人教版八年级下册英语语法复习：现在完成时讲义与练习题一、时态讲解：现在完成时（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have+过去分词构成，助动词have有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式Ihavenot(haven’t)studied….HaveIstudied…?Youhavenot(haven’t)studied….Haveyoustudied…?Hehasnot(hasn’t)studied….Hashestudied…?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）HaveInot(Haven’tI)studied…?Yes,youhave.No,youhaven’t.Haveyounot(Haven’tyou)studied…?Yes,Ihave.No,Ihaven’t.Hashenot(Hasn’the)studied…?Yes,hehas.No,hehasn’t.（2）用法：1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。Mydaughterhasjustgoneout.我女儿刚出去。I’msurewe’vemetbefore.我肯定我们以前见过面。Shehasarrived.她到了。2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently,already,just,lately,for…,since…,yet等。如：Ihaven’theardfromherthesedays.这些日子我没有收到她的信。Wehaven’tseenyourecently.最近我们没有见到你。第19页共19页,Theyhavebeenawayfortwoyears.他们离开已经两年了。ShehasbeenwithussinceMonday.★注意：a)since和for的区别since后接时间点，如1993，lastterm,yesterday,thetimeIgottherefor后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如tenyears,awhile,twodays等。Exercise:用since和for填空1.JimhasbeeninIreland______Monday.2.JillhasbeeninIreland______threedays.3.HisaunthaslivedinAustralia______15days.4.Maryisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere______7o'clock.5.Indiahasbeenanindependentcountry______1974.6.Thebusislate.They'vebeenwaiting______20minutes.7.Nobodylivesinthosehouses.Theyhavebeenempty______manyyears.8.Mikehasbeenill______alongtime.Hehasbeeninhospital______October.1.since2.for3.for4.since5.since6.for7.for8.since2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive,leave,borrow,buy,begin,start,die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：Hehascomeherefor2weeks.×Theoldmanhasdiedfor4months.×Theyhaveleftonlyfor5minutes.×以上三句话可以改为：Hehasbeenherefor2weeks.Theoldmanhas_____________for4months.Theyhave__________onlyfor5minutes2）have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用“have(has)been”;表示“已经去某地”要用“have(has)gone”。试比较：第19页共19页,Wherehashebeen?他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）Wherehashegone?他上哪儿去了？（人不在）TheyhavebeentoCanada.他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）TheyhavegonetoCanada.他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.3）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,lastyear,in1976,twodaysago,justnow,whenIcamein，但可以和already,yet,sometimes,always,often,before,lately,recently,once,twice,ever,never等连用。例如：Shehasalreadycome.她已经来了。Ihaven’treadityet.我还没读过这个。Ihavemethimbefore.我从前曾见过他。MaHonghasalwaysbeenagoodstudent.马红一直是个好学生。Ihaveoftenseenhiminthestreet.我经常在街上看见他。TheyhaveneverbeentoYan’an.他们从未去过延安。Ihaven'tseenhimlately.我近来没看到他。IrregularVerbsBaseFormPastFormPastParticiplebearborebornbeatbeatbeatenbecomebecamebecomeblowblewblownbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosencomecamecomedodiddone第19页共19页,drinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenfindfoundfoundflyflewflowngetgotgotgivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownhavehadhadhearheardheardkeepkeptkeptleaveleftleftloselostlostmakemademadeputputputreadreadreadrunranrunsaysaidsaidseesawseensellsoldsoldsendsentsentsingsangsungsinksank/sunksunk第19页共19页,taketooktakenteachtaughttaughtwritewrotewroteam,iswasbeenarewerebeenExercise:I.Fillintheblankswiththeproperform.1.I____already____(see)thefilm.I________(see)itlastweek.2._____he____(finish)hisworktoday?Notyet.3.Myfather____just____(come)backfromwork.Heistirednow.4.Where’sLiMing?He__________(go)totheteacher’soffice.5.I__________(work)heresinceI______(move)herein1999.6.SofarI_______________(make)quiteafewfriendshere.7.Howlong________theWangs______________(stay)here?Fortwoweeks.8.I________just___________(finish)myhomework.9.He________(go)toschoolonfooteveryday.10.____you______(find)yoursciencebookyet?11.Ifit____(be)finetomorrow,I'llgowithyou.12.Thestudents____________(read)Englishwhentheteachercamein.13.Look!Themonkey__________(climb)thetree.14.Mymother__________(come)toseemenextSunday.15.I'velostmypen._________you________(see)itanywhere?1.have,seen,saw2.Has,finished3.has,come4.hasgone5.haveworked,moved6.havemade7.have,stayed8.have,finished9.goes10.have,found11.is12.werereading13.isclimbing14.iscoming15.Have,seenII.Choosethebestanswer.第19页共19页,1.Howlonghaveyou_______here?A.comeB.gotC.arrivedD.been2.Mygrandpadied_________.A.attheageofmy2B.for2yearsC.whenIwas2.D.myagewas6.3.Janehas_____toBeiJing.Shewillcomebacktomorrow.A.beenB.goneC.wentD.neverbeen4.Itistenyears_____Ilastsawher.A.afterB.sinceC.forD.that5.--WhowillgotothestationtomeetLorry?--Iwill.I_____herseveraltimes.A.metB.havemetC.hadmetD.willmeet6.--Whatanicedress!Howlong_____you_____it?--Just2weeks.A.will,buyB.did,buyC.are,havingD.have,had7.--DoyouknowLydiaverywell?--Yes,SheandI_____friendssincewewereveryyoung.A.havemadeB.havebecomeC.havebeenD.haveturned8.TheSmiths_______inChinafor8years.A.haslivedB.livedC.havebeenD.live9.--Hello,thisisMr.Greenspeaking.CanIspeaktoMr.Black?--Sorry.He______theBainiaoPark.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.wenttoD.willgoto10.--____youever____totheUS?--Yes,twice.A.Have,goneB.Have,beenC,Do,goD.were,goingIII.Rewritethesentences.1.IhavebeentoMacaubefore.(改为否定句) 第19页共19页,I__________________beentoMacaubefore.2.Hehasn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.(就划线部分提问)_____________hecometoschool?3.Iboughanewbikejustnow.(用just改写) I____just____anewbike.4.WebegantolearnEnglishthreeyearsago.(改为同义句)We________English____threeyears5.Hehasneversurfed,______________?（改成反意疑问句）6.Theyhavebeenheresince2000.(对划线部分提问)______________havetheybeenhere?7.Theoldman_________lastyear.Hehas______________forayear.(die)（动词填空）8.MissGaoleftanhourago.(同义句转换)MissGaohas_______________________anhourago.Askthequestions1)Ihavebeentherefortwodays._____________________________you____________________?2)Myfatherhaslivedheresince2000.____________________________yourfather___________________?3)Helefthereyesterday._________________he___________________?4)Theyboughtabooktwohoursago._____________________they__________abook?Keys:1.Howlonghave,beenthere2.Howlonghas,livedhere3.Whendid,leavehere4.Whendid,buyUse“never,ever,already,just,yet,for,since”tofillintheblanks.1.Ihave_______seenhimbefore,soIhavenoideaabouthim.2.Jackhas_________finishedhishomework.3.Mr.Wanghastaughtinthisschool________tenyears.4.“Haveyou________seenthefilm?”“No,Ihave________seenit.”第19页共19页,5.“Hasthebusleft_______?”“Yes,ithas_________left.”Keys:1.never2.just,already3.for4.ever,never5.yet,just/already现在完成时练习题及答案一、翻译下列句子：你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？2.我刚刚丢了我的化学书。3.我以前从来没去过那个农场。4.他已经吃过午饭5.你已经看过这部电影了吗？6.我哥哥还没回来。7.这本字典我已买了三年了。8.他离开中国三年了。9.我认识他们五年了。10.他们已去了美国五年了。11.自从他搬到济宁，他就住这儿了。12.我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。13.自从1999年以来他们就认识。14.我来到这个学校已3年多了。二、用since和for填空1.______twoyears2.____twoyearsago3.___lastmonth4.______19995._______yesterday6._______4o’clock74hours8._____anhourago9.___wewerechildren10._____lunchtime第19页共19页,11.____shelefthere12.HehaslivedinNanjing___theyearbeforelast.13.I’veknownhim______wewerechildren.14.OurteacherhasstudiedJapanese______threeyears.15.Shehasbeenawayfromthecity______abouttenyears.16.It’sabouttenyears__________sheleftthecity.三、结束性动词转换为以下延续性动词或者表示可以延续的状态的短语。①arriveat/insp/getto/reachsp/come/go/movetosp→beinsp/atschool/athome/onthefarm/behere/bethere1)HegottoBeijingfiveminutesago.HeBeijingfor.2)ImovedtotheUSAin2008.ItheUSAsince.3)Iwenthomeyesterday.Ihomefor.4)Theycameherelastweek.They___________heresince_____________.②cometo/gobackto/returnto→bebacktogoout→beout1)Hecameouttwoyearsago.He______________for____________.2)WereturntoBeijingyesterday.We_______________toBeijingsince__________.③become→be1)Ibecameateacherin2000.I________________ateacherfor_________________.2)Theriverbecamedirtylastyear.Theriver______________dirtyfor_______________.④close→beclosedopen→beopen1)Theshopclosedtwohoursago.Theshop_____________________for_________________.2)Thedooropenedatsixinthemorning.Thedoor________________________forsixhours.⑤getup→beup；die→bedead；leavesp.→beawayfromsp.fallasleep/gettotsleep→beasleep；finish/end→beover；marry→bemarried；1)Igotuptwohoursago.I_____________________since_______________.2)HeleftShanghaijustnow.He__________________________Shanghaiforfiveminutes.第19页共19页,3)Mygrandpadiedin2002.Mygrandpa__________________for_______________.4)Themeetingfinishedatsix.Themeeting____________________forsixhours.5)Igottosleeptwohoursago.I________________since__________________.6)Theymarriedin1990.They___________________________since_________.⑥start/begintodosth.→dosth.；begin→beon1)Ibegantoteachatthisschoolin1995.I________atthisschoolsince____.2)Thefilmbegantwominutesago.Thefilm____________for________.⑦borrow→keep；lose→nothave；buy→have；puton→wearcatch/getacold→haveacold；gettoknow→know1)Theyborroweditlastweek.They__________itsince_____________.2)Iboughtapentwohoursago.I____________apenfor_____________.3)Igottoknowhimlastyear.I___________himsince___________.4)Iputonmyglassesthreeyearsago.I_________myglassesfor______________.⑧have/hasgoneto→havebeeninHehasgonetoBeijing.He_____________Beijingfortwodays.⑨jointheleague/theParty/thearmy→bealeaguemember/aPartymember/asoldier→beamemberoftheleague/theParty→beintheleague/theParty/thearmy1)Hejoinedtheleaguein2002.He_________________a_________________fortwoyears.He___________a_________the________fortwoyears.He_______________________theleaguefortwoyears.2)Mybrotherjoinedthearmytwoyearsago.Mybrother_________a________for______________________.Mybrother___________in___________fortwoyears.四、划线提问1)Ihavebeentherefortwodays.第19页共19页,_____________________________you____________________?2)Myfatherhaslivedheresince2000.____________________________yourfather___________________?3)Helefthereyesterday._________________he___________________?4)Theyboughtabooktwohoursago._____________________they__________abook五、用have(has)been或have(has)gone填空。A:Where____________LiFei___________?B:He____________toHainanIsland.A:Howlong___________he___________there?B:He_____________thereforthreedays.A:Whenwillhecomeback,doyouknow?B:I’mafraidhewon’tcomebackrecently.A:CouldyoutellmethewaytoHainanIsland?B:Sorry,I_________never___________there.A:Howmanytimes___________LiFei__________tothatplace?B:He_____________thereonlyonce.六、用have/hasbeento/in,havegoneto及go的各种形式填空。1)WhereisJack?He__________hiscountry.2)David________theparkjustnow.3)John_______Englandsincehecameback.4)Howlong_____they_____thisvillage?5)TheSmiths______Beijingforyears.6)_____youever____America?--Yes,I_____theremanytimes.7)I_____thisschoolsincethreeyearsago.8)WhereisJim?He_____thefarm.9)When_____he_____?He_______anhourago.第19页共19页,10)Wouldyouliketo_____tothezoowithme?---Yes,butI_____therebefore.11)Where_____you_____now?---I____tothezoo.12)Heoften_____swimming.13)_____you______therelastyear?14)_____theyoften______skatinginwinter?七用never,ever,already,just,yet,for,since填空1.Ihave_______seenhimbefore,soIhavenoideaabouthim.2.Jackhas_________finishedhishomework.3.Mr.Wanghastaughtinthisschool________tenyears.4.“Haveyou________seenthefilm?”“No,Ihave________seenit.”5.“Hasthebusleft_______?”“Yes,ithas_________left.”八.用适当的时态填空：1.She’s_____________(live)hereeversinceshewasten.2.Bothofthem________________(be)inHongkongfortendays.3.Bothofthem____________(come)toHongkongtendaysago.4.Halfanhour__________(pass)sincethetrain__________(leave).5.Mary________(lose)herpen.________you_______(see)ithereandthere?6._________you_____(find)yourwatchyet?7.---Areyouthirsty?---NoI_________just_________(have)someorange.8.We----already_________(return)thebook.9.________they_______(build)anewschoolinthevillage?10.I_____________(notfinish)myhomework.Canyouhelpme?11.Myfather_____(read)thenoveltwice.12.I_________(buy)abookjustnow.13.I_________(lost)mywatchyesterday.14.Myfather___________(read)thisbooksinceyesterday.现在完成时态练习题答案一．翻译下列句子：第19页共19页,1.Haveyoueverhad/eatenfishandchips?2.Ihavejustlostmychemistrybook.3.Ihaveneverbeentothefarmbefore.4.Hehasalreadyhadlunch=Hehashadlunchalready.5.Haveyouseenthemovieyet?6.Mybrotherhasn’tcome/get/beenbackyet=Mybrotherhasn’treturnedyet.7.Ihavehadthisdictionaryforthreeyears/sincethreeyearsago.8.HasbeenawayfromChinaforthreeyears.9.Ihaveknownthemforfiveyears.10.TheyhavebeenintheUSAforfiveyears.11.HehasbeenheresincehemovedtoJining.12.Mysisterhasbeenacollegestudentforthreeyears=Mysisterhasbeenincollegeforthreeyears.13.Theyhaveknowneachothersince1999.14.Ihavebeeninthisschoolforoverthreeyears.二、用since或者for填空1.for2.since3.since4.since5.since6.since7.for8since9.since10.since11.since12.since13.since14.for15.for16.since三、结束性动词转换为以下延续性动词或者表示可以延续的状态的短语①1.hasbeenin,fiveminutes2.havebeenin,20083.havebeenat,twodays4.havebeen,lastweek②1.havebeenout,twoyears2.havebeenback,yesterday第19页共19页,③1.havebeen,nineyears2.hasbeen,twoyears④1.hasbeenclosed,twohours2.hasbeenopen⑤1.havebeenup,twohoursago2.hasbeenawayfrom3.hasbeendead,sevenyears4.hasbeenover5.havebeenasleep,twohoursago6.havebeenmarried,1990⑥1.havetaught,19952.hasbeenon,twominutes⑦1.havekept,lastweek2.havehad,twohours3.haveknown,lastyears4.haveworn,threeyears⑧hasbeenin⑨hasbeen,Leaguememberhasbeen,memberof,Leaguehasbeenin2.hasbeen,soldier,twoyearshasbeen,thearmy四、划线提问1.Howlonghave,beenthere2.Howlonghas,livedhere3.Whendid,leavehere4.Whendid,buy五、用have(has)been或have(has)gone填空。A:WherehasLiFeigone?第19页共19页,B:HehasgonetoHainanIsland.A:Howlonghashebeenthere?B:Hehasbeenthereforthreedays.A:Whenwillhecomeback,doyouknow?B:I’mafraidhewon’tcomebackrecently.A:CouldyoutellmethewaytoHainanIsland?B:Sorry,Ihaveneverbeenthere.A:HowmanytimeshasLiFeibeentothatplace?B:Hehasbeenthereonlyonce.六、用have/hasbeento/in,havegoneto及go的各种形式填空。1.hasgonet2.wentto3.hasbeenin4.have,beenin5.havebeenin6.Have,beento;havebeen7.havebeenin/at8.hasgoneto9.didgo;went10.go;havebeen11.are,going;amgoing12.goes13.Did,go14.Do,go七、综合练习:1.never2.just,already3.for4.ever,never5.yet,just/already八.用适当的时态填空：1.lived/hasbeenliving2.havebeen3.went4.haspassed;left5.haslost;have,seen6.Have,found7.have,had8.have,returned9.Have,built10.haven’tfinished11.hasread12.bought13.lost14.havebeenreading/hasread一、用作及物动词的wish和hope之比较第19页共19页,1.与不定式短语搭配时的异同比较。作及物动词时，wish和hope都与todosth.搭配。但分析表明，wishtodosth.意为“现在”想做某事，它表达的是眼下的要求或意愿(一般容易实现)，其中“do”隐含的时间状语是“now”或“then”。而hopetodosth.意为想在“将来”做成某事，它表达的是一个想要实现的目标(不一定能实现)，其中“do”隐含的时间状语是“insometimetocome”。请比较下列从语料库中摘引的例子(注：本文中所有举例均摘自Cobuild语料库)。Aladywishedtoseemeurgently.Iwishnowtogiveamoredetaileddescriptionofthe1974RemembranceDaymarch.DRIhopestoOut-DosMs-DoswithDRDos.TheirlawyerhopstotakethecasetotheEuropeanCouncil.有时，wish与todosth.搭配主要是表示礼貌和郑重，如：TheauthorswishtothankRonHochsprungatAppleforhispatienceandsupport.2.与that引导的从句搭配时的异同比较。作及物动词时，wish和hope都与that-clause搭配，但存在三方面的差异：1)在组合模式上，wish和that-clause只以sb.+wish+that-clause的形式组合。而hope和that-clause可以sb.+hope+that-clause以及It+be+hoped+that-clause两种形式组合。2)在语义上，wish+that-clause和hope+that-clause虽都表示愿某种理想的情况(由that-clause表示出来)在“过去”、“现在”或“将来”出现。但wish意味着所希望的是与事实相反的情况，因此几乎没有出现的可能性，而hope意味着说话人认为所希望的情况有可能出现(也许并不会出现)，并对之怀有期盼。3)在用法上，wish后的that-clause中的谓语动词只用两种时态：过去完成时(表示该情况与过去的事实相反)和一般过去时(表示该情况与现在或将来的事实相反)。如：OneonlywishesthathehadspentmoretimegainingaperspectiveoutsideAmerica.Iwishyourteethwerelarger.Idowishtheywouldgetonwithit.而hope后的that-clause中的谓语动词可用多种时态。一般说来，过去时态表示陈述的是“过去”的情况，进行时态表示陈述的是“现在”的情况，将来时态或一般现在时态表示陈述的是“将来”的情况。请看举例：Ihopeyouwereinspiredbythemarch,thedrums,andGodknowswhat.IhopeAppleisworkingonthenext-generationMacintoshoperatingsystem.第19页共19页,It'shopedthatitwillshortlybesupplying40%ofSouthAfrica'smotorfuelrequirement.Let'shopehegetsbetterandcomeshome.3.wish带名词做宾语的分析。用作及物动词的wish可以带名词做宾语，两者的搭配方式为：wishsb.sth.或wishsth.to/onsb.(表祝愿)，wishsb.todosth.或wishsth.done(表愿望)。例如：Iwishthemalltheluckintheworld.Idon'twanttowishanybadluckonthem.ManywishBritaintohaveamajorinfluenceinworldaffairsagain.Thereissomesensitivematerialwhichthedepositordoesnotwishdivulged.而在该语料库中没有发现hope后带名词作宾语的例子。二、用作不及物动词的wish和hope之比较用作不及物动词时，wish主要出现在if+sb.+wish、as+sb.+wish、when+sb.+wish等组合中，表示“眼下”的愿望或要求，这些组合既可作状语，也可作插入语。而hope主要用在sb.+hope、it+be+hoped、what+sb.+hope+be等组合中，表示对一个理想情况的期盼，这些组合只作插入语。例如：Mr.ScowcroftmeansthattheUNisnowoperatingastheUSwishes.Whenyouprintthebriefingcharts,youcanalso,ifyouwish,printthenotefiles.Theresult,hehoped,wouldbehappy.This,itishoped,mightprovideaneconomicincentiveforconservation.IputthekeyintowhatIhopedwastherightlock.此外，用作不及物动词的wish和hope都与forsth.搭配，但wishforsth.表示想有某“物”的愿望(眼下没有得到的可能性)或要求(有可能性)，而hopeforsth.表示对一理想“结果”的期盼(不一定能实现)。请看以下举例：Iwishforasystemthatrespectstheaspirationoftheyoung.(愿望)LadyLitteltonwishesforaroomofseparationbetweentheeatingroomandthedrawingroom.(要求)Butchemistshopeforabreakthroughinatleastoneareaofresearch.三、用作名词的wish和hope之比较第19页共19页,1.语法搭配及搭配意义的比较。用作名词时，wish(es)与todosth./forsth.搭配表示眼下想做某事/想有某物的具体“愿望”，与ofsb.搭配表示某些人的笼统“意愿”。请看举例：Ithasnowishtointerveneintheinternalaffairsofanothernation.That'swhathadpromptedCharlesBabbagetogroanouthisfamouswishfortablescalculatedby‘steam’.TheNFupholdsthewishofthemajorityoftheBritishpeople.而hope(s)常与ofdoingsth./ofsth./forsth.搭配，表示对一个理想结果的主观“期盼”或有利于某结果出现的客观“机会”；与that-clause搭配，表示对出现某情况的“期盼”或有利于某情况出现的“机会”；与forsb.搭配，表示对某人成功的“期盼”或有利于某人成功的“机会”，等等。请看举例：ThosetwodefeatseffectivelyendedanyhopesBritainhadofwinningthegroup.Thisrevivedhopesofafurtherinterestratecut.Ifitis,therewillbenohopefortheyoungstersinthevillage.2.动词搭配比较。表示具体“愿望”的wish(es)主要与有“表达”、“存在”、“实现”等含义的动词搭配，如express、speakout、state、groanout、makenosecretof、have、cometrue等。表示笼统“意愿”的wish(es)则主要与有“遵从”、“了解”、“违背”等含义的动词搭配，如conformto、makeconcessionto、beresponsiveto、uphold、correspondwith、payheedto、besensitiveto、takeintoaccount、ignore、disregard、override等。表示主观“期盼”的hope(s)主要与有“持有”、“放弃”、“引发”、“打消”、“实现”等含义的动词搭配，如have、cherish、sustain、clingto、giveup、abandon、offer、give、raise、arouse、renew、revive、dash、shatter、end，befulfilled/substantiated等。而表示客观“机会”的hope(s)主要与有“提供”、“看出”、“存在”等含义的动词搭配，如offer、give、hold、holdout/deny、see、detect、have、therebe等。3.形容词搭配比较。wish(es)除在bestwishes中与best搭配表祝愿外，很少与其他形容词搭配。而hope(s)可与大量的形容词搭配，它们包括high(“强烈的”期盼)，consistent、cherished、widelyheld、lingering(“怀有的”期盼)，big、much、great、obvious、clear、high、boosted(“极好的”机会)，pious、vague、grim、scant、slender、faint、arayof、abeamof、aglimmerof、aglowof(“一线”期盼或机会)，forlorn、vain、doomed、broken(“无望的”期盼)等。第19页共19页,4.介词搭配比较。wish(es)主要与表示“遵从”的accordingto及表示“违背”的against搭配成介词短语做状语或表语。例如：Shethinksitisnotrighttoimposesomethinglikethepolltaxagainstthewishesofamajorityofthepopulation.Thedisposalofthese‘research’embryosshould,asfaraspossible,beaccordingtothedonor'swishes.而hope(s)主要与表“持有”含义的介词in以in(the)hope(s)ofdoingsth./sth.(怀着对某结果的期盼)、in(the)hope(s)that+clause(怀着对某情况的期盼)的形式组合起来做状。例如：Thenthere'sthestreamofday-tripKlondikerswhodescendontheHighlandriversinthehopeofbecomingrichovernight.TheyoungmenaredesertingtoDoualaandYaoundeinhopeofworkandbetterment.Thishasbeeninterpretedasanofferingtothegoddessinthehopethatshewouldincreasethesupplyofflint.从以上语料库调查比较的结果可以看出，在搭配上，使用中的wish和hope有着明显的规律性，它们都倾向于和某些语法形式或表示某些概念的词语搭配使用，且与特定的形式搭配时表示特定的意义。同时，实际运用中的wish和hope的意义并不像其概念意义“愿望”和“希望”那样抽象而难以把握，由于受搭配形式意义的影响，它们的语义变得具体而容易区分。因此，只要学习者掌握了两个词各自的搭配形式及搭配后形成的意义，区分和运用这两个词应该不是一件难事。这也说明，从语用形式的角度研究近义词可以揭示笼统的语义辨析所难以揭示的规律性，它应该值得语言第19页共19页
