专题11阅读理解易错点1只见树木不见森林，误把细节当主题（2022·新课标III卷）Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarming.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theriseandfallofacity.B.ThegoldrushinCanada.C.Journeysintothewilderness.D.TourisminDawson.34\n【错因分析】一篇文章都是围绕着一个中心思想或一个话题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。通读全文可知，文章主要围绕Dawson的发展展开，Dawson反复出现，再根据每一段的段首句可以总结出，文章第一段通过城市发展的原因引出Dawson，第二段介绍Dawson发展的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，从而总结出文章的主旨大意。【参考答案】A近几年的高考阅读理解越来越倾向于从语篇的角度考查能力，考生在做题时也要相应地转变为整体思维，要从整体把握文章的大意，不可过于纠缠细节。利用文章的细节内容进行干扰是命题人常采用的干扰方式，考生千万不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意题或是标题归纳题，切忌只见树木，不见森林。StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneof Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike Stein to makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'argument:manycitieswithbansstillallowshoppers to purchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergy to produceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeugly to lookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofall garbage onthegroundtoday.34\nTheindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy to make.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（质疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshoppers to usethesamereusablebagsforyears.27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl【答案】A易错点2主观臆断，忽视逻辑Readingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup.Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit.BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,＂Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth.＂Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.34\nPeoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttotheBookCrosserstokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.BrucePedersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe＂real＂andnotthevirtual(虚拟).Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.29.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgroupsinthefirstparagraph?A.Toexplainwhattheyare.B.TointroduceBookCrossing.C.Tostresstheimportanceofreading.【错因分析】考生容易做错的原因是忽视本题上下文的逻辑关系和所涉及的相关信息，单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能全面总结。【参考答案】B回归原文，重视逻辑考生做阅读理解题的唯一依据就是文章，所有的判断都应围绕文章进行。每篇文章都是完整的语篇，上下文之间的逻辑关系非常紧密。在做此类题时，考生需要通过上下文之间的逻辑关系揣测作者所要表达的真正意图。（2022·浙江）In1812,theyearCharlesDickenswasborn,therewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury—mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719—butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam-poweredprintingpresswasstill34\ninitsearlystages;theliteracy（识字）rateinEnglandwasunder50%.Manyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthors,oftenwithsomethinglike“Byalady.”Novels,forthemostpart,werelookeduponassilly,immoralorjustplainbad.In1870,whenDickensdied,theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher,famousandbeloved,whohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters—fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim—wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.TodayDickens’greatnessisunchallenged.Removinghimfromthepantheon（名人堂）ofEnglishliteraturewouldmakeaboutasmuchsenseastheLouvresellingofftheMonaLisa.HowdidDickensgettothetop?Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories,literatureisanumbersgame,andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60,000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage,from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf-dozenofthem.It’spartlytruethatDickens’styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It’spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial,politicalandscientificprogress.Butit’salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent,ambition,energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches,itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.22.DickensiscomparedwiththeMonaLisainthetexttostress________.A.hisreputationinFranceB.hisinterestinmodernartC.hissuccessinpublicationD.hisimportanceinliterature【文章大意】本文是一篇人物传记，主要介绍了CharlesDickens在英国小说方面的重要贡献和深远影响。在他200年诞辰之际，让我们永远记住这位对文学艺术做出重大贡献的小说家。【答案】D易错点3信息错位，忽视题干34\nCarriKesslerandherhusbandWillnamedtheirdaughterOttilieafterafriendfromtheU.K.,whohelpedthemalot.However,rightaftertheirbabygirlwasborn,thecouplenoticedabigproblem."Noonecouldrememberhernameandnoonecouldpronounceit.We’regoingtokeephavingtointroduceher!"KesslertoldToday.com.ThesituationthengrewworseasKessler’sgrandmotheradmittedtostickingPost-itnotesaroundthehousetohelpremindherofOttilie’snamewhichcanbepronouncedeitherOtt-ill-eeorOh-teel-ya.ThreemonthsafterOttiliewasborn,theKesslersdecidedtolegallychangetheirdaughter’sname.Thecouplecameupwithtwopossiblenames.TheythensettledonMargotaftertalkingtoanameexpert.TheKesslers’situationisnotuncommonasanincreasingnumberofparentsexperiencethesameastheKesslers.AccordingtoBabyCenterCanada,11%ofitsuserswishtheycouldchangetheirchild’snameduetobeingoverpopular,mispronouncedorsimplyunfitting.Parentscarealotmoreandthinkalotmoreaboutnamesnowthantheirparents.Todealwiththis,anumberofnameexpertsnowofferservicestohelpparentschoosetherightname.CoupleshavealsosoughthelpfromtheInternettochoosetheirbaby’sname.However,parentscanchangetheirchild’snameintheeventthattheyregrettheirchoice.InCanada,therulesvaryineachprovince.Forinstance,inOntario,thechildmusthavelivedintheprovinceforthepast12months,orsincebirthifundertheageofone.Eachofthechild’slegalguardians(监护人)mustalsogivepermission.3．Whatcanwelearnfromthethirdparagraph?A.TheKesslers’experienceisnoexception.B.Unfitnessisthemainreasonforchangingthename.C.11%ofCanadiansareunsatisfiedwiththeirbaby’sname.D.Parentsalwayspaymoreattentiontochildren’sname.【错因分析】根据第三段中的"duetobeingoverpopular,mispronouncedorsimplyunfitting"可知,家长想给孩子改名字的原因有名字太普通、发错音或者只是不适合,但文中并没有说不适合是改名字的最主要原因,故可排除B项。根据第三段中的"AccordingtoBabyCenterCanada,11%of34\nitsuserswishtheycouldchangetheirchild’sname"可知,11%的BabyCenterCanada的用户想要给他们的孩子改名字,由此得不出11%的加拿大人都对他们孩子的名字不满意这一结论,故可排除C项。根据第三段中的"Parentscarealotmore...thantheirparents"可知,现在的父母对他们孩子的名字的关注度要比他们自己的父母对自己的名字关注度高,但这并不等于说父母一直都很关注孩子的名字,故可排除D项。【参考答案】D审清题干，锁定范围考生在做阅读理解题时，一定要看清题干，即所问的问题是什么，切忌答非所问。更改原句词汇，偷换概念，变换时态以及颠倒是非都是命题人经常采用的干扰方式。由于题干或选项不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意词句进行表达的，所以考生一定要仔细对照文章，做出正确判断。(2022·全国新课标II)IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn’twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon’tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.Wewererespectfulofcraft（技艺）andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:humorous,aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.Wesharedthebriefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewman’sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn’tseeeachother34\nallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He’dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas,andwedidn’ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn’tneedalotofwords.24.Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletoauthoratfirst?A.PaulNewmanwantedit.B.Thestudiopowersdidn’tlikehisagent.C.Hewasn’tfamousenough.D.Thedirectorrecommendedsomeoneelse.【答案】C易错点4断章取义，忽视语篇YoumaynothaveheardofAshoka,butforthepast27years,thisassociation，foundedbyBillDrayton,hasfoughtpoverty(贫困)andsickness,promotededucationandencouragedsmallbusinesses.Tosupporttheseworthycauses,Ashokaprovidesmoneyfortheworld'smostpromising＂changemakers＂seekingtosolve(解决)urgentproblemsandwouldliketocreateaworldinwhicheverycitizenisachangemaker.Draytonbelievesthatanyonecanbecomeanagentforchange.Theimportantthingistosimplygiveyourselfpermission.Ifyouseeaproblemthatyoucareabout,youcanhelpsolveit.Theyounginparticulararewillingtoacceptthisconceptbecauseathearteverychildwantstogrowintoahappy,healthycontributingadult.Infact,itismanyyoungpeople'sambitiontosetupprogrammesorbusinessesthatimprovesocialconditions.AnexcellentexampleisanAshokaprojectstartedin1995inDhaka，whichhandledtherubbishproblemfacingthecity,helpedlocalfarmers34\nandprovidedanincomeforpoorpeoplethere.WhenMasqsoodandIftekharbegantostudytheproblemofalltheuncollectedrubbishthatlayinDhaka'sstreets,attractingratsanddisease,theydiscoveredthat80%ofitwasnaturalwaste.Sotheyeducatedthepoorpeopleinthecitytocompost(把……制成堆肥)thiswaste.Theyknewthattheywouldhaveamarketfortheendproductbecauselocalfarmerswerestrugglingwithchemicalfertilizers(化肥)whichwereexpensiveandhadreducedthenaturalmineralsinthesoilovertheyears.Atfirst,theywererefused,butoncetheywereabletopersuadethemthattherewasmoneytobemade,theprojecttookoff.In2022saleswere$14，000.DraytonisoptimisticthatintenyearsAshokawillbemakingreallyserious,practicalprogressinbringingaboutsocialchangebychangingthewaywelookateconomicdevelopment.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsAshoka'sprogrammecanbedescribedas＂________＂．A．changingB．forgivingC．cautiousD．positive【错因分析】文章介绍了BillDrayton创办的机构Ashoka，该机构旨在让每一个公民都成为changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些细节内容，可能误选A或C。【试题解析】文章对Ashoka'sprogramme—changemakers自始至终充满着赞赏之词，显然作者对此是持积极态度的。故选D。【参考答案】D重视语境，挖掘信息近几年的高考阅读理解题中出现了不少夹叙夹议类文章，或者是先叙述后议论、或者在叙述中夹有议论，无论是哪种类型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的观点或态度，而是将自己的情感贯穿于文章之中。考生在做题过程中，要从语篇的角度推断作者的情感。遇到猜测词义或句意类试题，考生要依据上下文进行综合推断，不宜只根据某一处细节或某个句子下结论。WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)and34\nthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasdecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededhelpfrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves＂tryingon＂newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually(在思维方面)andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide＂safespaces＂withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredondebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity(群体)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(规定)andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescent’sdesireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.34\n1.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudents?A.SympatheticB.DisapprovingC.SupportiveD.Neutral【答案】A高考阅读理解试题解题误区第一大误区，阅读文章时逐字逐句，力争读懂每一句话。很多同学都觉得阅读理解时间不够，往往是采用的这种阅读方法。在高考或者我们平时高考模拟考试中，英语阅读一共应分配的时间是35分钟。平均每篇文章7分钟，那么这每篇文章的7分钟又应该大致如何分配呢？我问过一些中学生同学，不少同学都认为文章读5分钟，题做两分钟。他们的理由很简单，读完这样一篇高考文章，没个5分钟不太可能。那么我可以肯定的说，花5分钟读文章的同学2分钟绝对做不完题。于是在考试中这些同学只得采取牺牲写作文的时间这样一种拆东墙补西墙的方法以求在阅读上多拿分。这样的做法往往收效甚微，感觉时间不够的同学很多时候是因为采取了错误的阅读方法，这样的话即使补进去10来分钟时间，其实也不见得能多拿几分。一场考试下来，同学发现英语阅读错了很多，开始反思的时候，会这样想，我是阅读速度太慢，文章没有读懂，我应该继续努力提高我的英文水平，争取下次考试能把文展轻松读懂。这样一个努力方向是不现实的，就高考文章而言，要在7分钟内把文章读的清楚明白，还要把题作对，基本是一个不可能任务。而且出题人也根本没指望一个中学生能把高考阅读文章读的通通透透。高考阅读主要考查的是同学们两方面的能力，一个是把握文章主旨大意，另一方面是把握文章的某些细节。考纲中说阅读理解测试学生好几方面的能力，其实都可以归到这两类里，它不过写到更具体一些而已，比如＂根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申＂，这些推理引申不是没有根据的，其根据也只能根据两点，要么文章主旨，要么文章某个细节。34\n因此根据高考阅读考查的特点，我们在读文章时不是应该每个细节都不放过的去读，而是应该读文章的结构，读出结构，主旨题就能解决，而其他细节题再回文章定位做出。平时我们在复习的过程中就要注意了，我们读文章时要读文章的结构，不要在细节上做过多的纠缠。高考文章中的说明文占的比重较大，难度也大，而偏偏是这类文章结构鲜明，同学们应该注意把握。我们把阅读的重点转移到文章结构之后，建立起正确的时间分配方法就不是难事了，那就是读文章3分钟，做题4分钟。其实你熟悉了把握结构这种读文章的方式之后，3分钟足够你把握文章的大致结构。第二个误区，读文章时断章取义。这个误区实际是第一个误区的延伸，就是同学对文章缺乏大局观，仅仅根据本段来理解本段。比如这样一篇文章，后面有道题问的是段落主旨。我们把其他段的大意翻译出来，只留下一二两段：1、Oneofourbiggestfearsnowadaysisthatourkidsmightsomedaygetlostina＂seaoftechnology＂ratherthanexperiencingthenaturalworld.Fear-producingTVandcomputergamesareleadingtoaseriousdisconnectbetweenkidsandthegreatoutdoors,whichwillchangesthewildplacesoftheworld,itscreaturesandhumanhealthfortheworse,unlessadultsgetworkingonchild’splay.2、Eachofushasaplaceinnaturewegosometime,evenifitwastorndown.Wecannotbethelastgenerationtohavethatplace.Atthisrate,kidswhomissthesenseofwonderoutdoorswillnotgrowuptobeprotectorsofnaturallandscapes.＂IfthedeclineinparksusecontinuesacrossNorthAmerica,whowilldefendparksagainstencroachment（蚕食）?＂asksRichardLouv,authorofLastChildintheWoods.3.接近自然好处多。4.不是孩子的错。5.每个人都有责任来让孩子重返自然。题目：ThemainideaofParagraph2isthat___A.kidsaremissingthesenseofwonderoutdoorsB.parksareindangerofbeinggraduallyencroachedC.RichardLouvistheauthorofLastChildinthewoodsD.childrenareexpectedtodevelopintoprotectorofnature34\n这个题目正确答案是D，而很多考生误选了A。纠其原因，就是根据本段理解本段，没能体会这个段落在文章中的作用。这篇文章结构很清晰，先讲了一个现象（孩子脱离自然），然后表明了自己的态度，最后提出解决方案。好了，文章很明显的是，第一段讲了现象，第三段讲了态度，第4、5段讲解决方案。那问题就出来了，第二段它要干吗，是做为第一段的延续把这个现象更一步描述呢，还是表明了作者的态度，并引出了第三段的阐述？这样就能看出第2段文章的主旨了，它不是在描述现象，它是在讲作者的态度，表明了作者对孩子脱离自然后果的担忧；四个选项就只有D是最合适的，表明了作者的态度，孩子们应该要成长成为大自然的保护者。第三个误区，深究生词和难句。高考考纲规定高考阅读中超纲词可占3％－5％，同学们背纲内词也会有盲点，在加上英语当中有很多抽象的词汇不好理解，我们在考试中遇到不理解的词的情况时有发生。有些词不影响我们对文章结构的把握，细节题也没有考到，这样的词可以勇敢的跳过，在考场上没必要花时间去仔细琢磨。句子也是一样，我们关注的只是跟主旨相关的，以及后面题目考到的那些句子。于是就有这样一种情况，这个词这个句子考到了我又不理解那怎么办。那就根据上下文来猜测即可。第四个误区：＂选好了就不能再改，一改就会错。＂做完一篇阅读后，必须花半分钟左右检查一下，看是否勾错选项，是否自己选的选项本身就是矛盾的，是否每个答案都能在文中找到了映射等等。如果感觉有一道题目自己第一遍做错了，检查后想改，怎么办呢？很简单：对比两个选项间的映射，哪个选项映射的观点在文中表达得更清晰（比如，选项就是文中某一观点的另一种说法），哪个选项的结论更合乎作者的思维和推理方式，哪个选项的内容更接近主题中心而不是针对某一细节，那就应该选哪个选项。事实上，避免不敢对已经做了的选择的答案进行修改的最有效的方法，是在第一遍做题的时候就仔细分析选项在文章中的映射。没有完全把握的题目可以放一放，等做完其它小题时你对全文已经有了全局的把握，再回头思考这个问题，可能更容易做出选择。第五个误区：＂先读文章，然后才做题。＂考场上分秒必争，但一篇三四百字的文章考的问题往往只有5个，很多信息是多余的，过两眼就行；而有的一个单词却牵连数个选项，就得研究上下文，找出对应的关键词，然后参考题目认真加以分析。从经验来看，做阅读理解题时，基本要用十几秒时间迅速浏览，弄清文章的主题是什么，比如环境保护、求职、医疗等等。再找到关键词，然后用一分钟读文章后的题目，了解问题是什么。有了文章的关键词，又知道了提问的主要问题，再回过头读文章时效率就比较高了。而在浏览完考题之后，一定要细读文章，对题目涉及到的段落、句子做简单标记，接着要仔细分析每个题目在文中的映射，再做出选择。最后，可以结合文章中心上下检查一遍，一个完整的解题顺序就完成了。做阅读理解是慢功出细活，不要妄想有什么捷径，只要＂闯＂过这几大误区，就能取得更好的成绩。高考阅读的基本解题思路：34\n第一，扫描提干，划关键项。第二，通读全文，抓住中心。1.通读全文，抓两个重点： ①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）； ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读） 2.抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题： ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ ②文章中有无提到核心概念？ ③作者的大致态度是什么？第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩） 定位原则： ①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等） ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文） 1.通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。 2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由阅读理解的解题技巧1.例证题：①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example,case,illustrate,illustration,exemplify时。②返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。③搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。④找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。（╳）要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。34\n2.指代题：①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远）。③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。3.词汇题：＂搜索代入＂法①返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。②确定该词汇的词性③从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案注意：a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。b.高考阅读不是考查字认识不认识，而是考查是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点（比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义）、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组（动词词组）的意思，我们就向上向下搜索名词词组（动词词组）。隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样，往上往下找。4.句意理解题：①返回原文找到原句。②对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析（找主干），应该重点抓原句的字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确定，则依据上下文进行判断。注意：局部含义是由整体决定的。③一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同，只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。④句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征：推得过远。做题时应把握住推的度。思路：对句子微观分析?不行就依据上下文?选择时不要推得过远。5.推理判断题：＂最近原则＂34\n①标志：learn,infer,imply,inform②看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位，我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。③依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理，若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样，则该选项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此，不推的比推的好；推的近的比推的远的要好。④推理题的最近答案原则：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推的好。(原文的某句话变个说法)注意：做题时不能想得太多，推得过远。是否把原文读懂才是关键。6.主旨大意题：＂串线摘帽＂即在自然段少的时候串串线，串线法解不出来时，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。①主旨题的标志：mainlyabout,mainlydiscuss,thebesttitle②串线法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句话，把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（主要针对自然段少的文章；针对自然段多的文章，主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和中心句最贴近的）③小心首段陷阱。④主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是：⑴局部信息，即选项的内容小于文章的内容；⑵范围过宽，即选项的内容大于文章的内容。⑤逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。7.作者态度题：①标志：attitude②应精确理解四个选项的含义。③不要掺杂自己的观点。④可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。如：fortunately,excessively,toomany.⑤举例的方式。⑥抓论述的主线。把第一段读透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来，看整个文章的谋篇结构。⑦做作者态度题时特别注意：首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。8.推理判断题：34\n①看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。②每个选项都应返回原文，不能凭主观印象进行判断。③要重点抓是＂三错一对＂还是＂三对一错＂的关系（做题是要看清题目）。9.细节理解题：看完题目回到原文，重叠原文，得出答案10.重点题型中的几个问题：①词义猜测题：字面意思不是答案，要根据上下文推测其深刻含义②句意理解题：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。③推理判断题：答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。11.正确答案的特征：①正确答案经常与中心思想有关。②正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。③正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。④从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can,may,might,possible,notnecessarily,some.⑤正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。12.错误答案的特征：第一大层次：①无中生有（未提及的概念）；②正反混淆（选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反）；③所答非所问（虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边）第二大层次：①过分绝对；②扩大范围（注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly）；③因果倒置；④常识判断；⑤推得过远；⑥偏离中心；⑦变换词性。34\n常识判断：如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现；如果一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正答案。能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。Passage1（2022·新课标卷I，B）GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’sleantintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11."WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains."Ipay£5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe’renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves."Theeight-partseries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV’sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.24.WhatdoweknowaboutSusannaReid?A.Sheenjoysembarrassingherguests.B.Shehasstartedanewprogramme.C.Shedislikesworkingearlyinthemorning.D.Shehashadatightbudgetforherfamily.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?34\nA.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.26.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph4?A.Summarizethepreviousparagraphs.B.Providesomeadviceforthereaders.C.Addsomebackgroundinformation.D.Introduceanewtopicfordiscussion.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.MakingyourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLessC.MakingYourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLess24.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。26.C【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.可知，SaveMoney:GoodFood节目是SaveMoney:GoodHealth节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。27.D【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜；howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱；howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.我们自己做这种食物有多便宜；lessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。34\nPassage2（2022·新课标卷II，B）ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsformBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.Whencombinedwithberriesofslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.24.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A.Theycontainprotein.B.TheyarehighinvitaminA.C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.25.Whyisfreshlemonjuiceusedinfreezingbananas?A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.B.Tokeeptheircolour.C.Tospeeduptheirripening.D.Toimprovetheirnutrition.26.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.27.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?34\nA.Abiologytextbook.B.Ahealthmagazine.C.Aresearchpaper.D.Atravelbrochure.【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文章主要介绍并比较了几种水果各自的营养价值和健康功效，并列出了一些食用这些水果的方法。24.C【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。26.D【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出ajuicer就是一台机器。故选D。27.B【解析】文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用ajuicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。Passage1（2022·北京卷，B）FindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)CenterIfyou’relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhands-ontasksandlotsoffun.Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymentinengineering,aviation,education,medicineandawidevarietyofotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andtheyleavewithreal-worldapplicationsforwhatthey’restudyingintheclassroom.Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(荣誉徽章).AtSpace34\nCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestraineesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandtesttheiroperatingskillsinthecockpit(驾驶舱)ofavarietyofflightsimulators.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnaboutwater-andland-survivalthroughdesignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof＂downed＂pilot.Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.Allthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexperiencetogether,too,withFamilyCampprogramsforfamilieswithchildrenasyoungas7.Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethinghereforeveryone!Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineatwww.oursac.com.40.WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.Toexperienceadventures.B.Tolookforjobsinaviation.C.Togetadegreeinengineering.D.Tolearnmoreaboutmedicine.41.ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto.A.flytospaceB.getanAviationbadgefirstC.studytheprinciplesofflightD.buildandfiremodelrockets42.Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.Leadership.B.Teamspirit.C.Taskplanning.D.Survivalskills.【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。40.A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句Ifyou’relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.可知，34\n人们来SAC是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A。42.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。Passage4（2022·新课标卷I，B）IworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survivalisnevercertain.However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.IgotarescuecallfromawomaninMuttontown.Shehadfoundayoungowl(猫头鹰)ontheground.WhenIarrived,Isawa2-to3-week-oldowl.Ithadalreadybeenplacedinacarrierforsafety.Iexaminedthechick(雏鸟)anditseemedfine.IfIcouldlocatethenest,Imighthavebeenabletoputitback,butnoluck.Mynextworkwastoconstructanestandanchoritinatree.Thehomeownerwasveryhelpful.Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeandcomfortable.Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.Nowallthatwasneededweretheparents,buttheywereabsent.Igavethehomeownerarecordingofthehungerscreamsofowlchicks.Theseadvertisethepresenceofchickstoadults;theymightalsoencourageourchicktostartcallingaswell.Igavetheownerasmuchinformationaspossibleandheadedhometoseewhatnewsthenightmightbring.Anervousnighttobesure,butsometimesthespiritsofnaturesmileonusall!Thehomeownercalledtosaythattheparentshadrespondedtotherecordings.Idroveoverandsawthechickinthenestlookinghealthyandactive.Anditwasaccompaniedinthenestbythegreatestsightofall—LUNCH!Theparentshaddonetheirdutyandwouldprobablycontinuetodoso.24.Whatisunavoidableintheauthor’srescueworkaccordingtoparagraph1?A.Efforts made in vain.34\nB.Getting injured in his work.C.Feeling uncertain about his future.D.Creatures forced out of their homes.25.Why was the author called to Muttontown?A.To rescue a woman.B.To take care of a woman.C.To look at a baby owl.D.To cure a young owl.26.What made the chick calm down?A.A new nest.B.Some food.C.A recording.D.Its parents.27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?A.It’s unexpected.B. It’s beautiful.C. It’s humorous.D. It’s discouraging.【文章大意】救助小动物并没有那么简单，因为你所做的救助行为到最后可能都成了无用功。但无论结果怎样，救助小动物的这种行为是美好的。本文主要介绍了作者救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事。25.C【进行】推理判断题。根据第二段中的Shehadfoundayoungowl(猫头鹰)ontheground.WhenIarrived,Isawa2-to3-week-oldowl可知有人给作者打电话是因为有只小猫头鹰掉在地上了，作者赶过去看看情况。文中并没有说小猫头鹰受伤了，作者只是过去看情况，所以D选项错误。故选C。26.A细节理解题。根据第四段中的Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown可知在作者把小【进行】猫头鹰放在窝里之后，它很快就安静下来，所以是窝让小猫头鹰安静下来的。故选A。34\n【名师点睛】细节理解题是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这对考生来说有一定难度。例如第25题WhywastheauthorcalledtoMuttontown?(作者为什么会被打电话喊去Muttontown呢？)，通过浏览后文考生都知道是和救助小猫头鹰有关，但C选项Tolookatababyowl.和D选项Tocureayoungowl.中都涉及到了＂小猫头鹰＂，那到底是去＂看小猫头鹰＂，还是去＂治疗小猫头鹰＂呢？毕竟文章第一段中介绍作者工作职责的句子IworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.中出现了rescue＂救援＂这个单词，再加上后文又出现injured，displacedorsickcreatures等单词，给考生的心理暗示就是被救助的小动物都是受伤的状态。有了前文的暗示，考生很有可能会选择D选项，认为作者接到电话后去Muttontown救助小猫头鹰，但实际上，小猫头鹰只是掉在地面上，并没有受伤。根据这一点，D选项就被排除了。所以正确答案是C选项。Passage5（2022·新课标卷II，D）Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplant34\njustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto＂overhear＂thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals.33. What does the author mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.A.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsectsC.talktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.B.PeoplehavestrongersensesthanbeforeC.TheworldismorecomplexthanitseemsD.PeopleinDarwin’stimewereimaginative.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。34\n33.A【解析】词义推测题。根据＂Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch＂，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。【名师点睛】我们可以根据后句＂Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch＂中的lunch,说明攻击者会成为午餐以及＂Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn’tsitquietly植物受到攻击时，不会坐以待毙＂，故thetablesareturned意为＂The plants get ready to fight back.植物准备反击＂。本题属于典型的理由上下文语境推测。34.B【解析】细节理解题，根据＂ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked＂及＂Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway...＂可知答案选B。Passage6（2022·新课标卷III，D）TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed＂DriveLAB＂inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:＂Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.＂＂Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.＂34\nDrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:＂TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.＂Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.＂Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.＂32.WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.C.Tofindoutolderdriver’sproblems.D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.33.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A.Itkeepsthemindependent.B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength.D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.34.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.B.Developdriver-assisttechnologies.C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D.Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.AnewModelElectricCarB.ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC.DrivingServicesforEldersD.KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad34\n32.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章首段的内容可知，研制DriveLAB的目的是为了更好地了解老年司机所面临的挑战，从而发现关键的压力所在。33.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中PhilBlythe所说的＂...drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers＂可知，在PhilBlythe看来，能够开车是老年人能够保持独立生活和自由外出的重要条件。【名师点睛】主旨大意题可分为篇章主旨和段落主旨。开门见山地提出主题是大多数文章的写作方法，如新闻报道、调查报告、科普性文章等。本文就属于科技报告类，在文章开头提出了中心，然后再详细介绍这种技术。Passage7（2022·天津卷，B）Fifteenyearsago,ItookasummervacationinLecceinsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingupahillforapanoramic(全景的)viewofthebluesea,whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees,Ipausedtocatchmybreathandthenpositionedmyselftotakethebestphotoofthispanorama.Unfortunately,justasItookoutmycamera,awomanapproachedfrombehind,andplantedherselfrightinfrontofmyview.Likeme,thiswomanwasheretostop,sighandappreciatetheview.PatientasIwas,afterabout15minutes,mycamerascanningthesunandreviewingtheshotIwouldeventuallytake,Igrewfrustrated.WasittoomuchtoaskhertomovesoIcouldtakejustonepictureofthelandscape?Sure,Icouldhaveaskedher,butsomethingpreventedmefromdoingso.Sheseemedsocontentinherobservation.Ididn’twanttomesswiththat.Another15minutespassedandIgrewbored.Thewomanwasstillthere.Idecidedtotakethephotoanyway.AndnowwhenIlookatit,Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimageinteresting.Thelandscape,beautifulonitsown,somehowcomestolifeandbreathesbecausethiswomanisengagingwithit.Thisphoto,withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho＂ruined＂34\nit,nowhangsonawallinmybedroom.Whatwouldshethinkifsheknewthatherfigureiscaptured(捕捉)andfrozenonsomestranger’sbedroomwall?Abedroom,afterall,isaveryprivatespace,inwhichsomewomanIdon’tevenknowhasbeenimmortalized(使……永存).Insomeways,shelivesinmyhouse.Perhapsweallliveineachothers’spaces.Perhapsthisiswhatphotosarefor:toremindusthatweallappreciatebeauty,thatweallshareacommondesireforpleasure,forconnection,forsomethingthatisgreaterthanus.Thatphotoisareminder,acapturedmoment,anunspokenconversationbetweentwowomen,separatedonlybyathinsquareofglass.41.Whathappenedwhentheauthorwasabouttotakeaphoto?A.Hercamerastoppedworking.B.Awomanblockedherview.C.Someoneaskedhertoleave.D.Afriendapproachedfrombehind.42.Accordingtotheauthor,thewomanwasprobably___________.A.enjoyingherselfB.losingherpatienceC.waitingforthesunsetD.thinkingaboutherpast43.Intheauthor’sopinion,whatmakesthephotosoalive?A.Therichcolorofthelandscape.B.Theperfectpositioningofthecamera.C.Thewoman’sexistenceinthephoto.D.Thesoftsunlightthatsummerday.44.Thephotoonthebedroomwallenablestheauthortobetterunderstand____________.A.theneedtobeclosetonatureB.theimportanceofprivatespaceC.thejoyofthevacationinItalyD.thesharedpassionforbeauty45.Thepassagecanbeseenastheauthor’sreflectionsupon_____________.34\nA.aparticularlifeexperienceB.thepleasureoftravelingC.theartofphotographyD.alostfriendship【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了作者一次旅行的特殊经历带给作者的深思和感悟。41.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段第一句Unfortunately,justasItookoutmycamera,awomanapproachedfrombehind,andplantedherselfrightinfrontofmyview可知选B。42.A【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子Sheseemedsocontentinherobservation.可知选A。44.D【解析】根据第五段的句子Thisphoto,withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho＂ruined＂it,nowhangsonawallinmybedroom.可知选D。45.A【解析】考查推理判断。最后两段内容是作者对这次特殊经历的感悟，所以这篇文章可以看做是作者对一次特殊经历的深入思考。故选A。【名师点睛】这是一篇故事类短文，题目设置以推理题为主，细节题为辅。细节题一般就是文章出现的内容即是答案，也有推理判断题，就是不是通过题干的某个单词定位到文中能直接看出答案来的，要通过故事中所陈述的内容来推理判断。做推理题要善于抓住文中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出材料中所隐含的深层含义。比如45题，问这篇文章是作者对_______的思考，答案是根据最后两段内容推理出来的。Passage8（2022·新课标卷I，D）The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill everygap(间隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson’sneeds.Many Native Americans val34\nue silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the personwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicudnerdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.32.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsilenceinconversations?A.Itimpliesanger.B.Itpromotesfriendship.C.Itisculture-specific.D.Itiscontent-based.33.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemightregardsilenceasacallforcarefulthought?A.TheChinese.B.TheFrench.C.TheMexicans.D.TheRussians.34.Whatdoestheauthoradvisenursestodoaboutsilence?A.Letitcontinueasthepatientpleases.B.Breakitwhiletreatingpatients.C.Evaluateitsharmtopatients.34\nA.Makeuseofitshealingeffects.35.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。32.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章首段首句Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups可知，作者认为沉默是有文化特性的。35.B【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B选项可以概括文章内容。故选B。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________34\n________________________________________________________________________________________34
