2022届江苏省南京市第一中学高三上学期期初考试英语试题本试卷分四个部分。满分150分，考试用时120分钟。第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你将有I秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.答案是C。1.Wherearethespeakersprobably?A.Inthepostoffice.B.Inthepark.C.Attheairport.2.WhydoesAlicefeelexcited?A.Shemetanoldfriend.B.Shegotadesiredbook.C.Shefoundanicebookstore.3.WhatdoesJudyadviseSteventodo?A.Writee-mailsimmediately.B.Pickoutsuitableapplicants.C.Arrangeinterviewstomorrow.4.WhichcountryisBrentfrom?A.Australia.B.America.C.Russia.5.Whowillbeginthelecture?A.Dr.White.B.Dr.Hopkins.C.Prof.Pears.第二节（共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟,听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6.Whatdoweknowaboutthespeakers?,A.Theyarefamily.B.Theyarestrangers.C.Theyarecolleagues.7.HowshouldJanehelpherroommate?A.Byhangingouttogether.B.Bylendingherbooks.C.Bytalkingtoheroften.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。8.Whomightthewomanbe?A.James’teacher.B.James'mother.C.James'classmate.9.WhatwasJameslikeinthepast?A.Trouble-making.B.Hardworking.C.Easygoing.听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。10.Whatisthemandoing?A.BuyinganewTV.B.HavinghisTVrepaired.C.GettingacableTVservice.11.Whichofthefollowingistheman'sfavorite?A.Movies.B.Sports.C.News.12.Howmuchwouldthemanpayeachmonth?A.$54.B.$30.C.$60.听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。13.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Tests.B.Treatments.C.Symptoms.14.What'swrongwiththewoman?A.Shecan'tbearcoldweather.B.Shecan'tsleepwell.C.Shecan'tbreathedeeply.15.Whenwillthewomangetaspecificmedicalcare?A.Rightnow.B.Insevendays.C.Intwomonths.16WhatisMr.Smith?A.Anurse.B.Apatient.C.Adoctor.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。17.Whofirsttraveledaroundthemoonbeforehumanbeings?A.Dogs.B.Monkeys.C.Tortoises.18.Whywerethecreaturesstudiedafterreturningtoearth?A.Toseehowtheywereaffected.B.Toexaminewheretheywereaffected.C.Tofindoutwhethertheywereaffected.19.Whatcausedthemainchangesinthecreatures?A.Thespacetravel.B.Alackoffood.C.Lossofappetite.,20.WhathappenedinOctober1948?A.TwodogslandedintheIndianOcean.B.Micehelpedpeopleexplorespace.C.Monkeysweresentintospace.第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。AHumpbackWhalesHumpbackwhalesaresometimescalledperformersoftheocean.Thisisbecausetheycanmakeimpressivemovementswhentheydive.Thename“humpback”,whichisthecommonnameforthiswhale,referstothetypicalcurveshapethewhale'sbackformsasitdives.Sometimesthehumpbackwilldivewithafantasticmovementknownasabreach.Duringbreachingthewhaleusesitspowerfultailflukestoliftnearlytwo-thirdsofitsbodyoutofthewaterinagiantleap.Abreachmightalsoincludeasidewaystwistwithfinsstretchedoutlikewings,asthewhalereachestheheightofthebreach.Ahumpbackwhalebreathesairatthesurfaceofthewaterthroughtwoblowholeswhicharelocatednearthetopofthehead.Itblowsadoublestreamofwaterthatcanriseupto4metresabovethewater.Thehumpbackhasasmalldorsalfinlocatedtowardsthetailflukesabouttwo-thirdsofthewaydownitsback.Otherdistinguishingfeaturesincludelargepectoralfins,whichmaybeuptoathirdofthebodylength,anduniqueblackandwhitespotsontheundersideofthetailflukes.Thesemarkingsarelikefingerprints:notwoarethesame.Humpbackwhalesliveinlargegroups.Theycommunicatewitheachotherthroughcomplex“songs”.QuickFactsSize:14m-18minlength;30-50tonsinweightLivingOpenoceanandshallowcoastlinewatersEnvironmentFromwarmtropicalwaters,wheretheybreed,to coldpolarwaters,wheretheyeatDiet:Shellfish,plantsandfishofsmallsizeHunting:Sometimesingroups,inwhichseveralwhalesforma circleunderthewater,blowingbubblesthatforma“net”aroundaschoolof fish.Thefisharethen,forceduptothesurfaceinaconcentratedmass.Currentstate:Endangered:itisestimatedthatthereareabout 5000-7500humpbackwhalesworldwide1.AccordingtoQuickFacts,ahumpbackwhale_____.A.cannotsurviveinwatersneartheshoreB.doesn'tliveinthesamewatersallthetimeC.livesmainlyonunderwaterplantsD.preferstoworkalonewhenhuntingfood2.Tomakeabreach,ahumpbackwhalemust_____.A.useitstailflukestoleapoutofthewaterB.twistitsbodysidewaystojumphighC.blowtwostreamsofwaterD.communicatewithagroupofhumpbacks3.Fromthepassagewecanlearnthatahumpbackwhale_____.A.hasitsuniquemarkingsonitstailflukesB.hasblackandwhitefingerprintsC.getsitsnamefromthewayithuntsD.isagreatperformerduetoitssongs【答案】1.B2.A3.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。Humpbackwhales有时被称为海洋的表演者。文章介绍了Humpbackwhales的特点和生活习性等。【1题详解】推理判断题。根据QuickFacts中“Living:Openoceanandshallowcoastlinewaters（生活在公海和浅海岸线水域）”可知，根据QuickFacts，humpbackwhale并不是一直生活在同一水域。故选B。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Duringbreachingthewhaleusesitspowerfultailflukestoliftnearlytwo-thirdsofitsbodyoutofthewaterinagiantleap.（在破浪时，鲸鱼用它强有力的尾部将身体的近三分之二举起来，这是一次巨大的跳跃。）”可知，为了完成这一突破，humpbackwhales必须用它的尾鳍跃出水面。故选A。【3题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段中“uniqueblackandwhitespotsontheundersideofthetailflukes（尾部有独特的黑色和白色斑点）”可知从这篇文章中我们可以了解到humpbackwhales,在它的尾巴上有它独特的标记。故选A。BAlfredNobel,theSwedishinventorandindustrialist,wasamanofmanycontrasts.Hewasthesonofabankrupt,butbecameamillionaire;ascientistwithaloveofliterature;anindustrialistwhomanagedtoremainanidealist.Hemadeafortunebutlivedaverysimplelife,andalthoughcheerfulincompanyhewasoftensadinprivate.Aloverformankind,heneverhadawifeorfamilytolovehim;apatrioticsonofhisnativeland,hediedaloneonforeignsoil.Heinventedanewexplosivebombtoimprovethepeacetimeindustriesofminingandroadbuilding,butsawitwasusedasaweaponofwartokillandinjurehisfellowmen.Duringhisusefullife,heoftenfelthewasuseless."AlfredNobel,"heoncewroteofhimself,"oughttohavebeenputtodeathbyakinddoctorassoonas,withacry,heenteredlife."World-famousforhisworks,hewasneverpersonallywell-known,forthroughouthislifeheavoidedpublicity."1donotsee,"heoncesaid,"thatIhavedeservedanyfameandIhavenotasteforit."Butsincehisdeath,hisnamehasbroughtfameandglorytoothers.HewasborninStockholmonOctober21,1833,butmovedtoRussiawithhisparentsin1842,wherehisfather,Immanuel,madeastrongpositionforhimselfintheengineeringindustry.ImmanuelNobelinventedthelandmineandmadealotofmoneyfromgovernmentordersduringtheCrimeanWar,butwentbankruptsoonafter.MostofthefamilyreturnedtoSwedenin1859,whereAlfredrejoinedthemin1863,beginninghisownstudyofbombsinhisfather'slaboratory.Hehadneverbeentoschooloruniversitybuthadstudiedprivately.Andbythetimehewastwenty,hewasaskillfulchemistandexcellentlinguist,speakingSwedish,Russian,German,FrenchandEnglish.Likehisfather,AlfredNobelwasimaginativeandinventive,buthehadbetterluckinbusinessandshowedmorefinancialsense.Hewasquicktoseeindustrialopeningsforhisscientificinventionsandbuiltupover80companiesin20differentcountries.Indeedhisgreatnesslayinhisoutstandingabilitytocombinethequalitiesofanoriginalscientistwiththoseofaforward-lookingindustrialist.ButNobel’smainconcernwasneverwithmakingmoneyorevenwithmakingscientificdiscoveries.Seldomhappy,hewasalwayssearchingforameaningtolife,andfromhisyouthhadtakenaseriousinterestinliteratureandphilosophy.Perhapshecouldnotfindordinaryhumanlove---henevermarried---hecametocaredeeplyaboutthewholeofmankind.Hewasalwaysgeneroustothepoor:“I'drathertakecareofthestomachsofthelivingthanthegloryofthedeadintheformofstonematerials.”heoncesaid.Hisgreatestwish,however,wastoseeanendtowars,andthuspeacebetweennations,andhespentmuchtimeandmoneyworkingforthiscauseuntilhisdeathinItalyin1896.Hisfamouswill,inwhichheleftmoneytoprovideprizesforoutstandingworkinPhysics,Chemistry,Physiology,Medicine,LiteratureandPeace,isamemorialtohisinterestsandideals.Andso,themanwhofeltheshouldhavediedatbirthisrememberedandrespectedlongafterhisdeath.4.ThereasonwhyAlfredNobelinventedthebombisto________.A.getgovernmentordersduringtheCrimeanWar,B.protectthecountryfrombeinginvadedC.mineandbuildroadsD.opennewcompaniesinothercountries5.WhatwasAlfredNobelsearchingforinthelongcourseofhislife?A.FameandwealthB.Ameaningtolife.C.Howtoendthewar.D.Thepeacebetweennations.6.Whatistheimpliedmeaningoftheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?A.Weshouldhonorthedeadinsomeotherwayratherthanbybuildingstonemonumentsforthem.B.Ratherthanspendmoneyandmakeeffortsinbuildingmonumentsinmemoryofthedead,weshoulddosomethingtoprovidemorefoodfortheliving.C.Whenweareplanningtobuildmonumentstohonorthedead,weshouldalsomakerealeffortstoprovidethelivingwithmorefood.D.Livingwithhonorcomesmoreimportantthandeathwithdignity.7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothetext?A.Inleavingbehindawell-meantwill,AlfredNobelsucceededinbuildingapermanentmonumentforhisinterestsandideals.B.AlfredNobelmadeagloriouswillsothathemightberememberedandrespectedafterhisdeath.C.Inhisfamouswill,AlfredNobelexpressedhiswishthatamonumentshouldbeputupinmemoryofhimasascientistandinventor.D.Accordingtohiswill,NobelPrizesaregiventothosewhodidoutstandingworkinfieldsofPhysics,Chemistry,Psychology,Medicine,LiteratureandPeace.【答案】4.C5.B6.B7.A【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的生平。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Heinventedanewexplosivebombtoimprovethepeacetimeindustriesofminingandroadbuilding,butsawitwasusedasaweaponofwartokillandinjurehisfellowmen.”（他发明了一种新的爆炸炸弹，以改善和平时期的采矿业和筑路业，但却看到它被用作杀害和伤害他的同胞的战争武器。）可知，他发明炸弹的最初目的是采矿和修路，故选C。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Seldomhappy,hewasalwayssearchingforameaningtolife,andfromhisyouthhadtakenaseriousinterestinliteratureandphilosophy.”（他很少快乐，总是在寻找生活的意义，从青年时代起就对文学和哲学产生了浓厚的兴趣）可知，他一生都在寻找生命的意义，故选B。【6题详解】,句意猜测题。根据第三段中划线部分“I'drathertakecareofthestomachsofthelivingthanthegloryofthedeadintheformofstonematerials.”（我宁愿照顾生者的胃也不愿以石头的形式照顾死者的荣耀。）可知，Nobel觉得我们应该做些什么来为生者提供更多的食物，而不是花钱和努力建造纪念死者的纪念碑。，故选B。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Hisfamouswill,inwhichheleftmoneytoprovideprizesforoutstandingworkinPhysics,Chemistry,Physiology,Medicine,LiteratureandPeace,isamemorialtohisinterestsandideals.”（他的著名遗嘱是对他的兴趣和理想的纪念。在遗嘱中，他留下钱，为在物理、化学、生理学、医学、文学和和平领域的杰出工作提供奖励。）可知，通过留下一份善意的遗嘱，AlfredNobel成功地为他的利益和理想建立了一座永久的纪念碑，故选A。【点睛】CIfallgoeswell,aballoonwillsoonrisefromEsrangeSpaceCenterinKiruna,Sweden.ItwillfloathighintotheupperatmosphereandthenreturntoEarth.However,environmentalistshavearrivedtostopthisfromhappening.Thecampaignersareagainsttheballoonbecauseofwhatoccursinflight.TheballoonwillshootdustintotheEarthsupperatmosphere,causingmoresunlighttoreflectbackintospace.Thedust,knownasstratosphericaerosolinjection(SAI),ispartofasolargeoengineering(地球工程)programnamedSCoPexwhichisbeingconductedbyHarvardUniversity.TheaimoftheprogramistopurposelychangetheEarth'satmospheretofightclimatechange.Thosewhoopposeworryabouttwothings.Firstly,themoralrisk-ifsolargeoengineeringworks,talksonreducinggreenhousegaseswillbechallenged.ThesecondconcernistheamountofSAIintheatmosphere.Tokeeptemperatureslow,theneedofthereflectivedusttobelreleasedhighaboveEarthwillbeendless,andasuddenstopcouldresultinrapidwarming.RaymondPierrehumbert,aphysicistatOxfordUniversity,sayssolargeoengineeringiseventoolriskytoresearchbeyondcomputermodels.Notallenvironmentalistsareopposedtoit.Sincetheworldisunlikelytoachievethe1.5℃globalwarmingtargetsetintheParisAgreement,somegreenorganizationsfavoursmall-sizedgeoengineeringresearch.Regardlessofthecriticism,theresearchcontinues.Geoengineeringisincreasinglygaininginternationalattention.ArecentreportaboutclimatechangesuggestedthatSAIcouldhelpkeepwarmingbelow1.5℃.TheNationalAcademyofSciences,EngineeringandMedicineintheUSAhasdevelopedaresearchplanforsolargeoengineeringandreceivedgovernmentalfundingtotaling$9million.BothChinaandIndiahavealsolaunchedresearchprogrammesoftheirown.Activistsmayopposetheexperiments,butballoonswilllikelyflyanyway.8.WhatisthefunctionofSAI?,A.Toattractdust.B.Tothrowsunlightback.C.Toabsorbheat.D.Tofightagainstpollution.9.WhydoesRaymondPierrehumbertsaygeoengineeringisrisky?AItmaychangecomputermodels.B.Itmayproducetoomuchdust.C.Itmayreleasegreenhousegases.D.Itmayworsenglobalwarming.10.Howdosomepeopleexpectgeoengineeringresearchtobedone?A.Toalimiteddegree.B.Atalowertemperature.C.Bygreenorganizations.D.Withoutinternationalattention.11.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred?A.Voicesofenvironmentalistsareignored.B.Moresupportisgoingtogeoengineering.C.GlobalwarmingisgettingworseinSweden.D.GeoengineeringhasprovedeffectiveinIndia.【答案】8.B9.D10.A11.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了用热气球进行地球工程遭到了诸多科学家的反对，但这项工程最终依然会按计划进行。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“TheballoonwillshootdustintotheEarthsupperatmosphere,causingmoresunlighttoreflectbackintospace.(气球会将灰尘喷射到地球的高层大气中，使更多的阳光反射回太空)”以及“Thedust,knownasstratosphericaerosolinjection(SAI),ispartofasolargeoengineering(地球工程)programnamedSCoPexwhichisbeingconductedbyHarvardUniversity.(尘埃被称为SAI，是由哈佛大学实施的名为SCoPex的地球工程计划的一部分)”可知，SAI的作用是将阳光反射回太空。故选B项。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Tokeeptemperatureslow,theneedofthereflectivedusttobelreleasedhighaboveEarthwillbeendless,andasuddenstopcouldresultinrapidwarming.(为了保持低温，对地面上方高处释放的反射式防尘圈的需求将是无止境的，突然停止可能会导致迅速变暖)”可知，RaymondPierrehumbert说地球工程是有风险的原因是因为这项工程会加速全球变暖，让情况更糟糕。故选D项。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Sincetheworldisunlikelytoachievethe1.5℃global,warmingtargetsetintheParisAgreement,somegreenorganizationsfavoursmall-sizedgeoengineeringresearch.(由于我们不太可能实现《巴黎协定》设定的全球升温1.5℃的目标，因此一些绿色组织赞成小型地球工程研究)”可知，有些人期望在有限的程度范围内进行地球工程研究。故选A项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“ArecentreportaboutclimatechangesuggestedthatSAIcouldhelpkeepwarmingbelow1.5℃.TheNationalAcademyofSciences,EngineeringandMedicineintheUSAhasdevelopedaresearchplanforsolargeoengineeringandreceivedgovernmentalfundingtotalingS9million.(最近有关气候变化的报告表明，SAI可以帮助将温度保持在1.5℃以下。美国国家科学，工程和医学研究院已经制定了一项太阳能地球工程研究计划，并获得了总计900万美元的政府资助)”以及“Geoengineeringisincreasinglygaininginternationalattention.(地球工程越来越受到国际关注)”可推知，地球工程得到了越来越多的支持。故选B项。DOnMay1,1926,FordMotorCompanybecameoneofthefirstAmericancompaniestoadoptafive-day,40-hourweek.Itwassomethingworkersandlaborunionshadbeencallingfor.However,thefive-dayworkweekwastoincreaseproductivity.Withmoretimeandmoney,workerswereexpectedtobuyandusetheproductstheyweremaking.ManufacturerssoonfollowedFord’slead,andtheMonday-to-Fridayworkweekbecamestandardpractice.Sincethen,everythinghaschangedbutthehours.Manypeopleworkedlonger,whichseverelyinfluencedhealthandwell-being,aswellastheenvironment.UntiltheSecondWorldWar,itwascommonforonepersoninafamily,usuallytheoldestmale,toworkfull-time.Womengraduallymadeup42percentoftheworld’sfull-timeworkforce.Later,technologymadelotsofworkunnecessary,withcomputersandrobotsdoingmanytaskspreviouslyperformedbyhumans.Wellintothe21stcentury,wecontinuetoworkthesamelonghoursas20thcenturylaborers,usingupmoreofEarth’ssupplytoproducemoregoodsthatwemustkeepworkingtobuy,useandreplaceinaseeminglyendlesscycleofhardworkandconsumption.It’stimetopauseandconsiderbetterwaystolivelikeshiftingfromfossil-fueledlifestyleswithwhichourconsumer-basedworkweeksareconnected.TheUKNewEconomicsFoundationarguesthatastandard21-hourworkweekwouldaddressanumberofinterconnectedproblems:overwork,unemployment,over-consumption,highcarbonemissions,lowwell-being,andthelackoftimetolivesustainably,tocareforeachother,andsimplytoenjoylife.Economicsystemsthatrequireconstantgrowthonafinite(有限的)planetmakenosense.It’stimeforachangeinoureconomicthinking.12.WhydidHenryFordshortentheworkweek?A.Toincreaseefficiency.B.Tocutworkers’salaries.,C.Toendconflictswithworkers.D.Tocreatemorejobopportunities.13.WhathappenedintheworkforceafterWorldWarII?A.Theoldestmalehadtoworklonger.B.Technologyletpeopleworkmoreflexibly.C.Jobpositionswerecreatedduetotechnology.D.Full-timevacancieswerefilledbymorewomen.14.Whatcanweinferfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Companiesshouldn’tproducemorethanpeoplecanuse.B.The21stcenturyhaswitnessedthelongestworkinghours.C.Thecycleoflongerworkweekandconsumptionshouldbechanged.D.Longerworkweekdefinitelyleadstostrongerconsumptioncapability.15.Whichwouldbepossibleifa21-hourworkweekshouldbeadopted?A.Companieswouldbecloseddown.B.Economicgrowthwouldbestopped.C.Economicsystemswouldbreakdown.D.Peoplewouldbeencouragedtoenjoylife.【答案】12.A13.D14.C15.D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章就福特汽车公司工作制的改变展开了讨论。1926年5月1日，福特汽车公司成为美国最早实行每周五天、每周工作40小时的公司之一。这是工人和工会一直在呼吁的。然而，每周五天工作制是为了提高工作效率。在一个有限的星球上，需要持续增长的经济体系毫无意义。是时候改变我们的经济思维了。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“thefive-dayworkweekwastoincreaseproductivity.（每周五天工作日是为了提高生产率）”可知，亨利·福特缩短了每周的工作时间是为了提高效率。故选A。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“UntiltheSecondWorldWar,itwascommonforonepersoninafamily,usuallytheoldestmale,toworkfull-time.Womengraduallymadeup42percentoftheworld’sfull-timeworkforce.（直到第二次世界大战，一个家庭中的一个人，通常是最年长的男性做全职工作，这是很常见的。女性逐渐占到全球全职劳动力的42%）”可知，二战后的劳动力中更多女性填补了全职职位空缺。故选D。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“It’stimetopauseandconsiderbetterwaystolivelikeshiftingfrom,fossil-fueledlifestyleswithwhichourconsumer-basedworkweeksareconnected.（是时候停下来，考虑一下更好的生活方式了。比如从依赖化石燃料的生活方式中转变出来，这种生活方式与以消费者为基础的工作日息息相关）”和第四段“Economicsystemsthatrequireconstantgrowthonafinite(有限的)planetmakenosense.It’stimeforachangeinoureconomicthinking.（在一个有限的星球上，需要持续增长的经济体系毫无意义。是时候改变我们的经济思维了）”可知，更长的工作周和消费周期应该改变。故选C。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“TheUKNewEconomicsFoundationarguesthatastandard21-hourworkweekwouldaddressanumberofinterconnectedproblems:overwork,unemployment,over-consumption,highcarbonemissions,lowwell-being,andthelackoftimetolivesustainably,tocareforeachother,andsimplytoenjoylife.（TheUKNewEconomicsFoundation认为，标准的每周21小时工作制将解决一系列相互关联的问题：过度工作、失业、过度消费、高碳排放、低幸福感以及缺乏可持续生活、相互关心和享受生活的时间）”可知，如果实行21小时工作制，人们会被鼓励去享受生活。故选D。第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。ThemistakenbeliefThereisthebeliefthat,ifyouarriveatanappointmentlate,youwillbeconsideredimportant.Thisisamistakenview.____16____;weareinterferingwithanotherman'stime.Wemustrealizethatkeepingappointmentsorbeingpunctualisacontractthatissilentlyagreedandweareexpectedtorespectthiscontract.Itisonlynaturalthatwelosefaith,trustandconfidenceinapersonwhoistardy(延迟的).Self-disciplineandpunctualityTobepunctualonehastohaveself-discipline(自律),andthelackofitaffectsothers.Aschoolboyorgirlisunpunctualbecauseheorshedoesnothavethenecessaryhumanvirtueofself-discipline.____17____.Unpunctualpeopleseldomrealizethattheirhabitcausesproblemstoothers.Asalesmanwhoisnotpunctualmaynotmakeasaleifhearriveslateforanappointment.Ifoneislateforajobinterview,itisnotlikelythathewillgetthejob.____18____.Imaginetheanxietyifyoudonotwanttobeconsideredunpunctual.Youwillbeanxiousifyousetoutforadinnerlate.Thepersonwhosetsoutlatemightbecarelessindriving.Hewillignoretrafficrules.Atrafficjam,flattyres,etc.candelayhimfurther.Happyandcalmisthemanwhotakesallthesepossibilitiesintoconsiderationandarrivesattheappointmenteitherearlyorontime.,UnpunctualityatdinnersManyofthosewhoattenddinnersarenotorious(声名狼藉的)forunpunctuality.Theyignoretheappointedtimeandleavetheirhomesonlyafterthefixedtime.Theyareindifferenttotheinconveniencecausedtoothers.Iftheself-centeredguestarriveslate,thenineothersatthetablesetfortenwillhavetowait.____19____andthismanseldomthinksoftheinconveniencecausedtoallthewaiters,themanagementstaff,etc.Itisnecessaryforustothinkofothersandbeconsideratetothem.TheneedfortoleranceHowever,wecannotalwaysbeintolerantoftardiness,forordinarylivingrequiressometolerance.Therecanbeabusyexecutivewhofightstokeeptohisschedule.Suchapersonmaybeforgivenifheislate,butnotthosewhoaredeliberatelylatetocreateimpression.____20____.Itisarecognitionoftheimportanceofotherpeople.A.PunctualityandconfidenceB.SuccessandpunctualityC.AvoidanxietybybeingpunctualD.ThehostisputinanunpleasantsituationE.Beingunpunctual,wearenotrespectfulofothersF.ItisalsoamarkofdisrespectforasystemoraninstitutionG.Inmodernsociety,punctualityisanecessaryvirtue【答案】16.E17.F18.C19.D20.G【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人们对于不守时的错误理解，守时和自律的重要性以及如何做到守时自律。【16题详解】根据上文“Thisisamistakenview”（这是一个错误的观点）以及下文“weareinterferingwithanotherman'stime.”（我们在干扰别人的时间）由此可知，选项承接上下文，说明不守时给别人带来的不好的影响。interferingwithanotherman'stime呼应notrespectfulofothers，故E选项“不守时，就是我们不尊重他人”。切题。故选E项。【17题详解】根据上文“Aschoolboyorgirlisunpunctualbecauseheorshedoesnothavethenecessaryhumanvirtueofself-discipline.”（。一个在校的男孩或女孩是不守时的，因为他或她没有必要的人类自律美德）可知，选项承接上文，说明不守时所体现出的是什么，学生不按时到校是对学校的不尊重，故F选项“这也是对一个制度或机构的不尊重”切题。故选F项。【18题详解】根据下文“Imaginetheanxietyifyoudonotwanttobeconsideredunpunctual.Youwillbe,anxiousifyousetoutforadinnerlate.Thepersonwhosetsoutlatemightbecarelessindriving.Hewillignoretrafficrules.Atrafficjam,flattyres,etc.candelayhimfurther.Happyandcalmisthemanwhotakesallthesepossibilitiesintoconsiderationandarrivesattheappointmenteitherearlyorontime.”（想象一下，如果你不想被认为不守时，你会有多焦虑。如果你出去吃饭晚了，你会焦急的。出发晚的人开车可能不小心。他会无视交通规则。交通堵塞、轮胎漏气等都会使他耽搁得更久。快乐而冷静的人会考虑到所有这些可能性，提前或准时赴约。）由此可知，本段在告诉我们要通过准时来避免焦虑。故C选项“通过准时来避免焦虑”切题。故选C项。【19题详解】根据上文“Iftheself-centeredguestarriveslate,thenineothersatthetablesetfortenwillhavetowait.”（如果以自我为中心的客人来晚了，设置可坐十人桌的九个人就得等。）可知，选项在说迟到的人使主人处于何种境地。atthetablesetfortenwillhavetowait呼应anunpleasantsituation。故D选项“主人处于一种不愉快的境地”切题。故选D项。【20题详解】根据下文“Itisarecognitionoftheimportanceofotherpeople.”（这是对他人重要性的认可。）可知，选项在总结全文说守时到底是什么。It指代前文的punctuality。故G选项“在现代社会，守时是一种必要的美德”切题。故选G项。第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Ilogontoacomputeratthedoctor’sofficetosayIhavearrivedandthenwaituntilavoicecallsmeintotheexaminationroom.There,aroboticnurse____21____meontothescalesandthentakesmybloodpressure.Sometimelater,instepsthedoctor,whoisalsoarobot.Henotesdownmy____22____andgivesmea(n)____23____.Ipayformyvisitusingacreditcardandreturnhomewithouthavingmetanotherhumanbeing.Thisismynightmarishvisionofthefuture,whichhasn’thappened____24____yet.IshouldsayIreallydolikemanyaspectsof____25____.Iamabigfanofairconditioninginsummerandheatersinwinter.ButIamwritingthisbecauseIdon’twantmachinesto____26____.WhenIcallmydentist’sofficeandactuallygetahumanbeingontheline,Iam____27____.AndwhenIseetheintroductionofyetmoreself-servicecheckoutstationsatthegrocerystore,Ifeellike____28____,“Whenitcomestocashiers,makeminea(n)____29____,please!”Afterall,humancashierssometimes____30____youastorecouponforitemsyouarebuying.,Evenmorethanthat,real-lifecashiersoftentakeaninterestinparticularlycutechildren,whichcan____31____youngmothers’day.Acashiermayalsoshowcompassionforanelderlyperson____32____togetthatlastpennyoutofhispurse.Machinescanbe____33____andcost-effectiveandtheyoftengetthejobdonejustfine.____34____theylackanelementsoimportanttoeverydaylife.Callitthespirit,thesoulortheheart.Itis____35____nomachinewilleverhave.Itishumanbeingthatencouragesustosmileatothers,whichmaybewhattheyneedatthatmoment.21.A.tearsB.directsC.followsD.separates22.A.signalsB.symptomsC.sculpturesD.symbols23.A.descriptionB.assumptionC.prescriptionD.subscription24.A.atmostB.atlastC.atleastD.atintervals25.A.commerceB.agricultureC.literatureD.technology26.A.cutinB.passbyC.takeoverD.goaway27.A.annoyedB.thrilledC.discouragedD.disappointed28.A.cursingB.laughingC.shoutingD.weeping29.A.machineB.humanC.animalD.plant30.A.giveB.remindC.bargainD.purchase31.A.brightenB.darkenC.strengthenD.widen32.A.turningB.happeningC.describingD.struggling33.A.urgentB.efficientC.frequentD.consistent34.A.ButB.BecauseC.OtherwiseD.Therefore35.A.everythingB.nothingC.anythingD.something【答案】21.B22.B23.C24.C25.D26.C27.B28.C29.B30.A31.A32.D33.B34.A35.D【解析】,【分析】这是一篇议论文。文中作者想象了未来机器人接管一切的场景，感觉是噩梦。作者认为机器人虽然效率高，成本低，而且常常能很好地完成工作，但它们缺少人类才有的灵魂。【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在那里，一个机器人护士把我带到秤上，然后给我量血压。A.tears撕开；B.directs指导；C.follows跟随；D.separates分开。根据后文“meontothescalesandthentakesmybloodpressure”可知此处自豪机器人护士指导作者称体重，然后给作者量血压。故选B。【22题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他记下我的症状并给我开药方。A.signals信号；B.symptoms症状；C.sculptures雕塑；D.symbols象征。根据上文“instepsthedoctor,whoisalsoarobot.Henotesdownmy”可知作者去体检，机器人记下作者的症状。故选B。【23题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他记下我的症状并给我开药方。A.description描述；B.assumption假设；C.prescription药方；D.subscription订阅。上文提到机器人医生记下作者的症状，然后给作者开药方。故选C。【24题详解】考查固定短语辨析。句意：这是我对未来的噩梦般的想象，至少现在还没有发生。A.atmost至多；B.atlast最后；C.atleast至少；D.atintervals不时。根据上文“Thisismynightmarishvisionofthefuture,whichhasn’thappened”可知这些是作者对未来的幻想，所以至少现在还没有发生。故选C。【25题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我应该说我真的很喜欢科技的很多方面。A.commerce贸易；B.agriculture农业；C.literature文学；D.technology技术。后文中“Iamabigfanofairconditioninginsummerandheatersinwinter.”列举了作者喜欢空调，即现代技术。故选D。【26题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：但我写这篇文章是因为我不想让机器接管一切。A.cutin插嘴；B.passby经过；C.takeover接管；D.goaway走开。根据后文可知作者不想和机器人通话和让机器人给自己结账，推测作者不想机器接管日常生活的一切。故选C。【27题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我打电话给我的牙医办公室，实际上是一个人在电话里，我很激动。A.annoyed恼怒的；B.thrilled激动的；C.discouraged沮丧的；D.disappointed失望的。上文提到作者不想机器人接管一切，所以当电话是人类接听的时候，作者显得很激动。故选B。,【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我看到杂货店推出更多的自助结账台时，我真想大喊一声：“当收银员来的时候，请换成人类给我结账吧！”A.cursing诅咒；B.laughing笑；C.shouting叫喊；D.weeping哭泣。根据后文“please!”可知作者对于自助结账情绪激动，shout符合语境。故选C。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当我看到杂货店推出更多的自助结账台时，我真想大喊一声：“当收银员来的时候，请换成人类给我结账吧！”A.machine机器；B.human人类；C.animal动物；D.plant植物。根据上文可知，作者不喜欢机器接管一切，所以是希望人类给自己结账。故选B。【30题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：毕竟，收银员有时会给你一张你所购买商品的商店优惠券。A.give给予；B.remind提醒；C.bargain交易；D.purchase购买。根据后文“youastorecoupon”指给某人某物，应用givesb.sth.。故选A。31题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：更重要的是，现实生活中的收银员往往对特别可爱的孩子感兴趣，这可以让年轻妈妈们的开心。A.brighten点亮；B.darken变黑；C.strengthen加强；D.widen扩宽。结合上文“real-lifecashiersoftentakeaninterestinparticularlycutechildren”可知人类收银员喜欢可爱的孩子，这可以让年轻妈妈们开心。故选A。【32题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：收银员也可能会对一个挣扎着从钱包里拿出最后一分钱的老人表示同情。A.turning转弯；B.happening发生；C.describing描述；D.struggling努力，挣扎。根据后文“togetthatlastpennyoutofhispurse”可知指挣扎着从钱包里拿出最后一分钱的老人。故选D。【33题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：机器效率高，成本低，而且常常能很好地完成工作。A.urgent紧急的；B.efficient有效率的；C.frequent频繁的；D.consistent一致的。对应后文“andcost-effective”指机器效率高，成本低。故选B。34题详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：但它们缺少日常生活中非常重要的元素。A.But但是；B.Because因为；C.Otherwise否则；D.Therefore因此。上文提到了机器的好处，后文则说它们缺少重要元素，前后为转折关系，应用but。故选A。【35题详解】考查不定代词辨析。句意：这是任何机器都不会有的东西。A.everything一切；B.nothing,没有什么；C.anything任何事；D.something某物。根据上文“Callitthespirit,thesoulortheheart.”可知作者认为机器缺少灵魂，是任何机器都不会有的东西，something符合语境。故选D。第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayarolein____36____youpackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadof____37____you.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofdietplan.Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourage____38____(overeat),forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious（难为情）whenthey’rein5____39____(poor)litplacesandsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn’thaveenoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewith____40____(bright).Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroom____41____(consume)33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,____42____coldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.____43____whenit’stimetorepaint,goblue.Don’tforgettheclockortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercaloriespermealthanthose____44____rushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetimeandtrytomakedinnerlastatleast30minutes.Andwhileyou’reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turnonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintakejumpsby14percent.Andwe’llpourabout30percent____45____liquidintoashort,wideglassthanatall,skinnyglass.【答案】36.whether37.against38.overeating39.poorly40.brightness41.consumed42.while43.So44.who45.more【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了房间的装修会影响人的体重。【36题详解】,考查宾语从句。句意：专家表示，你的家居设计方式可能会影响到你是增重还是减肥。分析句子结构可知，此句为宾语从句，且从句中不缺成分，意为“是否”，且介词之后不能用if，故填whether。【37题详解】考查介词。句意：你可以让你的环境为你工作，而不是与你作对。根据“foryouinsteadof”可知，此空应该填for的反义词，故填against。【38题详解】考查动名词。句意：黑暗的环境更容易导致暴饮暴食，因为人们在光线不好的地方往往不那么自觉，所以更有可能吃很多食物。根据空前的动词“encourage”可知，此处应用动名词作宾语，故填overeating。【39题详解】考查副词。句意：黑暗的环境更容易导致暴饮暴食，因为人们在光线不好的地方往往不那么自觉，所以更有可能吃很多食物。分析句子结构可知，此处应该用副词修饰空后的过去分词it，故填poorly。【40题详解】考查名词。句意：如果你的家没有足够的窗户照明，多买一些灯，让整个地方充满明亮。根据“with”可知，此处应该填写名词，故填brightness。【41题详解】考查动词时态。句意：在一项研究中，在蓝色房间吃饭的人比在黄色或红色房间吃饭的人少吃33%。分析句子结构可知，此空作谓语动词，根据ate可知应该用一般过去时，故填consumed。【42题详解】考查连词。句意：像黄色这样的暖色让食物看起来更有食欲，而冷色让我们感觉不那么饿。分析句子结构可知，上下句为对比关系，故填while。【43题详解】考查连词。句意：所以当需要重新粉刷的时候，选择蓝色。分析句子结构可知，上下句为因果关系，故填So。【44题详解】考查定语从句。句意：细嚼慢咽的人每顿饭比匆匆吃完的人少摄入约70卡路里。分析句子结构可知，此句为定语从句，先行词为those，指人且在从句中作主语，故填who。【45题详解】考查比较级。句意：我们会在短而宽的杯子里比高而细的杯子多倒30%的液体。根据“than”可知，此处应该用比较级，表示“……多的”，故填more。【点睛】,第四部分写作(共两节，满分40分)第一节(满分15分)46.你校上周举办了帮助贫困地区留守儿童的云义卖（onlinecharitysale）活动，请你为学校英文校报写一篇活动报道，内容包括：1.活动目的；2.活动过程：网上展示和销售闲置物品等；3.活动意义和参与者感受。注意：1.写作词数应为100词左右；2.开头和结尾已给出，不记在字数内。Anonlinecharitysalewasheldinourschoollastweek.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】APossibleVersion:Anonlinecharitysalewasheldinourschoollastweek.Thisactivitywasaimedatenhancingstudents’senseofsocialresponsibilityandhelpingtheleft-behindchildreninthepoverty-hitarea.Morethan3,000peopleintotal,includingstudents,teachersandparents,tookanactivepartinit.Theparticipantsdisplayedandsoldtheidleitemsonline.Allthemoneytheyearnedwillbedonatedtothosepoorchildrenastheirtuitionfees.Theeventhasachievedabighit.Onthewebsite’scommentboard,someparticipantssaidthattheybenefitedenormouslyfromtheeventandsomeexpressedtheirhopethatmoreilluminatingactivitieslikethiscouldbeheldinthefuture.【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给学校上周举办的帮助贫困地区留守儿童的云义卖活动写一篇活动报道。【详解】1.词汇积累目的是：beaimedat=beintendedto提高：enhance→increase参加：takepartin=participatein获得：achieve→gain2.句式拓展简单句变复合句原句：Morethan3,000peopleintotal,includingstudents,teachersandparents,tookanactivepartinit.拓展句：Itwasmorethan3,000peopleintotal,includingstudents,teachersandparentsthattook,anactivepartinit.【点睛】[高分句型1]Allthemoneytheyearnedwillbedonatedtothosepoorchildrenastheirtuitionfees.(运用了省略that引导的限制性定语从句)[高分句型2]Onthewebsite’scommentboard,someparticipantssaidthattheybenefitedenormouslyfromtheeventandsomeexpressedtheirhopethatmoreilluminatingactivitieslikethiscouldbeheldinthefuture.(第一个that引导宾语从句，第二个that引导同位语从句)第二节(满分25分)47.阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。ItwasarainyNovembermorning.OvercomewithangerIknewifIdidn’tleavethehousesoonIwouldlosemytemperwithmyhusband,Joe.Asraincamedowninsheets,Joeofferedtotakemetowork.Istruggledintomyjacket,seizedmybagandteachingplansandignoredhim.Heinsistedandreachedforhisboots.Ilookedatthepilesofnewspapersandthedirtydishessillonthetable.“Don’tyouhaveenoughtodo?Icantakecareofmyself.”Istormedout,notevenkissinghimgood-bye.Joeshoutedaftermenottotaketheshortcut.JoeandIhadbeeneagerlylookingforwardtoourretirementwhenaheartattackthatpastspringforcedhimtoleavehisjobearlierthanwehadplanned.AsthemedicalbillsmountedwerealizedIwouldhavetocontinueworkingfull-timewhileJoestayedhomeandtookoverthehousework.Thenewarrangementwasadisaster.Exhaustedafteradayoffullwork,allIwantedwasahothome-cookedmealandagoodnight’ssleep.However,whatgreetedmeatthetablewasamicrowavepackage.Sometimeshewouldserveoatmeal（燕麦）forseveralnightsinarow.OnenightwhenIdraggedmyselftobed,IwasterrifiedtodiscoverJoehadturnedourwhitesheetsblue.Hetoldmehehadfoundouthowtosaveonwater,soapandelectricity.Hepattedhisbluetrousersandannouncedproudlywashingeverythingtogetherwasjustthesecret.Tenminuteslater,ignoringJoeswarning,Iturnedoffthemainroute.Ithoughtithadn’trainedenoughtofloodtheroad,butasIroundedthecornerwaterrushedacrossmypath.Afterafewfeet,thecargotstuck.Iopenedthedoorandwaterpouredin.Ihurriedlyclosedthedoor.Icouldn’triskwalkinginthis.Almost20minutespassed.Thecarbegantoshake.IgotfrightenedtodeathwhenIheardthreelonghonks（喇叭声）.注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Lookingovermyshoulder,Istaredintotheflashinglightsofatruck.,____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________IscreamedatJoethatIcouldn’tmakeit.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Paragraph1:Lookingovermyshoulder,Istaredintotheflashinglightsofatruck.ItwasJoe！Icouldn’thelpburstingintotears.Joeshoutedtomenottobefrightened.ThenhethrewathickropesothatIcouldhangontoitandwalkstraighttowardhim.Iopenedthedoor,grabbeditandinchedout.However,asuddenfallleftmeintherushingwater.Istruggledtomyfeet,onlytofindabranchblockingthewayrightinfrontofme.Paragraph2:IscreamedthatIcouldn’tmakeit.Joe,however,remainedcalm！HeurgedmetotakeonestepatatimeandassuredmeIcouldmakeit.ImovedforwardslowlyandcautiouslybeforeIfellintohisarms.Sobbingagainsthischest,IapologizedthatIshouldn’thavetakentheshortcut.Joepattedmesayinghisprimaryconcernwasmysafety.OnlythendidIrealizeJoeactuallyunderstoodhowtotakecareofmedespitehistroublewiththehousework.【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了十一月的一个早晨，下着大雨，作者的丈夫Joe叮嘱作者不要抄近路去上班，而作者没有听丈夫的话，还是走了近路，结果车被困在了积满雨水的道路上。【详解】1.段落续写：①由第一段首句内容“我回过头，盯着一辆卡车闪烁的灯光。”可知，第一段可描写作者发现是丈夫来解救自己，以及丈夫解救作者的经过，最后作者被一根树枝拦住了。②由第二段首句内容“我尖叫着说我过去不了。”可知，第二段可描写作者的丈夫是如何鼓励作者克服了困难的，最后作者意识到丈夫其实懂得如何照顾自己，尽管他做家务很麻烦。2.续写线索：回头看到灯光——丈夫开车救援——鼓励——成功解救——感悟3.词汇激活行为类①大喊：shoutatsb./cryout/callout②抓住：getholdof/catchholdof/seize/clench/grab③鼓励：encourage/urge/inspire④哭泣：weep/sob/cry⑤道歉：apologize/makeanapology/saysorryfor情绪类①感谢：showappreciation/showgratitude/begrateful,②积极：positiveattitude/actpositively【点睛】[高分句型1].ThenhethrewathickropesothatIcouldhangontoitandwalkstraighttowardhim.(运用了sothat引导的目的状语从句)[高分句型2].OnlythendidIrealizeJoeactuallyunderstoodhowtotakecareofmedespitehistroublewiththehousework.（运用了“only+副词”置于句首的倒装句。）
