedinflame.Incredibly,seventeenyearslater,thelessonoftheChallengerdisasterwasrepeated.In2003,thespaceshuttleColumbiabrokeapartwhilere-enteringtheearth’satmosphere,killinganothercrewofseven.Duringtheshuttle’sliftoff,apieceoffoaminsulation(泡沫隔热材料)hadbrokenoff,hittingtheshuttle'swingatfivehundredmilesperhour.Lower-levelengineersatNASAbeggedforphotographsoftheColumbiainorbit,whichmighthaveshowntheextentofthedamage,buttheirclosed-mindedsuperiorsignoredtheirrequests.Itwasthedamagecausedbythe1.7poundchunkofinsulationthatdoomedtheColumbia.Thereisnovirtueinignoringcontradictoryfactsand“stickingtoyourguns”whenthecoursetakenshowsallthesignsofbeingthewrongone.Closedmindsareespeciallynoticeableinpoliticalcampaignsanddebates.Manypeoplelineupto-27-,supportonecandidateoranotherandwon’tlistentoanyfactspresentedbytheopposingcandidate.Allthosewithanopenmindsayisthis:“Idon’tknoweverything,soI’dbetterkeepmymind,eyes,andearsopentoanynewfactsthatmaycomealong.”Theworldwouldbeamuchbetterandsaferplaceifeveryonehadthisattitude.1.WhichofthefollowingbroughtaboutthedisastrouslaunchoftheChallenger?A.ItscrewB.TheengineersC.Thefueltanks’sealsD.Thesizeofitsrocket2.WhentheengineersappealedtostopthelaunchoftheChallenger,thegovernmentofficials___________.A.postponedtheflightatonce.B.madejudgmentsaboutthecomplextechnicalproblems.C.announcedthenewsonnationaltelevision.D.orderedtolaunchtheChallengerasscheduled.3.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.TheColumbiadisasterwasimpossibletoforesee.B.EngineersweretoblamefortheColumbia’sexplosion.C.TheColumbiadisastercouldhavebeenavoided.D.TheColumbiawasdeliberatelydamaged.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“stickingtoyourguns”inParagraph4mean?A.Holdingfirmtoyourownopinion.B.Remainingandfiringyourgunatenemies.C.Strengtheningyourstatus.D.Keepinganopenmind.5.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toinformreadersaboutwhatanopenmindis.B.Toentertainreaderswithtwostoriesoftragediesinspace.C.Topersuadereaderstokeepanopenmind.D.TocriticizewhatNASAofficialshaddoneinaerospacehistory.6.Howdoestheauthorsupporttheargumentofthepassage?-27-,A.Bystatingarguments.B.Bygivingexamples.C.Byexplainingstatisticaldata.D.Byprovidingresearchresult.【答案】CDCACB【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述的是封闭的人，不考虑任何矛盾的事实，坚决地、严守秘密地按照计划行事，全速前进。文中用1986年“挑战者”号航天飞机遇难以及2003年，哥伦比亚号航天飞机在重返地球大气层时解体来说明这种观点带来的严重后果，并呼吁人们大家对任何可能出现的新事实持开放的态度，如果每个人都有这样的态度，世界将会变得更加美好和安全。1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“ Theyexplainedthatsomeofthesealsonthefueltankswerenotdesignedtowithstandsuchlowtemperaturesandmightleakunderpressure,thusendangeringthecraftandcrew.”他们解释说，燃料箱上的一些密封装置不能承受如此低的温度，在压力下可能会泄漏，从而危及飞船和船员。可知是油箱密封造成了挑战者号的灾难。故选C。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Asaresult,withtheirmindsabsolutelyclosedtothefactspresentedbytheengineers,NASAofficialsorderedtheChallengertotakeoff.Seventy-threesecondslater,thespacecraftwasenvelopedinflame.”结果，NASA的官员们完全不考虑工程师们提供的事实，命令挑战者号起飞。73秒后，宇宙飞船被火焰包围。可知是政府官员命令挑战者号如期发射。故选D项。3.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Incredibly,seventeenyearslater,thelessonoftheChallengerdisasterwasrepeated. ”令人难以置信的是，17年后，挑战者号灾难的教训再次出现。和本段的“Lower-levelengineersatNASAbeggedforphotographsoftheColumbiainorbit,whichmighthaveshowntheextentofthedamage,buttheirclosed-mindedsuperiorsignoredtheirrequests.Itwasthedamagecausedbythe1.7poundchunkofinsulationthatdoomedtheColumbia.”NASA的低层工程师们要求获得哥伦比亚号在轨道上的照片，这样可以显示损坏的程度，但他们头脑封闭的上级忽略了他们的要求。正是这块1.7磅重的绝缘材料造成的损坏导致了哥伦比亚号的失事。可知同样是头脑封闭的上级忽略了低层工程师的要求，即如果上级对任何可能出现的新事实持开放的态度，本次事故本可以避免。故选C项。4.词义猜测题。根据文章第一段“whenthecoursetakenshowsallthesignsofbeingthewrongone.”当所采取的路线显示出所有错误的迹象时；以及上句“Thereisnovirtuein-27-,ignoringcontradictoryfacts ”忽视相互矛盾的事实是没有好处的，划线部分和本句由and并列，故应和“忽视相互矛盾的事实”意义相近，故A项（固执己见）符合题意，故选A项。5.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Allthosewithanopenmindsayisthis:“Idon’tknoweverything,soI’dbetterkeepmymind,eyes,andearsopentoanynewfactsthatmaycomealong.”Theworldwouldbeamuchbetterandsaferplaceifeveryonehadthisattitude.”所有心态开放的人都会说：我不是什么都知道，所以我最好保持我的头脑，眼睛和耳朵开放，以接受任何可能出现的新事实。如果每个人都有这样的态度，世界将会变得更加美好和安全。故文章主要是说服读者要保持开放的心态。故选C项。6.推理判断题。通读文章第一段“Asanillustration,considerthesituationin1986,priortothespaceshuttleChallenger’sdisastrouslaunchthatkilledallsevenastronautsaboard,therewasaheatedtelephonedebatebetweentwoengineersfromthecompanythatproducedtheshuttleboosterrocketsandthetopofficialsofNASA(thefederalgovernmentsspaceagency).”作为一个例子,考虑这种情况，1986年代“挑战者”号航天飞机发射前,机上七名宇航员全部遇难,有两个工程师之间的争论激烈的电话产生助推火箭和航天飞机的公司的高层官员NASA(联邦政府年代航天局)。以及文章的第三段“Incredibly,seventeenyearslater,thelessonoftheChallengerdisasterwasrepeated.In2003,thespaceshuttleColumbiabrokeapartwhilere-enteringtheearthsatmosphere,killinganothercrewofseven.”令人难以置信的是，17年后，挑战者号灾难的教训再次出现。2003年，哥伦比亚号航天飞机在重返地球大气层时解体，造成另外7名机组人员死亡。可知文章是通过举例支持文章的论点。故选B项。（2021·和平区三模·阅读理解B篇）Recently,Iwastalkingwithafriendofmineaboutamutual(有相同关系的)friendofours."IwishIcouldbelikeJenny.Shealwaysseemssohappy.I'mmotjoking;Ihonestlythinkshehastheperfectlife,"saidmyfriend.IfyouweretolookattheInstagramaccountofJenny,youwouldindeedseewhatlooksliketheperfectlife.However,despitetheenviablecontentofherInstagram,Ilearnedthroughconversationswiththisgirlthatitwas.allcarefullyhandled.Everythingwasput-27-,togethertomaintainthepublicimagethatshewasahappy-go-lucky,carefree(无忧无虑的)girl.Whenshewassadorupset,therewasnoindicationoftheseemotionsonherInstagram.Infact,weallchooseouronlinemediapresence.LookthroughyourInstagram—Ibetthatyoudon'tpostpictureswhereyoudon'tfeelcamera-ready.OnInstagram,wealwaysshowour“goodside”.Thinkaboutit.Wouldyouratherpost“ItriedsohardbutIendedupfailingmytest55or“Itreatedmyselftoahotcoffeeafterstudyinghardallweek”?Weallwanttopresentthebestpartsofourlives,toshowwhat'sgoingwell,andwhatwe'reproudof.Wetakephotosofthenicethingsweown,orofanysortsofeventsconsidered“special”,suchasinvite-onlyorformalparties.Wepostphotosofthegoodtimesratherthanthebadtimes.Nomatterwhathappens,wetrytomakeouronlineimageperfect.There'sabsolutelynothingwrongwithmakingyouronlinepresenceperfect-everyone'doesitinsomewayoranother.However,whenitcomestofeelingenviousofsomeoneelse'sInstagramposts,rememberthatjustlikeyou,they'reshowingtheirgoodside.1.What'sJenny'slifelikeindeed?A.Herlifeisalwaysfullofsadness.B.Herlifeisboringandmeaningless.C.Shelivesaperfectandmeaningfullife.D.Shelivesanordinarylifejustlikeothers'.2.Whatdoestheauthorconsidercommon?A.Thatpeoplelovereadingpostsonline.B.Thatpeoplehidetheirbadsideonline.C.Thatpeoplewanttopleaseothersonline.D.Thatpeopledreamoflivingaperfectlife.3.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Weshouldstopreadingonlinestories.B.Weshouldalwaysshowourgoodside.-27-,C.Weshouldn'tperfectouronlineimage.D.Weshouldn'tenvyothers'onlinepresence.4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthemake-upperfectlifeonline?A.Thereisnothingwrongtocheatpeopleonline.B.Showinggoodsideonlineisquitevitalindailylife.C.Itisrathernaturalforpeopletomakeperfectonlinepresence.D.Feelingenviousofsomeone\perfectlifeonlineshouldbeencouraged.5.Whereisthetextmastprobablytakenfrom?A.Aprofessor'sspeech.B.Asurveyofpeople'slife.C.Apersonalonlineaccount.D.Anentertainmentmagazine.【答案】DBDCB【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了当今大家的朋友圈都只发自己好的一面，人们没必要羡慕别人朋友圈的生活，因为这些朋友圈都是刻意完美化的。1.推理判断题。根据第三段中“However,despitetheperfectcontentofherWechat，Ilearnedthroughaconversationwiththisgirlthatitwasallcarefullyhandled.(然而，尽管她的朋友圈很完美，但我通过与这个女孩的交谈得知，这一切都是经过精心效处理的)”以及“Whenshewassadorupset,therewasnoindicationoftheseemotionsonherInstagram.(当她伤心或难过时，她的Instagram没有这些情绪的证据)”可知，Jenny真实生活里有喜也有悲，是平平淡淡普通的生活。故选D。2.细节理解题。根据第四段中“LookthroughyourInstagram—Ibetthatyoudon'tpostpictureswhereyoudon'tfeelcamera-ready.OnInstagram,wealwaysshowour“goodside”.(看看你的Instagram——我打赌你不会在感觉不适合拍照的地方发照片。在Instagram上，我们总是展示我们“好的一面”)”可知，作者认为人们在网上都把自己糟糕的一面隐藏了。故选B。3.细节理解题。根据最后—段中“However,whenitcomestofeelingenviousofsomeoneelse'sInstagramposts,rememberthatjustlikeyou,they'reshowingtheirgoodside.(但是当要羡慕别人的Instagram时，请记住，就像你—样，他们也只表现出了自己的好—面)”可知，作者认为我们没必要羡慕别人在网上表现出来的样子。故选D。4.细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“There'sabsolutelynothingwrongwithmakingyouronlinepresenceperfect-everyone'doesitinsomewayor-27-,another(让你的网络形象完美绝对没有错，每个人都会以某种方式做到这一点).”可知，作者认为在网上表现完美是没有错的，是自然的。故选C。5.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Weallwanttopresentthebestpartsofourlives,toshowwhat'sgoingwell,andwhatwe'reproudof.(我们每个人都想表现出生命中最美好的时光，展示我们引以为傲的事物)”及最后一段中“However,whenitcomestofeelingenviousofsomeoneelse'sInstagramposts,rememberthatjustlikeyou,they'reshowingtheirgoodside.(但是当要羡慕别人的Instagram时，请记住，就像你—样，他们也只表现出了自己的好—面)”并结合全文理解可知，这篇文章主要论述了当今大家的朋友圈都只发自己好的一面，人们没必要羡慕别人朋友圈的生活，因为这些朋友圈都是刻意完美化的。因此这篇文章最有可能是从关于人们生活的调查中取材的。故选B。（2021·和平区三模·阅读理解D篇）Lastweek,myyoungerbrothervisitedmeforfivedays,ToensureIcouldspendasmuchtimewithhimaspossible,Iworkedextrahardduringtheweekendbeforehearrived.ItamazedmehowmuchIcouldaccomplishwhenIhadastrongmotivationtobeefficientDuringtheweek,Iputinacoupleofhoursinthemorningstohandlepressingissuesandthenspenttheafternoonsandeveningsgoingoutwithhim.Onceagain,IwassurprisedtorealizejusthowmuchfreetimewasavailabletomeifIconsciouslychosetobemoreeffectivewhileworking.ThismademethinkofParkinson'sLaw:Workexpandstofillthetimeavailableforitscompletion.IrealizedthenthatI'dgivenmyselfmoretimethannecessaryforwork,andasaresult,Iendedupspendinglotoftoeprocrastinating（拖延）andentertainingmyselfonline.Howmightthingschangeforme,Iwondered,itIchosetocommittomoresocialandrecreational（休闲娱乐）activities,madethempriorities(优先事项）andwasmotivatedtofinishworkquicker?Irealizenoteveryonehasflexibilityintheirworkschedules,but1believewecouldallcreatemoretimeforourselvesifweweremotivatedtocutoutthechoicesthatdon'tmatchourstrongestdesiresandintentions.MaybeIt'szoningoutinfront-27-,oftheTVorsearchingtheweb.Ifthere'sonethingthat'sconsumedmytimethemost,it'sresearchinghowIactuallywanttospendit.IbelievewhatEnglishmusicianJohnLennonsaidistrue:Timethatyouenjoyedwastingwasnotwasted.Idon'tthinkthere'sanythingwrongwithusingtechnologyifWe'veconsciouslychosentodoit.However,weoweittoourselvestogetoutintheworldandexploredifferentpossibilities-tobeplayfulcurious,engagedandjusttobe.Perhapsitwouldbeeasiertodothatifweaskedourselves:HowcanIbemoreeffective?CanIminimizewhatIamcurrentlydoing?HowcanIstartusingthetimeI'vecreatedinawaythatwillexciteandinspireme?1.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenshefinishedherworkinadvance?A.Guilty.B.Exhausted.C.Stressed.D.Surprised.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inparagraph2referto?A.Thechangeinherworkefficiency.B.Waysofdealingwithpressingissues.C.HerworkingmotivationtobedifferentD.Thetimespentwithheryoungerbrother.3.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodotomakemoretimeforourselves?A.Committomorepersonalactivities.B.Getyourprioritiesrightwithyourwork.C.Createatightworkscheduleforourselves.D.Ddn’twastetimeontechnologyforanyreason.4Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthisarticle?A.ToexplainwhatParkinson'sLawis.B.Toreflectonbettertimemanagement.C.Tointroducehowtobalanceworkandlife.D.Toshowtheimportanceofaccompanyingfamilymembers.5.Whichofthefollowingisbesttitleforthetext?-27-,A.CreatingMoreTime.B.LivingLifetotheFullestC.SkillsforDoingWorkEffectivelyD.RelationshipInfluencesWorkPerformance【答案】DABBC【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文中作者结合自身经历，意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，从而引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。1.细节理解题。根据第二段“ItamazedmehowmuchIcouldaccomplishwhenIhadastrongmotivationtobeefficient.(当我有强烈的动力去提高效率的时候，我能完成那么多的事情让我感到惊讶)”以及“Onceagain,IwassurprisedtorealizejusthowmuchfreetimewasavailabletomeifIconsciouslychosetobemoreeffectivewhileworking.(我再一次惊讶地意识到，如果我有意识地选择在工作时更有效率，那我能有更多空闲时间)”可知，作者对于自己能在更短的时间内完成工作感到惊奇，故选D。2.词句猜测题。上文“Onceagain,IwassurprisedtorealizejusthowmuchfreetimewasavailabletomeifIconsciouslychosetobemoreeffectivewhileworking.”说明，我再一次惊讶地意识到，如果我有意识地选择在工作时更有效率，那我能有更多空闲时间，this指代上文提到的事情，结合划线句“ThismademethinkofParkinson'sLaw:Workexpandstofillthetimeavailableforitscompletion.((这让我想到了帕金森氏定律：工作的扩展是为了填满完成工作所需的时间))”可推断，作者工作效率的变化让她想到了帕金森定律。this指代“工作效率的改变”，故选A。3.细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中“Irealizenoteveryonehasflexibleworkschedules,butIbelievewecouldallcreatemoretimeforourselvesifweweremotivatedtocutoutthechoicesthatdon'tmatchourstrongestdesiresandintentions.(我知道不是每个人都有灵活的工作时间，但我相信，如果我们有动力放弃那些不符合我们最强烈愿望和意图的选择，我们都可以为自己创造更多的时间)”可知，作者建议我们专注于最重要的任务，忽略不重要的事情，来为自己腾出更多的时间。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Perhapsitwouldbeeasiertodothatifweaskedourselves:HowcanIbemoreeffective?CanIminimizewhatIamcurrentlydoing?HowcanIstartusingthetimeI'vecreatedinawaythatwillexciteandinspire-27-,me?(也许，如果我们扪心自问：我怎样才能更有效率？我能把我正在做的事情最小化吗？我怎样开始利用我所创造的时间，让我感到兴奋和鼓舞？)”结合文中作者结合自身经历，意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，从而引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。可推知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是反思更好的时间管理。故选B。5.主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段的“IbelievewhatEnglishmusicianJohnLennonsaidistrue:Timethatyouenjoyedwastingwasnotwasted.(我相信英国音乐家约翰·列农说的是真的：你喜欢浪费的时间并没有浪费)”以及最后一段的“Perhapsitwouldbeeasiertodothatifweaskedourselves:HowcanIbemoreeffective?CanIminimizewhatIamcurrentlydoing?HowcanIstartusingthetimeI'vecreatedinawaythatwillexciteandinspireme?(也许，如果我们扪心自问：我怎样才能更有效率？我能把我正在做的事情最小化吗？我怎样开始利用我所创造的时间，让我感到兴奋和鼓舞？)”结合文章讲述的作者的自身经历，可知，文章主要讲述了作者意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，这引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。因此推断C项“SkillsforDoingWorkEffectively（有效地开展工作的技能）”为最佳标题。故选C。（2021·北大附中三模·阅读理解D篇）In1953,whenvisitinghisdaughter’smathsclass,theHarvardpsychologistB.F.Skinnerfoundeverypupillearningthesametopicinthesamewayatthesamespeed.Later,hebuilthisfirst“teachingmachine”,whichletchildrentacklequestionsattheirownpace.Sincethen,educationtechnology(edtech)hasrepeatedthecycleofhypeandflop(炒作和失败),evenascomputershavereshapedalmosteveryotherpartoflife.Softwaresto“personalize”learningcanhelphundredsofmillionsofchildrenstuckinmiserableclasses—butonlyifedtechsupporterscanresistthetemptationtoreviveharmfulideasabouthowchildrenlearn.Alternativeshavesofarfailedtoteachsomanychildrenasefficientlyastheconventionalmodelofschooling,whereclassrooms,hierarchicalyear-groups,standardizedcurriculumsandfixedtimetablesarestillthetypicalpatternformostoftheworld’snearly1.5billionschoolchildren.Underthispattern,toomanydonotreachtheirpotential.That-27-,conditionremainedalmostunchangedoverthepast15years,thoughbillionshavebeenspentonITinschoolsduringthatperiod.Whatreallymattersthen?Theanswerishowedtechisused.Onewayitcanhelpisthroughtailor-madeinstruction.Reformersthinkedtechcanputindividualattentionwithinreachofallpupils.Theotherwayedtechcanaidlearningisbymakingschoolsmoreproductive.InCaliforniaschools,insteadoftextbooks,pupilshave“playlists”,whichtheyusetoaccessonlinelessonsandtaketests.Thesoftwareassesseschildren’sprogress,lighteningteachers’markingloadandallowingthemtofocusonothertasks.Astudysuggestedthatchildreninearlyadoptersofthismodelscorebetterinteststhantheirpeersatotherschools.Suchinnovationiswelcome.Butmakingthebestofedtechmeansgettingseveralthingsright.First,“personalizedlearning”mustfollowtheevidenceonhowchildrenlearn.Itmustnotbeanexcusetorevivepseudoscientificideassuchas“learningstyles”:thetheorythateachchildhasaparticularwayoftakingininformation.Thistheorygaverisetogovernment-sponsoredschemeslikeBrainGym,whichclaimedthatsomepupilsshouldstretchorbendwhiledoingsums.Alessconsequentialfalsehoodisthattechnologymeanschildrendonotneedtolearnfactsorlearnfromateacher—insteadtheycanjustuseGoogle.Someeducationalistsgofurther,arguingthatfactsgetinthewayofskillssuchascreativity.Actually,theoppositeistrue.Accordingtostudies,mosteffectivewaysofboostinglearningnearlyallreliedonthecraftofateacher.Second,edtechmustnarrow,ratherthanwiden,inequalitiesineducation.Heretherearegroundsforoptimism.SomeofthepioneeringschoolsareprivateonesinSiliconValley.Butmanymorearerunbycharter-schoolgroupsteachingmostlypoorpupils,wherelaggards(成绩落后者)makethemostprogressrelativetotheirpeersinnormalclasses.AsimilarpatterncanbeobservedoutsideAmerica.Third,thepotentialforedtechwillberealizedonlyifteachersembraceit.Theyarerighttoaskforevidencethatproductswork.Butskepticismshouldnotturnintoirrationalopposition.Givenwhatedtechpromisestoday,closed-mindednesshasnoplaceintheclassroom.-27-,1.Accordingtothepassage,educationtechnologycan________.A.decreaseteachers’workingloadB.facilitatepersonalizedlearningChelpstandardizecurriculumsD.belovedbyschoolchildren2.WhichexamplebestarguesagainsttheunderlinedsentenceinPara.4?A.Thestudentswhoarebetteratmemorizationtendtobelesscreative.B.Schoolswithbansonphoneshavebetterresultsthanhigh-techones.C.Shakespearewastrainedingrammarbuthepennedmanygreatplays.D.LuXun’screativitywasunlockedafterhegaveupstudyingmedicine.3.Theauthorbelievesthatedtechfunctionswellonlywhenitis________.A.attheserviceofteachingB.limitedinuseamongpupilsC.aimedatnarrowingthewealthgapD.inlinewithstudents’learningstyles4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tostresstheimportanceofedtech.B.Tointroducetheapplicationofedtech.C.Todiscusshowtogetthebestoutofedtech.D.Toappealformoreopen-mindednesstoedtech.【答案】BCCC【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了“个性化”学习软件可以帮助数以亿计陷入悲惨课堂的孩子，但如何使用edtech（教育科技）是个问题，文章就如何充分利用edtech展开了讨论。1.细节理解题。由第一段中的“Later,hebuilthisfirst“teachingmachine”,whichletchildrentacklequestionsattheirownpace.(后来，他建造了第一台“教学机器”，让孩子们按照自己的节奏解决问题。)”和第二段中的“Softwaresto“personalize”learningcanhelphundredsofmillionsofchildrenstuckinmiserableclasses—butonlyifedtechsupporterscanresistthetemptationtoreviveharmfulideasabouthowchildrenlearn.-27-,(“个性化”学习软件可以帮助数以亿计陷入悲惨课堂的孩子，但前提是edtech的支持者能够抵制住重新唤起关于孩子如何学习的有害想法的诱惑。)”可知，教育技术（edtech）可以让孩子们按照自己的节奏解决问题，促进个性化学习。故选B项。2.推理判断题。由第四段中的“Alessconsequentialfalsehoodisthattechnologymeanschildrendonotneedtolearnfactsorlearnfromateacher—insteadtheycanjustuseGoogle.Someeducationalistsgofurther,arguingthatfactsgetinthewayofskillssuchascreativity.Actually,theoppositeistrue.Accordingtostudies,mosteffectivewaysofboostinglearningnearlyallreliedonthecraftofateacher.(一个不那么重要的谬误是，科技意味着孩子们不需要学习事实或向老师学习，相反，他们可以直接使用谷歌。一些教育家更进一步，认为事实妨碍了诸如创造力之类的技能。事实上，恰恰相反。根据研究，促进学习的最有效方法几乎都依赖于教师的技能。)”可知，一些教育家认为学习事实或向老师学习会妨碍创造力，但研究表明，学习事实或向老师学习技能有助于促进学习，C项“莎士比亚受过语法训练，但他写了许多伟大的戏剧”体现了事实技能学习并不会妨碍创造力。故选C项。3.细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“Second,edtechmustnarrow,ratherthanwiden,inequalitiesineducation.Heretherearegroundsforoptimism.SomeofthepioneeringschoolsareprivateonesinSiliconValley.Butmanymorearerunbycharter-schoolgroupsteachingmostlypoorpupils,wherelaggards(成绩落后者)makethemostprogressrelativetotheirpeersinnormalclasses.(其次，edtech必须缩小而不是扩大教育不平等。这里有乐观的理由。一些开创性的学校是硅谷的私立学校。但更多的学校是由特许学校组织的，主要教授贫困学生，在这些学校里，相对于普通班的同龄人，落后学生取得的进步最大。)”可知，有贵族式私立学校，也有教授贫困学生的普通学校，因此作者认为edtech要有用，就需要edtech缩小教育上的贫富差距。故选C项。4.主旨大意题。第一段用哈佛心理学家B.F.Skinner的故事引入“教育技术（edtech）”，第二段讲“教育技术（edtech）能促进个性化学习，但效果不如传统的学校教育模式那样有效地教育那么多的儿童”，第三段讲“如何使用edtech的方法——通过量身定做的指导学习”，第四段讲“如何充分利用edtech——第一、个性化学习必须遵循儿童如何学习的证据”，第五段讲“如何充分利用edtech——第二、缩小教育上的贫富差距”，最后一段讲“如何充分利用edtech——只有教师接受教育技术，教育技术的潜力才能实现”，可知文章主要就edtech展开讨论，讨论了如何充分利用edtech。故选C项。-27-
