高中化学方程式一、非金属单质（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H）1、氧化性：F2+H2===2HF(阴暗处爆炸)F2+Xe(过量)==XeF22F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4(XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2(水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I27F2(过量)+I2===2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF(ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O==HF+HClO)3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3)Cl2+H22HCl(将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl)Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2Cl2+2I=2Cl+I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓(水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓）Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O225/25\n2O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+ZnZnSS+FeFeS(既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)S+2CuCu2S(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2AlAl2S3(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3NN2+6K2K3NN2+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2Al2AlNP4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P2H2+2Li2LiH2、还原性S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OS+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3S+4H++43SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O22NO4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X22PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2OC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl4C+O2(足量)CO22C+O2(少量)2COC+CO22COC+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑(Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2↑)25/25\n3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化：(Cl2+H2OH++Cl–+HClO）Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaOCaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑二．金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性2Na+H22NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Na+S==Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑4Na+TiCl44NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr22Mg+O22MgOMg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S(Cu2S只能由单质制备)Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO22MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+SiMg+H2S==MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)2Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（铝汞齐）25/25\n4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr(铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO(炼钢过程)Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓三．非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O225/25\n2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+++2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑(生氢剂)NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑2、酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+25/25\nH2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3(铅试纸检验空气中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑)3、NH3的碱性：NH3+HX===NH4X(X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）NH3+H2S==NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4++HS-4、不稳定性：2HFH2+F22HClH2+Cl22H2O2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2SH2+S2NH3N2+3H22HIH2+I2四．非金属氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、低价态的还原性：(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）2SO2+O22SO3SO2+NO2===SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Br–SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HII2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2I–2NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2）NO+NO2+2OH–=2NO2–2CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO225/25\n3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H22、氧化性：SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KIK2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2）4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu4CuO+N2N2O+ZnZnO+N2CO2+2Mg2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si3、与水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO4SO3+H2O=2H++SO42–3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO(NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)N2O5+H2O===2HNO3N2O5+H2O=2H++2NO3–P2O5+H2O(冷水)===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热水)===2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂)P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O===H2CO3Cl2O+H2O==2HClOCl2O7+H2O==2HClO4Cl2O7+H2O=2H++2ClO4–4、与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2↑(硫酸工业尾气处理)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3↓+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4↓+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O===NH4HCO325/25\nCO2+2NH3(过量)+H2O===(NH4)2CO3(NH4)2CO3(NH2)2CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3(NH2)2CO+H2O(工业制取尿素)CO2+2NaOH(过量)==Na2CO3+H2O2OH-+CO2=CO32–+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH==NaHCO3OH-+CO2=HCO3–CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)==CaCO3+H2OCa2++2+CO2=CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2==Ca(HCO3)2OH―+CO2=HCO3–CO2+CaCO3+H2O==Ca(HCO3)2CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2++2HCO3–CO2(不足)+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2–=Al(OH)3↓+CO32–CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O===Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2–=Al(OH)3↓+HCO3–CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH↓+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O―+H2O=C6H5OH↓+HCO3–SiO2+CaOCaSiO3(炼钢造渣)SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH==NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH―=NO3–+NO2―+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH==2NaNO2+H2O(制取硝酸工业尾气吸收)NO+NO2+2OH―=2NO3–+H2O五．金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H++NO3―=Fe3++NO2↑+2H2O2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na2Na2O（此反应用于制备Na2O）MgO，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg，Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.25/25\nFe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OCuO+H2Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI==6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H++4I―=6Fe2++8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe3FeO(炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)FeO+CFe+CO(高温炼钢调节C含量)2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2(高温炼钢调节Si含量)3、与水的作用:Na2O+H2O==2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na++2OH–2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na++4OH–+O2↑(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)4、与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3==Na2SO4Na2O+CO2==Na2CO3MgO+SO3===MgSO4Na2O+2HCl==2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na++H2O2Na2O2+2CO2==2Na2CO3+O2↑Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2++H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3++3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O(Al2O3两性氧化物)Al2O3+2OH―=2AlO2―+H2OFeO+2HCl===FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2++H2O25/25\nFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe 2O3+6H+=2Fe3++3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe 3O4+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H2O六．含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HClClO3–+3H2S=6H++SO42–+Cl–HClO3+HI===HIO3+HClClO3–+I–=IO3–+Cl–3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3–+3H++Cl–HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HClHClO+H2SO3=3H++SO42–+Cl–HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2↑HClO+H2O2=H++Cl–+H2O+O2↑(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但浓,热的HClO4氧化性很强)2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr===SO2↑+Br2+2H2O(不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(浓)+2HI===SO2↑+I2+2H2O(不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2↑2H++Fe=Fe2++H2↑H2SO3+2H2S===3S↓+3H2O4HNO3(浓)+CCO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O6HNO3(浓)+SH2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O5HNO3(浓)+PH3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O5HNO3(稀)+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO↑25/25\n5H++5NO3-+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO↑6HNO3(浓足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O4HNO3(浓)+Fe(足)===Fe(NO3)2+NO2↑+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O4H++NO3-+Fe=Fe3++NO↑+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O30H++6NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3N2O↑+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O36H++6NO3–+10Fe=8Fe3++3N2↑+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H++3NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)==4Zn(NO3)2+N2O↑+5H2O4Zn+10H++2NO3–=4Zn2++N2O↑+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)==4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H++NO3–=4Zn2++NH4++5H2O2、还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H++SO42-+X–2H2SO3+O2==2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H++SO42-H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H++SO42–+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4–=2Mn2++4H++3SO42–+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3++H2O=4H++2Fe2++SO42–3、酸性:H2SO4(浓)+CaF2CaSO4+2HF↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HCl↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)H2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)25/25\nH2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO4(强酸制弱酸酸)2H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2(工业制磷肥)3HNO3+Ag3PO4==H3PO4+3AgNO33H++Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3==Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑2H++CaCO3=Ca2++H2O+CO2↑（用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S，HI，HBr，SO2等还原性气体）4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2（重钙）H3PO4(浓)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBr↑(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3PO4（浓）+NaINaH2PO4+HI↑4、不稳定性：2HClO2HCl+O2↑(保存在棕色瓶中)4HNO34NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O(保存在棕色瓶中)H2SO3H2O+SO2↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)H2CO3H2O+CO2↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)H4SiO4H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3SiO2↓+H2OH2S2O3H2O+S↓+SO2↑(在加热或酸性条件下分解)七．碱1、低价态的还原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)32、与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO2(少量)==Na2SO3+H2OOH–+SO2=SO32–+H2ONaOH+SO2(足)==NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足)=HSO3–2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32–+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3==2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2–+H2O25/25\n2KOH+Cl2==KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2ONaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2OH++OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足)==NaHS+H2OOH–+H2S=HS–+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)==Na2S+2H2O2OH–+H2S=S2–+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3==Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl3OH–+Al3+=Al(OH)3↓NaOH+Al(OH)3==NaAlO2+2H2O（AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强？）OH–+Al(OH)3=AlO2–+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O(实验室制NH3)NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3↑+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==MgCl2+2NH3·H2O(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4==BaSO4↓+2H2O2H++2OH–+Ba2++SO42–=BaSO4↓2H2O3、不稳定性:Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2O2AgOH==Ag2O+H2O八．盐1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe==3FeCl22Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少量)===2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgCl↓2Fe3++Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2++2AgCl↓Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4↓(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++2H++S↓2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I22Fe3++2I-=2Fe2++I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl2Fe2++Mg=Fe+Mg2+25/25\nNaNO2+NH4Cl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O(实验室制氮气)NH4++NO2-=N2↑+2H2O2、还原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中不需加热)2Fe2++3Cl2=2Fe3++6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO↑+3S+4H2O3S2-+8H++2NO3-=2NO↑+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O3SO32-+2H++2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4(Na2SO3在空气中易变质)Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3Na2S+Cl2==2NaCl+S↓(在水溶液中)S2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S↓3、与碱性物质的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4==Cu(OH)2↓+CaSO4↓(波尔多液)MgCl2+2NH3·H2O===Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4ClMg2++2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3·H2O===Al(OH)3↓+3NH4ClAl3++3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)2↓+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3·H2O===Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4ClFe3++3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足)==Cu(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO4Cu2++2NH3·H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++2OH-+4H2O铜氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3·H2O(足)==Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O总方程式Cu2++4NH3·H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H2O铜氨溶液AgNO3+NH3·H2O==AgOH↓+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2OAg2O+4NH3·H2O=2[Ag(NH3)2]++2OH-+3H2O银氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3·H2O==Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg++2NH3·H2O=[Ag(NH3)2]++2H2O总方程式ZnSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足)==Zn(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO425/25\nZn2++2NH3·H2O=Zn(OH)2↓+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3·H2O(足)==Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2OZn2++4NH3·H2O=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O总方程式4、与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸Na3PO4+2HCl===Na2HPO4+2NaClPO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaClHPO42-+H+=H2PO4-NaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaClH2PO4-+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClCO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2↑HCO3-+H+=CO2↑+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O==2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3CO32-+2Al3++3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2+6NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3CO32-+2Fe3++3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑(物质之间的双水解反应)3HCO3-+Al3+=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑(物质之间的双水解反应)3HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑(物质之间的双水解反应)3S2-+2Al3++3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O==4Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3AlO2-+Al3++6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓3NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O==3Al(OH)3↓+Fe(OH)3↓+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3++6H2O=3Al(OH)3↓+Fe(OH)3↓NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O==Al(OH)3↓+NH3·H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4++2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NH3·H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2===2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2==2NaHSO3+CO2↑(1:2)CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO2↑25/25\n2Na2CO3(足)+H2O+SO2==Na2SO3+2NaHCO3(CO2中的SO2不能用Na2CO3洗气)2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3-(2:1)Na2CO3+SO2==Na2SO3+CO2(1:1)CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO2===NaHSO3+CO2(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗气)2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2==Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl===H2SiO3↓+NaCl或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O===H4SiO4↓+2NaClSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3↓或SiO32-+2H++H2O=H4SiO4↓Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O===H2SiO3↓+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4↓+CO32-5、盐与盐复分解反应Na2SO4+BaCl2==BaSO4↓+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO4↓Na2SO3+BaCl2==BaSO3↓+2NaCl(沉淀溶于盐酸,在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3↓Na2CO3+BaCl2==BaCO3↓+2NaCl(沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消失)CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3↓Na2CO3+CaCl2==CaCO3↓+2NaCl(NaHCO3不反应)CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO3↓AgNO3+NaCl==AgCl↓+NaNO3Ag++Cl-=AgCl↓AgNO3+NaBr==AgBr↓+NaNO3Ag++Br-=AgBr↓AgNO3+KI==AgCl↓+KNO3Ag++I-=AgI↓3AgNO3+Na3PO4==Ag3PO4↓+3NaNO33Ag++PO43-=Ag3PO4↓CuSO4+Na2S==CuS↓+Na2SO4Cu2++S2-=CuS↓FeCl3+3KSCN==Fe(SCN)3+3KClFe3++3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3(血红色，用于Fe3+的特性检验)6、不稳定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S↓+SO2↑+H2O25/25\nS2O32-+2H+=S↓+SO2↑+H2ONH4ClNH3↑+HCl↑NH4INH3↑+HI↑2HIH2+I2NH4INH3↑+H2↑+I2↑NH4HCO3NH3↑+H2O+CO2↑2KNO32KNO2+O2↑2Cu(NO3)32CuO+4NO2↑+O2↑2AgNO32Ag+2NO2↑+O2↑(保存在棕色瓶中)5NH4NO34N2↑+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO38N2↑+4NO2↑+O2↑+20H2O↑(硝酸铵爆炸反应)2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KClO32KCl+3O2↑2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2↑Ca(HCO3)2CaCO3+H2O+CO2↑CaCO3CaO+CO2↑MgCO3MgO+CO2↑九、电离方程式1、酸的电离(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClO)H2SO4==2H++SO42-或：H2SO4+2H2O==2H3O++SO42-HNO3==H++NO3-或：HNO3+H2O==H3O++NO3-(以下雷同)HCl==H++ClHBr==H++BrHI==H++IH3PO4H++H2POH2POH++HPOHPOH++POHFH++FH2SO3H++HSOHSOH++SOCH3COOHH++CH3COOH2CO3H++H++H2SH++H++25/25\nHNO2H++NOC6H5OHH++C6H5O-(苯酚不是酸，显酸性)HCNH++CNHClOH++ClOH2OH++OH2H2OH3O++OH2、碱的电离(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、NH3·H2O)NaOH==Na++OHKOH==K++OHBa(OH)2==Ba2++2OHMg(OH)2Mg2++2OHAl(OH)3Al3++3OH酸式电离：Al(OH)3H+++H2ONH3·H2O+2OHCa(OH)2==Ca2++2OH(澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2Ca2++2OH(石灰悬浊液)3、盐的电离(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4、Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4、CaSO4、Al2(SO4)3、CuSO4、AlCl3、AgNO3、CH3COONa、NH4NO3、FeCl3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3)NaCl==Na++ClNa2SO4==2Na++NaHSO4==H++Na++Na2SO3==2Na++NaHSO3==Na++HSO3-(错误书写：NaHSO3==Na++H++SO42-)MgSO4==Mg2++Al2(SO4)3==2Al3++3CuSO4==Cu2++AlCl3==Al3++3ClAgNO3==Ag++NO3CH3COONa==CH3COO+Na+NH4NO3==NH4++NO3-25/25\nFeCl3==Fe3++3ClNa2CO3==2Na++NaHCO3==Na++(错误书写：NaHCO3==Na++H++)Na2S==2Na++NaHS==Na++HS(错误书写：NaHS==Na++H+)NaH2PO4==Na++H2PONa2HPO4==2Na++HPO(错误书写：Na2HPO4==2Na++H++PO)Na3PO4==3Na++POKI==K++I―NaBr==Na++Br―NaClO==Na++ClO―AgClAg++(难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离)CaCO3Ca2++(错误书写：CaCO3==Ca2++CO)CaSO4Ca2++SO(错误书写：CaSO4==Ca2++SO)3、熔融电离NaClNa++MgCl2Mg2++2Na2O2Na++O2―Al2O32Al3++3O2―十、水解反应1、单水解---可逆水解NH4Cl+H2ONH3·H2O+HClNH4++H2OH++NH3·H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3HClFe3++3H2OFe(OH)3+3H+AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAl3++3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4(金属活动顺序表中Mg2+以后的阳离子均水解)NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH(NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO3电离大于水解)Na2CO3+H2ONaHCO3+NaOHCO32-+H2OHCO3-+OH–NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+NaOHSO32-+H2OHSO3-+OH–NaHSO3+H2OH2SO3+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)HSO3-+H2OH2SO3+OH-25/25\nNa2S+H2ONaHS+NaOHS2-+H2OHS-+OH–NaHS+H2OH2S+NaOH(第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加)HS-+H2OH2S+OH-Na3PO4+H2ONa2HPO4+NaOHPO43-+H2OHPO42-+OH–Na2HPO4+H2ONaH2PO4+NaOHHPO42-+H2OH2PO4-+OH–NaH2PO4+H2OH3PO4+NaOHH2PO4-+H2OH3PO4+OH–CH3COONa+H2OCH3COOH+NaOHCH3COO-+H2OCH3COOH+OH–C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH–2、双水解CH3COONH4+H2OCH3COOH+NH3·H2ONH4F+H2OHF+NH3·H2OAl2S3+6H2O==Al(OH)3↓+H2S↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)Mg3N2+6H2O==Mg(OH)2↓+NH3↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)Na3P+3H2O==3NaOH+PH3↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)Zn3P2+6H2O==Zn(OH)2↓+PH3↑(Zn3P2一种老鼠药，PH3剧毒神经毒剂)CaC2+2H2O==Ca(OH)3↓+C2H2↑(隔绝空气，密封保存)C2H5ONa+H2O==C2H5OH+NaOH十一、电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下，或阴极是较活泼金属电极，阳极是惰性电极条件下的电解2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑(-)2H2O+2e-==H2↑+2OH-或2H++2e-==H2↑(+)2Cl--2e-==Cl2↑2Cl-+2H2O2OH-+H2↑+Cl2↑CuCl2Cu+Cl2↑(-)Cu2++2e-==Cu↓(+)2Cl--2e-==Cl2↑Cu2++2Cl-Cu↓+Cl2↑2CuSO4+2H2O2Cu↓+O2↑+2H2SO4(-)2Cu2++4e-==2Cu↓25/25\n(+)2H2O-4e-==O2↑+4H+或：4OH--4e-==O2↑+2H2O4H2O4H++4OH-2Cu2++2H2O2Cu↓+O2↑+4H+2H2O2H2↑+O2↑(-)4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)4OH--4e-==O2↑+2H2O中性电解4H2O4H++4OH-2H2OH2↑+O2↑酸性水解：(-)4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)2H2O-4e-==O2↑+4H+4OH--4e-==O2↑+2H2O2H2OH2↑+O2↑碱性水解：(-)4H2O+4e-==2H2↑+4OH-或：4H++4e-==2H2↑(+)4OH--4e-==O2↑+2H2O2H2OH2↑+O2↑2、电镀：镀件作阴极，被镀金属作阳极，被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜：CuSO4电镀液镀件(-)Cu2++2e-==Cu↓纯铜(+)Cu–2e-==Cu2+镀锌：ZnSO4电镀液镀件(-)Zn2++2e-==Zn↓纯锌(+)Zn–2e-==Zn2+镀银：AgNO3电镀液镀件(-)Ag++e-==Ag↓纯银(+)Ag–e-==Ag+镀镍：NiSO4电镀液镀件(-)Ni2++2e-==Ni↓纯镍(+)Ni–2e-==Ni2+3、熔融状态下的电解：25/25\n2NaCl(熔融)2Na+Cl2↑(-)2Na++2e-==2Na(+)2Cl--4e-==Cl2↑2Na++2Cl-(熔融)2Na+Cl2↑2Al2O3(熔融)4Al+2O2↑(-)4Al3++12e–==4Al(+)6O2--12e-==3O2↑4Al3++6O2-4Al+3O2↑NaHF2(熔融)H2↑+F2↑(-)2H++2e–==H2↑(+)2F--2e-==F2↑2HFH2↑+F2↑十二、原电池反应X—Y(电解质溶液)或X//电解质溶液//Y(1)不可逆电池苏打电池：Zn—Cu(H2SO4)Zn极(-)Zn–2e-==Zn2+(氧化反应)Cu极(+)2H++2e-==H2↑(还原反应)离子方程式Zn+2H+==H2↑+Zn2+化学方程式Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑铁碳电池：Fe—C(H2CO3)Fe极(-)Fe–2e-==Fe2+(氧化反应)C极(+)2H++2e-==H2↑(还原反应)离子方程式Fe+2H+==H2↑+Fe2+(析氢腐蚀)铁碳电池：Fe—C(H2O、O2)Fe极(-)2Fe–4e-==2Fe2+(氧化反应)C极(+)O2+2H2O+4e-==4(还原反应)化学方程式2Fe+O2+2H2O==2Fe(OH)2(吸氧腐蚀)4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O==4Fe(OH)325/25\n2Fe(OH)3==Fe2O3·nH2O+(3-n)H2O(铁锈的生成过程)铝镍电池：Al—Ni(NaCl溶液、O2)Al极(-)4Al–12e-==4Al3+(氧化反应)Ni极(+)3O2+6H2O+12e-==12(还原反应)化学方程式4Al+3O2+6H2O==4Al(OH)3(海洋灯标电池)干电池：Zn—MnO2(NH4Cl糊状物)NH4Cl+H2O==NH3·H2O+HClZn极(-)Zn–2e-==Zn2+(氧化反应)Cu极(+)2MnO2+2H++2e-==Mn2O3+H2O(还原反应)化学方程式Zn+2NH4Cl+2MnO2=ZnCl2+Mn2O3+2NH3↑(2)可逆电池铅蓄电池：Pb—PbO2(浓硫酸)放电Pb极(-)Pb+H2SO4–2e-==PbSO4+2H+(氧化反应)PbO2极(+)PbO2+H2SO4+2H++2e-==PbSO4+2H2O(还原反应)化学方程式Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4==2PbSO4+2H2OPb—PbO2(浓硫酸)充电Pb极(-)PbSO4+2H+–2e-==Pb+H2SO4(还原反应)PbO2极(+)PbSO4+2H2O+2e-==PbO2+H2SO4+2H+(氧化反应)化学方程式2PbSO4+2H2O==Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4锂电池：Li—LiMnO2(固体介质)(-)Li–e-==Li+(氧化反应)(+)MnO2+Li++e-==LiMnO2+H2O(还原反应)化学方程式Li+MnO 2==LiMnO2银锌电池：Zn—Ag2O(NaOH)Zn极(-)Zn+2OH––2e-==ZnO+H2O(氧化反应)Cu极(+)Ag2O+H2O+2e-==2Ag+2(还原反应)化学方程式Zn+Ag2O==ZnO+2Ag25/25\n(3)高能燃料电池：H2—O2(NaOH)Pt极(-)2H2+4–4e-==4H2O(氧化反应)Pt极(+)O2+2H2O+4e-==4(还原反应)化学方程式2H2+O2==2H2OCH4—O2(NaOH)Pt极(-)CH4+10–8e-==+7H2O(氧化反应)Pt极(+)2O2+4H2O+8e-==8(还原反应)化学方程式CH4+2O2+2NaOH==Na2CO3+3H2O十三、热化学方程式C(s)+1/2O2(g)==CO(g)；△H=－393.5kJ/molC(s)+O2(g)==CO2(g)；△H=－110.5kJ/molCO(g)+1/2O2(g)==CO2(g)；△H=－283.0kJ/molH2(g)+1/2O2(g)==H2O(g)；△H=－241.8kJ/molH2(g)+1/2O2(g)==H2O(l)；△H=－285.8kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g)==2H2O(g)；△H=－483.6kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g)==2H2O(l)；△H=－571.6kJ/molCH4(g)+2O2(g)==CO2(g)+2H2O(l)；△H=－890.3kJ/molC8H18(l)+12.5O2(g)==8CO2(g)+9H2O(l)；△H=－5518kJ/molC6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)==6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)；△H=－2800kJ/molN2H4(g)+O2(g)==N2(g)+2H2O(g)；△H=－534kJ/molS(s)+O2(g)==SO2(g)；△H=－297kJ/molFeS2(s)+11/4O2(g)==1/2Fe2O3(s)+2SO2(g)；△H=-853kJ/molSO2(s)+1/2O2(g)==SO3(g)；△H=－98.3kJ/molSO3(g)+H2O(l)==H2SO4(l)；△H=－130.8kJ/molH2(g)+Cl2(g)==2HCl(g)；△H=－184.6kJ/molC(s)+H2O(g)==H2(g)+CO2(g)；△H=+131.5kJ/mol3H2(g)+N2(g)==2NH3(g)；△H=－92.2kJ/mol2O2(g)+N2(g)==2NO2(g)；△H=+68kJ/molO2(g)+N2(g)==2NO(g)；△H=－kJ/mol25/25\nO2(g)+2NO(g)==2NO2(g)；△H=－kJ/mol2NO2(g)==N2O4(g)；△H=－kJ/molCu(s)+1/2O2(g)==CuO(s)；△H=－157kJ/molCaCO3(s)+==CaO(s)+CO2(g)；△H=+1777kJ/molC(石墨)+O2(g)===CO2(g)；△H=－393.51kJ·mol-1C(金刚石)+O2(g)===CO2(g)；△H=－395.41kJ·mol-1C(石墨)===C(金刚石)；△H=+1.9kJ·mol-1NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)=NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)；△H=－57.3kJ/molKOH(aq)+HNO3(aq)=NaNO3(aq)+H2O(l)；△H=－57.3kJ/molNaOH(aq)+1/2H2SO4(aq)=1/2Na2SO4(aq)+H2O(l)；△H=－57.3kJ/mol25/25
