专题07阅读理解说明文、议论文一、2022年高考真题1.（2022年全国甲卷）Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstepaccordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee.B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?\nA.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters体裁：说明文主题：人与自然——自然生态——生物与人的智力对比【字数】237+130【语篇导读】通过实验发现，澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉的形状识别能力相当于两岁的人类幼儿。24.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.(研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。25.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。26.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。27.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。\n1.（2022年全国甲卷）Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口号),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解决).”Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C.ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.D.Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat.B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.\nC.Hepilotscatamaranswell.D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.Itislosingitstraditions.B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.【语篇导读】文章介绍了不同身份的人们对于悉尼发展过程中现代化与传统文化之间冲突的看法。32.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.(20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口)”以及“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.(但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。33.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotSydneyferryboatsforaliving.(安德鲁-雷诺兹（AndrewReynolds）是一个30岁出头的开朗小伙子，以驾驶悉尼渡船为生。)”、第三段“I’llmisstheseoldboats.(我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.(双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员AndrewReynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。34.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.(该市的官方历史学家雪莉-菲茨杰拉德（ShirleyFitzgerald）告诉我，在20世纪70年代急于实现现代化的过程中，悉尼将其大部分的过去扫地出门，包括其许多最好的建筑。)”可推知，ShirleyFitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。35【答案】A\n【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.(另一方面，同时年轻和年老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一个叫安东尼的有思想的年轻商人时，我考虑了这个问题。)”以及最后一段“Heisright(他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。3.（2022年全国乙卷）Canasmallgroupofdrones（无人机）guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's"eyesinthesky"technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure（基础设施）worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient（高效）acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.28.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones'abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones'reliableperformanceinremote\nareas.29.Whatdoes"maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.30.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A.Toprovideearlywarning.B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D.Toacceleratetransportation.31.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways【语篇导读】本文主要介绍无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性。【答案及解析】28.A【解析】细节理解题。本题询问Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?是什么让无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能？根据题干中的关键词theapplicationofdronestoraillines可还原到第二段Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线和铁路基础设施的其它重要方面，如铁轨的正确位置和换乘点可知，无人机已经被用于检查高压电线使无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能，故选A。29.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.据计算，仅欧洲铁路每年就花费约200亿欧元用于维护，包括派遣维护人员，经常在夜间检查和维修铁路基础设施。可知画线句子意为：这包括巨大的维护成本节约和更好地保护铁路人员的安全，故选C。30.A【解析】细节理解题。本题询问Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?铁路无人机被预想有什么功能？根据题干中的关键词areexpeced可找到第四段Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,\nandprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.工程师们现在正在研究一个新概念：未来的铁路无人机。它们将在火车前方的轨道上移动，并被编程能够自动运行。带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机，在火车前面行驶，可以像副驾驶一样引导火车.由于他们能够看到前方，他们可以预示出任何问题。可知，故选A。干扰项分析本试题误选答案为B。考生会根据段中“Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.”选择B项，理解句子可知能够自动运行的是无人机二不是火车。31.D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一句Canasmallgroupofdrones（无人机）guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?一小群无人机能否保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，同时帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？点名主旨，可知本文主要介绍无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来，故选D。4.（2022年全国乙卷）TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake£520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate£240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.\nHowever,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.32.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A.Tocollectmoneyforschools.B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren'shealth.D.Toencourageresearchineducation.33.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction.D.Theyreducedtheirproducts'sugarcontent.34.Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks.B.Milk-baseddrinks.C.Fruitjuices.D.ClassicCoke.35.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-sighteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D.Itupsetscustomers.【语篇导读】本文主要介绍糖税的产生，在一些国家生效，以及它所带来的正面影响。【答案及解析】32.C【解析】细节理解题。本题询问Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?为什么要实行糖税？根据第二段FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.：该税种于2016年4月首次公布，适用于每100毫升含糖量超过5克的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖症可知，A项为学校募集资金为正确。B项意为：为了提高饮料的质量。C项意为：为了保护儿童的健康。D项意为：为了鼓励教育方面的研究。故选A。33.D【解析】细节理解题。本题询问Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?一些饮料公司是如何应对糖税的？根据第四段Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldin\nshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.在这之前，商店里销售的软饮料有一半以上被制造商降低了糖分，这样他们就可以避免交税。A项意为：他们转向海外市场。B项意为：他们提高了他们产品的价格。C项意为：他们削减了生产。D项意为：他们减少了产品的含糖量。可知，A项符合题意。故选A。34.D【解析】细节理解题。本题询问Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?糖税是从以下哪项中征收的？根据五段Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.果汁、奶类饮料和大多数酒精饮料免征糖税，每年生产少于100万升的小公司也是如此。可知，糖税是从大多数酒精饮料中征收的,故选D。35.B【解析】推理判断题。本题询问Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?关于采用糖税政策可以推断出什么？根据最后一段Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.据一位政府官员说，今天的数字显示了糖税的积极影响，它为体育设施和学校的健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑。帮助下一代拥有一个健康和活跃的童年是非常重要的，而这个行业正在发挥其作用。可推断它是一个成功的例子，A项意为：这是一个目光短浅的决定。C项意为：它使制造商受益。D项意为：它使顾客不高兴。故选B。3.(2022年全国高考新高考I卷)Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuch\nsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【语篇导读】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在从\n世界上一半的语言中出现了新的语音。第六段：这项研究推翻了普遍的观点---所有的人类语音在大约30万年前人类进化时就已经存在。32.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词DamianBlasi,定位到文章第二段最后一句NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（现在，由瑞士苏黎世大学的达米安·布拉西领导的一个研究小组已经发现了这种趋势是如何以及为什么会出现的），根据文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.（30多年前，学者CharlesHockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。33.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词“ancienthumanadults”定位到第三段。根据“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。选项中的“Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured”是原文的“theupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned”以及“Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure”的同义转换。故选C项。34.【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。\n35.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词“StevenMoran”定位到文章最后一段。根据““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小组成员StevenMoran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。选项中的“complexanddynamicsystem”是原文中的“ratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthings”的同义转换。故选C项。二、2022届模拟题Passage1（2022·河南·模拟预测）TheUSspaceagencyNASAhasrevealedanastonishingpicturerevealingnewsecretsoftheEarth’shomegalaxy(星系),theMilkyWay.Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,a“noisy”areabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.Lightfromthisregiontakesabout26,000yearstoreachEarth.Forcomparison,lighttakesjusteightminutestoreachusfromthesun.Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.Mostofthedatacomesfrom370differentpicturestakenoverthepast20yearsbyNASA’sChandraXObservatory.ThissatellitetelescopedetectsX-raysoutinspace.X-raysareafromofradiationthatissentoutwhenviolenteventsheatmattertotemperaturesofmillionsofdegrees.OtherdatacomesfromtheMeerKATtelescopeinSouthAfrica,whichcandetectradiowavesfromspace.ThesewaveshavemuchlessenergythanX-rays.Theyareusuallyproducedbycoolermaterial,suchashugecloudsofgasbetweenthestars.Thebrightestsourcesincludeneutronstarswhicharethecoresofhugestarsthatranoutoffuelandcollapsedtocity-sizedballsofsuperhotmatter.Manyneutronstarsandblackholesjetoutgases\nthatappearinthepictureaspurplestreaks(斑纹).Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribed“aviolentorenergeticecosystem”.1．WhatcanbelearnedabouttheMilkyWay?A．Thecenterofitremainsunknown.B．Thesunisn’tlocatedinthecenterofit.C．Itscenterisverypeaceful.D．Itscenterfeaturesfewerstars.2．What’sparagraph2mainlyabout?A．Thecollectionofspacedata.B．ThefunctionoftheMeerKATtelescope.C．Thedifferencesofspacewaves.D．Theformationofthenewimage.3．Whatcanweknowaboutthegasesjettedoutbytheblackhole?A．Theywillabsorbsurroundingmaterials.B．Theywillformsuperbigmatter.C．Theygetbentifawayfromtheirsource.D．Theyarelikelytoexplodewhensuperheated.4．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．Ourgalaxy’sviolentheartB．AnattempttotravelinouterspaceC．RadiowavesfromouterspaceD．Stars’purplestreaks【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了关于银河系中心不为人知的一些情况。1．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,anoisyareabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.(太阳只是构成银河系巨大形状的数千亿颗恒星中的一颗。我们的太阳系位于一个偏远的区域，但新图像聚焦在银河系的中心，一个嘈杂的区域，因为所有的恒星都很拥挤)”可知，整个太阳系都不在银河系中心，即太阳也不在银河系中心。故选B项。2．【答案】D\n【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.(研究人员使用了两台望远镜收集的数据，它们观察天空的方式与我们肉眼看到的可见光非常不同，从而形成了新的图像)”及过程描述可知，第二段主要讲述了银河系的新照片的形成。故选D项。3．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.(该区域的强大磁场会导致射流在远离源头时发生弯曲)”可知，黑洞喷出的气体如果远离其源头就会发生弯曲。故选C项。4．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。由文章最后一段“AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribedaviolentorenergeticecosystem.(天文学家丹尼尔·王博士过去一年一直在研究这幅图像，他说，这幅新图像描述了一个激烈或充满活力的生态系统)”可知，整篇文章围绕这幅新图像展开，描述了银河系的中心是激烈或充满活力的。由此可知，Ourgalaxy’sviolentheart(我们星系狂暴的心脏)适合作本文最佳标题。故选A项。Passage2（2022·吉林长春·模拟预测）Haveahardtimewakingupwhenit’scoldout?Scientistssayyourbrainistoblame.AstudyconductedbyscientistsfromNorthwesternUniversitymadeitpossibletooffersomeexplanationsforthisphenomenon.Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.Ithelpsexplainswhy,forbothfliesandhumans,itissohardtowakeupinthemorninginwinter.“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep,”saidMarcoGallio,associateprofessorofneurobiologyintheWeinbergCollegeofArtsandSciences.Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C．Havingrecognizedthoseneurons,theresearchersfollowedthemallthewaytotheirtargetswithinthebrain.Theyfoundtheirtargetsareasmallgroupofbrainneuronsthatarepartofalargernetworkthatcontrolsrhythmsof\nactivityandsleep.Whentheneuronstheydiscoveredareactive,thetargetcells,whichnormallyaremadeactivebymorninglight,areshutdown.“Temperaturesensingisoneofthemostfundamentalabilities,”saidGallio,whosegroupisoneofonlyafewintheworldthataresystematicallystudyingtemperaturesensinginfruitflies.“Theprincipleswearefindingintheflybrain,thelogicandorganization,maybethesameallthewaytohumans.Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.”5．Whyisithardforfliestowakeupincoldmornings?A．Coldconditionsdisabletheantennasofflies.B．Flicshavefewerneuronsinthebrainthanhumans.C．Coldnessstopsflies’neuronsfromfunctioningwell.D．Flies’neuronscontrollingwakefulnessaredamaged.6．Whatdoweknowaboutthestudy?A．Itfocusesmainlyonhowflybrainswork.B．Ithelpsexplainhowtemperatureaffectssleep.C．Itaimsatsolvinghumans’sleepingproblems.D．Itshowsthesimilaritiesbetweenflybrainsandhumanbrains.7．Whichpartofafruitflywillbemadeactivewhenitiscold?A．Itsantenna.B．Itstargetcells.C．Its“absolutecold”receptors.D．Itsnetworkcontrollingsleep.8．What’sGallio’sattitudetowardsthepracticalvalueofthefindings?A．Positive.B．Doubtful.C．Ambiguous.D．Disappointed.【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项有关温度影响睡眠的研究。5．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.(他们对果蝇的研究表明，季节性寒冷和黑暗的环境会阻止果蝇大脑中促进活动和清醒的神经元发出信号，尤其是在早上)”可知，果蝇在寒冷的早晨很难醒来因为寒冷阻止果蝇神经元正常工作。故选C。6．【答案】B\n【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep(通过研究果蝇的行为，我们可以更好地理解温度如何以及为什么对调节睡眠如此重要)”可知，这项研究有助于解释温度如何影响睡眠。故选B。7．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C.(该研究首次描述了果蝇触角上的“绝对低温”接收器，这种受体只对低于果蝇“舒适区”（约25°C）的温度做出反应)”可知，果蝇的“绝对低温”接收器在寒冷时会活跃起来。故选C。8．【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.(未来对人脑的研究一定会在本研究中找到一些参考信息)”可推知，Gallio对这项研究的实用价值持积极态度。故选A。Passage3（2022·吉林长春·模拟预测）NewYork-basedEcovativehasbeencreatingenvironmentallyfriendlypackagingmadefrommushroomsandagriculturalwastesince2009.Now,thecompanywantstobringtheiramazingmaterialintohomesandofficeswithanewlineofcompostable(可堆肥的)furnishingsthataregrownusingjustthreematerials:mycelium(thevegetativepartofmushrooms),hemp(麻类植物),andsalt.Whilecreatinghardmaterialfrommushroomsmightsoundmagical,thecompany’sCEOEbenBayersaysitisarelativelylow-techprocessandcomparesitto“makingbread”.Thecompanybeginsbyaddingafewmyceliumcellstodamphemporotheragriculturalwaste.Themyceliumthatgrowslikelittlehairsisallowedtotwistwiththewasteuntileverythingis”glued“together.Thecombinationisthenmixedagainandplacedintothedesiredmold(模具)whereitcontinuestogrowandharden.Theresultingmaterialisthenbakedintheoven.Inadditiontomakingitasstrongaswood,theheatalsokillsthemycelium,thusgivingthecompostablematerialasimilarshelflifetowood.Also,thoughthetabletopsofthestylishTaflandKing’stablesreleasedattherecentlyheldBiofabricate2016conferenceinNewYorkCityresemblemarble,theyarefarfromit.TheperfectlycarvedblocksaremadeofamaterialgrownbyaNorthCarolina-basedcompanynamedbioMASON\nusinggrainsofsandsandbacteria.Asyouhaveprobablyguessed,thiswaste-freefurnituredoesnotcomecheap.Customerscanexpecttopayanywherefrom$249USDfortheTaflto$699USDfortheKing’stable,bothofwhichareonlyavailableinlimitedquantities.ThosethatcannotaffordthosepricescanchoosecheaperGIY(growityourself)onesmadeofvariousproductsrangingfromChristmastreedecorationstolampshades.9．WhydidEbencomparemakinghardmaterialstomakingbread?A．Theirrawmaterialsarethesame.B．Theirproductappearancesarealike.C．Theirproductionprocessesaresimple.D．Theirproductioncostsarerelativelylow.10．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．Themethodofmakingmushroomshard.B．Howtomakemushroomfurniturematerials.C．Whatareneededtomakemushroomfurniture.D．Thedifficultiesofmakingmushroomfurniture.11．WhatcanwelearnaboutTaflandKing’stables?A．Theyareinlimitedsupply.B．TheyareofferedinGIYforms.C．Theyconsistmainlyofmarble.D．TheyaredesignedbybioMASON.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheInventionofNewKindsofFurnitureB．TheFirstSaleofFurnitureMadeofMushroomsC．ScientistsFoundNewMaterialtoMakeFurnitureD．FutureFurnitureMayBeGrownfromMushrooms【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Ecovative公司用蘑菇研发制造了一种未来新型环保家具。9．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Whilecreatinghardmaterialfrommushroomsmightsoundmagical,thecompany’sCEOEbenBayersaysitisarelativelylow-techprocessandcomparesitto“makingbread”.(虽然用蘑菇制造硬材料听起来很神奇，但该公司首席执行官EbenBayer表示，这是一种技术含量相对较低的过程，并将其比作“制作面包”)”可知，Eben将制作硬质材料比作制作面包因为他们的生产过程很简单。故选C。10．【答案】B\n【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Themyceliumthatgrowslikelittlehairsisallowedtotwistwiththewasteuntileverythingis”glued“together.Thecombinationisthenmixedagainandplacedintothedesiredmold(模具)whereitcontinuestogrowandharden.Theresultingmaterialisthenbakedintheoven.Inadditiontomakingitasstrongaswood,theheatalsokillsthemycelium,thusgivingthecompostablematerialasimilarshelflifetowood.(菌丝体长得像小茸毛，可以和废料一起扭动，直到所有东西都“粘”在一起。然后将混合物再次混合，放入想要的模具中，继续生长和硬化。然后将得到的材料放入烤箱烘烤。除了使其像木材一样坚固外，高温还会杀死菌丝，从而使这种可降解材料的保质期与木材相似)”可知，第三段主要讲的是如何制作蘑菇家具材料。故选B。11．【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Customerscanexpecttopayanywherefrom$249USDfortheTaflto$699USDfortheKing’stable,bothofwhichareonlyavailableinlimitedquantities.(顾客可以支付249美元的Tafl到699美元的King’stables，这两种都是限量供应的)”可知，Tafl和King’stables供应有限。故选A。12．【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Now,thecompanywantstobringtheiramazingmaterialintohomesandofficeswithanewlineofcompostable(可堆肥的)furnishingsthataregrownusingjustthreematerials:mycelium(thevegetativepartofmushrooms),hemp(麻类植物),andsalt.(现在，该公司希望将他们的神奇材料带入家庭和办公室，他们推出了一种新的可堆肥家具系列，这种家具只使用三种材料生长：菌丝（蘑菇的营养部分）、麻类植物和盐)”结合文章主要介绍了Ecovative公司用蘑菇研发制造了一种未来新型环保家具。可知，D选项“未来的家具可能是从蘑菇中生长出来的”最符合文章标题。故选D。Passage4（2022·河南安阳·模拟预测）Insteadofahumandeliveryman,BeijingresidentXiaoWeireceivedhisonlineorderfordailynecessitiesinlessthan30minutesfromanunmanneddeliveryvehicle.Thefour-wheeledvehiclenamed“magicbag”is1.56metershigh,2.77meterslong,and1.19meterswide.Weighing500kg,itcancarryabout100kgofgoodsatatimeandrunadistanceof100kmonasinglechargewithamaximumtravelingspeedof20kph.AftercustomersplaceordersontheMeituanapp,anintelligentdistributionsystemwillassignorderstothoseautonomousvehicles,whichwillpickupanddelivergoodstopick-upstationsatthe\nfinaldestinations.Customerscancollectthedeliveryfromthestationswithoutanyhumancontactduringthewholeprocess,saidMeituanDianping,China’smajoronlinefooddeliveryplatform.“Icancheckthereal-timerouteofthedriverlessvehicle.Itisfast,convenientandsafeaswell,”saidXiao.“ThisisalsothefirsttimethatMeituanhasusedunmannedvehiclestocompletedeliveryordersonopenroads.”Meanwhile,accordingtoMeituan,dailysalesonitsretailgroceryserviceapphaveincreasedby200to300percentinBeijingcomparedtofiguresfrombeforetheepidemic.Thecatering（餐饮）chainbrandXiaohengDumplingshascooperatedwithanunmannedvehicleenterprisetopilotunmannedvehicledeliveryservicesinBeijing.LiHeng,thefounderofXiaohengDumplings,believesunmanneddeliveryisthefutureoftheindustryasitiscleaner,saferandmoreefficient.“Anunmannedvehiclecandeliver300to400mealsaday,whileadeliverymancanonlydeliverdozensofmeals,”Lisaid.Xiaoheng’sunmannedvehicleshaveaheatpreservationfunction.Anewtypeofvehiclewithafreezingfunctionwillbeintroducedinthefuturetodeliverfrozenfood.MeituanandXiaohengwillcontinuetheunmanneddeliveryserviceinthefuture.Morevarietiesofgoods,includingfood,medicine,anddailynecessities,willbeaddedtosuchdeliveryservices.13．WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Theoriginofdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.B．Theintroductionofdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.C．Thereasonforusingdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.D．Thebackgroundofcreatingdriverlessdeliveryvehicles.14．Whatarecustomersrequiredtodotoplaceorders?A．Contactthefooddeliveryplatform.B．Collectgroceriesatthepick-upstation.C．DownloadaMeituanapp.D．Trackthereal-timerouteofthevehicle.15．WhatisLiHeng’sattitudetowardsunmanneddeliveryvehicles?A．Favorable.B．Suspicious.C．Cautious.D．Indifferent.16．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A．Driverlessvehicleshavebeeninoperationinmanycities.\nB．Moretypesofgoodswillbedeliveredbydriverlessvehicles.C．Driverlessvehiclescanhandgoodstothecustomersdirectly.D．Meituanisexperiencingahugelaborshortageofdelivering.【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了无人驾驶配送车辆帮助顾客快速配送网上订购的商品。13．【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Thefour-wheeledvehiclenamed“magicbag”is1.56metershigh,2.77meterslong,and1.19meterswide.Weighing500kg,itcancarryabout100kgofgoodsatatimeandrunadistanceof100kmonasinglechargewithamaximumtravelingspeedof20kph.(这款名为“魔法袋”的四轮汽车高1.56米，长2.77米，宽1.19米。它重500公斤，一次可携带约100公斤货物，单次充电可跑100公里，最大行驶速度20公里/小时。)”可知，本段主要是无人驾驶运载工具的介绍。故选B。14．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“AftercustomersplaceordersontheMeituanapp,anintelligentdistributionsystemwillassignorderstothoseautonomousvehicles,whichwillpickupanddelivergoodstopick-upstationsatthefinaldestinations.Customerscancollectthedeliveryfromthestationswithoutanyhumancontactduringthewholeprocess,saidMeituanDianping,China’smajoronlinefooddeliveryplatform.(客户在美团app上下单后，智能配送系统会将订单分配给这些自动驾驶车辆，这些车辆会将货物提取并送到最终目的地的取货站。中国主要的在线外卖平台美团点评表示，顾客可以在整个过程中不需要任何人际接触就可以从外卖站取货。)”可知，客户下单后只需要在取货站取货。故选B。15．【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段“LiHeng,thefounderofXiaohengDumplings,believesunmanneddeliveryisthefutureoftheindustryasitiscleaner,saferandmoreefficient.“Anunmannedvehiclecandeliver300to400mealsaday,whileadeliverymancanonlydeliverdozensofmeals,”Lisaid.Xiaoheng’sunmannedvehicleshaveaheatpreservationfunction.Anewtypeofvehiclewithafreezingfunctionwillbeintroducedinthefuturetodeliverfrozenfood.(小恒饺子的创始人李恒认为，无人配送更清洁、更安全、更高效，是该行业的未来。“一辆无人驾驶汽车每天可以送300到400顿饭，而快递员只能送几十顿饭，”李说。“小恒”的无人驾驶汽车具有保温功能。未来将推出一种具有冷冻功能的新型车辆，用于运送冷冻食品。)”可推断，李恒对\n无人运载工具的态度是赞成的。故选A。16．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“MeituanandXiaohengwillcontinuetheunmanneddeliveryserviceinthefuture.Morevarietiesofgoods,includingfood,medicine,anddailynecessities,willbeaddedtosuchdeliveryservices.(美团和小恒未来将继续提供无人送货服务。增加食品、药品、生活必需品等商品的配送品种。)”可知，更多种类的商品将由无人驾驶车辆配送。故选B。Passage（2022·福建厦门·模拟预测）Ourplanetishometomanyradioactivesubstances-notjustinisgeologicinnardsbutalsoinitshospitals,atitsindustrialsitesandinitsfoodprocessingplants.InColorado,forinstance,27buildingshousescary-soundingchemicalelementssuchascesium137andcobalt60.Thesematerialsarenotthereforriskypurposes,though.Theyplayapartincancertreatment,bloodirradiation,medicalandfoodsterilization,structureandequipmenttesting,geologicexploration,etc.Theradioactivematerialisnotalwaysbadinablackand-whiteway:itcanbeausefultool.Theraysgivenoffbycesiumandcobaltcankillgermsmultiplyinginyourmeatandmakeyourappleslastlonger.Radiographicinstrumentscandetect,say,cracksinacity’spipesinasimilarwaytoanx-raypickingupahairlinefractureinyourknee.Apracticecalled“welllogging”usessealedradioactivesourcestomapthegeologyofholesoilseekersdrillintotheearth.Andofcourse,radiationiskeytocancertreatment.Theriskarisesbecausethesameradioactivematerialthatisbeneficialcouldalsobestolenormisplacedandfinditswayintotraffickingringsordirtybombs.Itmightalsobarnworkersifsomethingaccidentallygoeswrongduringanormalnine-to-fiveday.In2017alone,accordingtoareportfromtheJamesMartinCenterforNonproliferationStudies,therewere171“incidentsofnuclearorotherradioactivematerialsoutsideofregulatorycontrol”basedonopensourcereports,104ofwhichhappenedintheU.S.AninitiativecalledRadSecure100waslaunchedtoremoveandbettersecureenergeticmaterialin100U.S.cities.“Whereisthemosthigh-riskmateriallocatedaroundthemostpeople?”saysEmilyAdams,deputydirectorofadomesticprogramintheOfficeofRadiologicalSecurity.“Andthat’showwegotour100.”17．Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinparagraph1?A．Radioactivesubstancescanwarmourplanet.\nB．Foodprocessingdoesharmtoworkersinplants.C．Theradioactivematerialisbasicallyeverywhere.D．It’shardtoremovescary-soundingelementsinbuildings.18．Whydoestheauthormention“welllogging”inparagraph2?A．Tomakeasummary.B．Toraiseaquestion.C．Toprovideacontrast.D．Tosupportanidea.19．WhatisRadSecure100intendedfor?A．Makinguseofenergeticsubstances.B．Ensuringsafetyoftheradioactivematerial.C．Warningpeopleofthemosthigh-riskmaterialD．ProtectingtheOfficeofRadiologicalSecurity.20．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardstheradioactivematerial?A．Pessimistic.B．Objective.C．Disapproval.D．Carefree.【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了我们的星球有许多放射性物质，这些物质可以发挥好的作用，但是也存在一定的隐患。17．【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Ourplanetishometomanyradioactivesubstances-notjustinisgeologicinnardsbutalsoinishospitals,atitsindustrialsitesandinitsfoodprocessingplants.InColorado,forinstance,27buildingshousescary-soundingchemicalelementssuchascesium137andcobalt60.Thesematerialsarenotthereforriskypurposes,though.Theyplayapartincancertreatment,bloodirradiation,medicalandfoodsterilization,structureandequipmenttesting,geologicexploration,etc.(我们的星球是许多放射性物质的家园——不仅存在于地质内部，而且存在于医院、工业场所和食品加工厂。例如，在科罗拉多州，27栋建筑里存放着听起来可怕的化学元素，比如铯137和钴60。不过，这些材料并不是用于危险目的。它们在癌症治疗、血液辐照、医疗和食品灭菌、结构和设备测试、地质勘探等方面发挥作用)”可推知，作者在第一段中似乎想传达的信息是放射性物质基本上到处都是。故选C。18．【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theradioactivematerialisnotalwaysbadinablackand-whiteway:itcanbeausefultool.Theraysgivenoffbycesiumandcobaltcankillgermsmultiplyinginyourmeatandmakeyourappleslastlonger.Radiographicinstrumentscandetect,say,cracksinacity’spipesinasimilarwaytoanx-raypickingupahairlinefractureinyourknee.\nApracticecalled“welllogging”usessealedradioactivesourcestomapthegeologyofholesoilseekersdrillintotheearth.(放射性物质并不总是以黑白分明的方式有害：它可以是一种有用的工具。铯和钴释放出的射线可以杀死肉中繁殖的细菌，让苹果的寿命更长。比如说，放射设备可以探测到城市管道的裂缝，就像X光检查出膝盖的细微骨折一样。一种被称为“测井”的方法使用密封的放射源来绘制石油勘探者在地球上钻的洞的地质图)”可推知，作者在第二段提到“well-logging”是为了支持放射性物质可以是一种有用的工具这样一个观点，故选D。19．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“AninitiativecalledRadSecure100waslaunchedtoremoveandbettersecureenergeticmaterialin100U.S.cities.(一项名为RadSecure100的倡议发起了，目的是在100个美国城市移除并更好地保护含能材料)”可知，RadSecure100的用途是确保放射性物质的安全。故选B。20．【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theradioactivematerialisnotalwaysbadinablackand-whiteway:itcanbeausefultool.(放射性物质并不总是以黑白分明的方式有害：它可以是一种有用的工具)”以及倒数第二段中“Theriskarisesbecausethesameradioactivematerialthatisbeneficialcouldalsobestolenormisplacedandfinditswayintotraffickingringsordirtybombs.(风险之所以会增加，是因为同样有益的放射性物质也可能被偷或放错地方，进入贩运团伙或脏弹)”可知，作者说明了放射性物质的好处和坏处，即可推知，作者对放射性物质的态度是客观的。故选B。Passage6（2022·陕西·宝鸡中学模拟预测）Forthousandsofyears,mankindhasbredplantsandanimalstocreatemoredesiredandusefulplantsandanimals.Forinstance,moderncornhasbeenbredtosuchalargesizethatitisnolongerabletoreproducewithoutman’sassistance.Moderndairycowsproducetoomuchmilk;andiftheyarenotoftendrainedofmilk,theycouldleak,burst,becomeinfected,andpossiblydie.Furthermore,mostdomesticateddogscannotsurviveinthewildevenwithspecialtraining.Sincenaturalevolutionisextremelyslowandmankind’sselectivebreedingprogramsonlytakeafewgenerationstoproduceacompletelynewspecies,naturalevolutionhasalreadytakenabackseattomankind’sbreedingprograms.Additionally,mankindhassuccessfullykilledoffseveralspeciesalltogether.Forinstance,therearenomoreEuropeanwolvesinexistenceandmammothsprobablybecameextinctbecauseof\nmankind.Evencertaindiseaseshavebeenpermanentlyeradicated(根除)fromtheplanet,anddozensofotherdiseaseswillsoonfollow.Again,naturalevolutiondidnotcausemostextinctionduringhumanity’sreign.Currently,scientistsarecreatingnewspecieswithdesiredcharacteristicsinthelabsignificantlyfasterthanevolutioncreatesnewspecies.Inasinglegeneration,newspeciescanbeartificiallycreatedanddestroyed,whilenaturalevolutioncouldtakethousandsofyearstodothesamebutonlyhaphazardly(偶然地).Scientistsareevenabletoreplaceflawed(有缺陷的)ordamagedgeneswithdifferentgenesinanattempttocuregeneticdefects.Thisissomethingthatnaturalevolutioncouldpossiblynevercorrect.Eventuallyscientistswillbeabletoenhanceevenpeople.Forexample,imaginenotonlycorrectingyoureyesightwithgenetherapy,butalsoensuringthatallofyourdescendantsdonotinherityouroldgenesofpooreyesightto.Scientistswillonedaybeabletoenhancethememoryandintelligenceofyourchildren,sothattheywilldobetterinschoolandachievemoreinlife.Doctorsandscientistswillbeabletocustomizebabiesbeforetheyarebornjustlikepickingoptionsatacardealership.Inthenearfuture,naturalevolutioninthegeneticcodeofanyspeciescanbequicklyfixedifdesired.Asaresult,naturalevolutionisdoomed.21．FromParagraph1welearnthat______.A．selectivebreedinghasimprovedallspeciesB．onlyselectivebreedingcanmakeupfornaturallossesC．moderncorncan’tabletoreproduceitselfduetoselectivebreedingD．naturalevolutioncan’tdowithoutman’sassistance22．Theunderlinedword“backseat”inParagraph1probablymeans“______”.A．powerfulassistanceB．importantpartC．badfortuneD．secondaryposition23．Whatdoweknowfromthepassage?A．Selectivebreedingispartlybeneficialtohumans.B．Geneticdefectswon’tbeinheritedduetonaturalevolution.C．Naturalevolutioncan’tcreatenewspecies.D．Selectivebreedingcandeterminethesexofbabies.\n24．Theauthormainlywantstotellusthat______.A．selectivebreedingwillcausetheextinctionofmanyspeciesB．naturalevolutionisalmostdeadwiththedevelopmentofselectivebreedingC．selectivebreedinghasarousedattentionfromallovertheworldD．naturalevolutionsurvivesstronglyalthoughitisindanger【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章讲述了人为进化的好处，如奶牛可以专门产奶，玉米的产量比以前也高很多，但是离开人类的照料那些动植物都不会很好的生存。在不久的将来，任何物种的遗传密码中的自然进化都可以在需要的情况下迅速得到修复。因此，自然进化是注定的。21．【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Forinstance,moderncornhasbeenbredtosuchalargesizethatitisnolongerabletoreproducewithoutman’sassistance.(例如，现代玉米已经被培育到如此大的尺寸，以至于没有人类的帮助它无法自己繁殖)”可知，由于选择性育种，现代玉米无法自己繁殖。故选C项。22．【答案】D【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词前“Sincenaturalevolutionisextremelyslowandmankind’sselectivebreedingprogramsonlytakeafewgenerationstoproduceacompletelynewspecies(由于自然进化极其缓慢，而人类的选择性繁殖程序只需要几代人就能产生一个全新的物种)”可知，人类的选择性繁殖速度比自然进化快得多，由此可推知，“naturalevolutionhasalreadytakenabackseattomankind’sbreedingprograms”意为：自然进化已经让位于人类的繁殖计划，backseat意为“次要位置”。故选D项。23．【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Forthousandsofyears,mankindhasbredplantsandanimalstocreatemoredesiredandusefulplantsandanimals.(几千年来，人类一直在培育植物和动物，以创造出更理想、更有用的植物和动物)”及第二段中“Additionally,mankindhassuccessfullykilledoffseveralspeciesalltogether.(此外，人类还成功地消灭了几个物种)”和“anddozensofotherdiseaseswillsoonfollow(其他几十种疾病也将接踵而至)”可知，选择性繁殖可以为人类带来财富，但也会导致物种灭绝，产生新的疾病，所以选择性繁殖只在一定程度上对人类有益。故选A项。24．【答案】D\n【解析】推理判断题。根据文章内容，结合最后一段“Inthenearfuture,naturalevolutioninthegeneticcodeofanyspeciescanbequicklyfixedifdesired.Asaresult,naturalevolutionisdoomed.(在不久的将来，任何物种的遗传密码中的自然进化都可以在需要的情况下迅速得到修复。因此，自然进化是注定的)”可知，文章讲述了人为进化相比自然进化的好处及随之而来的问题，最后作者指出，自然进化可以在需要的情况下迅速得到修复，因而自然进化是注定的，所以文章想告诉我们，自然进化虽然处于危险之中，但仍会顽强地幸存下来，故选D项。Passage7（2022·安徽·合肥市第八中学模拟预测）Weareaculturedrowninginourpossessions.Wetakeinmoreandmore(holiday,birthdays,sales,needs),butrarelyfindanopportunitytogetridofit.Asaresult,ourhomesfillupwithsomuchstuff.Andbecausewebelievethebestsolutionistofindorganizationaltoolstomanageallofit,weseekoutbiggercontainersormoreefficientorganizationaltipsandtricks.Butsimplyorganizingourstuffmustberepeatedoverandover.Atitsheart,organizingissimplyrearranging.Andthoughwemayfindstoragesolutionstoday,wearequicklyforcedtofindnewonesasearlyastomorrow.Additionally,organizinghassomeothermajorshortcomingsthatarerarelyconsidered.Forexample,itdoesn’tbenefitanyoneelse.Thepossessionswerarelyusesitonshelvesinourbasementsorgarages,evenwhilesomeofourclosestfriendsdesperatelyneedthem.Ontheotherhand,theactofgettingridofstufffromourhomeaccomplishesmanypurposes.Itisnotatemporarysolution.Itisanactionofpermanence—onceanitemhasbeenremoved,itisremovedcompletely.Whetherwere-sellourpossessions,donatethemtocharity,orgivethemtoafriend,theyareimmediatelyputtousebythosewhoneedthem.Removingpossessionsbeginstoturnbackourdesireformoreaswefindfreedomandhappinessinowningless.Andremovingourselvesfromtheall-consumingdesiretoownmorecreatesopportunitiesforsignificantlifechangestotakeplace.Ifyou’restrugglingwithhowtogetridofstuff,youcanfirstchallengeyourselftoremovetheunneededthingsinyourhome,carryatrashbagfromroom-to-room,seehowbigofadonationpileyoucanmake,andeveneliminatedebtbysellingwhatyounolongerneed.Itdoesn’tmatterhowyouremovethem,foritisfarbettertoremovethantoalwaysorganize.25．Whatistheproblemwithsimplyorganizingstuff?A．Fewtoolsandtricksareavailable.B．Itneedstoberepeatedveryoften.\nC．Peoplecannotsavemoneybyorganizing.D．Desiretobuymoredisappearsbyorganizing.26．Howcanweremoveunnecessarypossessions?A．Byresellingthemtoothers.B．Bykeepingthemintrashbags.C．Bystoringtheminthegarage.D．Bypilingthemontheshelves.27．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“eliminate”meaninParagraph5?A．getridofB．getoverC．addtoD．takechargeof28．Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A．Toexplaintheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoforganizingthings.B．Toinformreadersofthewaystogetridofunnecessarypossessions.C．Tocallforpeopletoremovestuffinsteadofjustorganizing.D．Toappealtopeopletomakedonationstopeopleinneed.【导语】本文为议论文，阐述了仅仅整理家里的物品并不能真的改善生活方式和自己的行为和理念，应当是彻底的舍弃，才能让物品既能物有所用，也能更好地整理自己的生活。25．【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的“Butsimplyorganizingourstuffmustberepeatedoverandover.(但是，简单地组织我们的东西必须一遍又一遍地重复。)”可知，简单地整理东西的问题在于这需要经常重复。故选B。26．【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Whetherweresellourpossessions,donatethemtocharity,orgivethemtoafriend,theyareimmediatelyputtousebythosewhoneedthem.(无论我们转售我们的物品，捐赠给慈善机构，或给他们的朋友，他们立即被需要它们的人使用。)”可知，通过转卖物品，捐赠给慈善机构，赠送给朋友等方式，都可以让自己彻底摆脱不必要的物品，而且不浪费物品本身的价值。故选A。27．【答案】A【解析】词句猜测题。根据“sellingwhatyounolongerneed(出售你不再需要的东西)”可知，卖掉不需要的东西后就可以得到钱，以此来摆脱债务，因此划线词的意思是“摆脱”，和getridof意思相近，故选A。28．【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Andbecausewebelievethebestsolutionistofindorganizationaltoolstomanageallofit,weseekoutbiggercontainersormoreefficient\norganizationaltipsandtricks.Butsimplyorganizingourstuffmustberepeatedoverandover.(因为我们相信最好的解决方案是找到有组织的工具来管理所有这些，我们寻求更大的容器或更有效的组织技巧和技巧。但是，简单地组织我们的东西必须一遍又一遍地重复。)”和第二、三段的描述可知，本文主要分析仅仅整理物品的缺点和彻底清理物品的优点，以达到劝说人们“断舍离”的目的，因此本文的目的是号召人们清除杂物，而不仅仅是整理。故选C。
