第二节 分类突破一、原文词汇类(2022·江苏)PopulationChangeWhyistheworld’spopulationgrowing？Theanswerisnotwhatyoumightthink.Thereasonfortheexplosionisnotthatpeoplehavebeenreproducinglikerabbits，butthatpeoplehavestoppeddroppingdeadlikeflies.In1900，peoplediedattheaverageageof30.By2000theaverageagewas65.Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury，decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore，around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld’speoplenowliveinsuchnations)，butyou’dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo，whichmightcause9\ncatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.Whatdoesitimply？First，Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry.Second，ifotherfactorssuchastechnologyremainconstant，economicgrowthandmaterialexpectationswillfallwellbelowrecentstandardsandthiscouldinvitetrouble.Russiaisanothercountrywithpopulationproblemsthatcouldbreakitseconomicpromise.Since1992thenumberofpeopledyinghasbeenbiggerthanthatofthosebeingbornbyamassive50%.Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.Whyisthisoccurring？Nobodyisquitesure，butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.Ifcurrenttrendsdon’tbend，Russia’spopulationwillbeaboutthesizeofYemen’sbytheyear2050.InthenorthofIndia，thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates，butinthesouth，wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace，birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030，asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.AsfortheUSA，itisalmostuniqueamongdevelopednationsinhavingapopulationthatisexpectedtogrowby20%from2022-2030.Moreover，theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants.Asaresultit’slikelytoseeariseinthesizeofitsworking-agepopulationandtowitnessstrongeconomicgrowthoverthelongerterm.9\n考场思维模式第一步：读表格，知文章大意通过略读树状图，可知本文话题是“人口下降”，并且分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。第二步：定位，定词，定性，定形任务型阅读树状图高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读图中的内容，然后在原文中进行定位，定位后进行定词，定词后定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1．原文词汇类74．答案 economic解析 文章第三、四、五段分别分析了中国、俄罗斯、印度存在的人口问题以及对本国经济发展的影响，结合第三、五段中出现的economicdevelopment以及第四段中出现的economicpromise可判断填economic。79．答案 immigration9\n解析 最后一段介绍了美国解决人口问题的办法，即通过移民入境增加外国劳动力。根据“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.”可判断填immigration。2．转换词汇类73．答案 immediate解析 根据第二段中的“...whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.”可知，发展中国家出生率的下降可能会导致几十年后灾难性的劳动力短缺，由withinafewdecades可知出生率下降带来的影响可能不会立即显现出来，故填immediate。75．答案 old/older解析 根据第三段第一句“AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.”可知，中国很有可能出现年轻劳动力减少的问题，也就是说中国的劳动力群体正在变老，此处既可以用old的原级，也可以用其比较级。76．答案 earlier解析 根据第四段中的“...peopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.”可知，当前俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年时要短，liveashorterlife可以同义替换为earlierdeath(早逝)。3．概括词汇类71．答案 lower解析 根据第一段最后一句“...decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.”可知，出生率的下降是21世纪的特征，也就是说，21世纪的出生率可能会比20世纪的更低，故填lower。72．答案 size/scale解析 根据第二段中的“...almostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.”可知，大部分发达国家正经历着人口负增长，也就是说发达国家难以保持人口的规模，“人口的规模”用thesize/scaleofpopulation表达。77．答案 living/life解析 根据第四段中的“...butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.”可知，糟糕的饮食习惯尤其是长期酗酒与俄罗斯人寿命变短有很大的关系，所以需要改变人们的生活方式，“生活方式”可以用wayofliving/life表达。9\n78．答案 equality解析 根据第五段中的“Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.”可知，在教育水平落后的农村地区出生率最高，而在教育水平发达的城市地区出生率最低。由此可以推断，暂时不考虑出生率问题，如果印度能够实现教育机会均等的话，它的经济可能会腾飞，故填equality。80．答案 compensate解析 根据最后一段可知，移民入境将会弥补美国年轻劳动力不足的问题，“弥补”可用compensatefor表示。第三步：复查并且将答案填在答题卡上复查完确认不需要修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡指定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。信息捕捉题就是常见的原文词汇题，这是属于对学生英语中低层水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文词汇题是基础题目，考查学生从文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通过表格和原文进行对照，边读文章边可以找出与试题相关的信息，获取到相关单词，有时候试题和原文句型的句式不同，需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应的单词，不需变化，直接填入。解题关键是信息的定位和筛选。(2022·盐城三模)Artificialintelligence(AI)isrushingintobusiness.FirmsofalltypesareusingAItoforecastdemand，hireworkersanddealwithcustomers.TheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute，athink-tankwithinaconsultancy，forecaststhatjustapplyingAItomarketing，salesandsupplychainscouldcreateeconomicvalueof2.7trnoverthenext20years.Suchgrandforecastsfuelanxietyaswellashope.Lessfamiliar，butjustasimportant，ishowAIwilltransformtheworkplace.Startwiththebenefits.AIoughttoimproveproductivity.Humanyze，apeopleanalyticssoftwareprovider，combinesdatafromitsbadges(工牌)withemployees’calendarsande-mailstoworkout，say，whetherofficelayoutsfavour9\nteamwork.Slack，aworkplacemessagingapp，helpsmanagersassesshowquicklyemployeesaccomplishtasks.Companieswillseewhenworkersarenotjustdozingoffbutalsomisbehaving.Employeeswillgain，too.Thankstoadvancesincomputervision，AIcancheckthatworkersarewearingsafetyequipmentandthatnoonehasbeenharmedonthefactoryfloor.Somewillappreciatemorefeedbackontheirworkandwelcomeasenseofhowtodobetter.Machinescanhelpensurethatpayrisesandpromotionsgotothosewhodeservethem.Thatstartswithhiring.Peopleoftenhavebiasesbutalgorithms(算法)，ifdesignedcorrectly，canbemoreunprejudiced.Softwarecanflagpatternsthatpeoplemightmiss.YetAI’sbenefitswillcomewithmanypotentialdrawbacks.Algorithmsmaynotbefreeofthebiasesoftheirprogrammers，whichcanhaveunintendedconsequences.Thelengthofatravelmaypredictwhetheranemployeewillquitajob，butthisfocusmayharmpoorerapplicants.OlderstaffmightworkmoreslowlythanyoungeronesandcouldrisklosingtheirpositionsifallAIlooksforisproductivity.Andsurveillance(监控)mayfeelOrwellian—asensitivematternowthatpeoplehavebeguntoquestionhowmuchFacebookandothertechgiantsknowabouttheirprivatelives.AsregulatorsandemployersweightheprosandconsofAIintheworkplace，threeprinciplesoughttoguideitsspread.First，datashouldbeanonymisedwherepossible.Microsoft，forexample，hasaproductthatshowsindividualshowtheymanagetheirtimeintheoffice，butgivesmanagersinformationonlyinaggregated(整合)form.Second，theuseofAIoughttobetransparent.Employeesshouldbetoldwhattechnologiesarebeingusedintheirworkplacesandwhichdataarebeinggathered.Asamatterofroutine，algorithmsusedbyfirmstohire，fireandpromoteshouldbetestedforbiasandunintendedconsequences.Last，countriesshouldletindividualsrequesttheirowndata，whethertheyareex-workerswishingtocontestadismissalorjobseekershopingtodemonstratetheirabilitytoprospectiveemployers.ThemarchofAIintotheworkplacecallsfortrade-offsbetweenprivacyandperformance.Afairer，moreproductiveworkforceisaprizeworthhaving，butnotif9\nitchainsemployees.Strikingabalancewillrequirethought，awillingnessforbothemployersandemployeestoadapt，andastrongdoseofhumanity.AISpyPassageoutlineSupportingdetailsIntroductionWhileitsfutureinbusinessisfullof71.，AIaffectstheworkplacenegatively.AdvantagesofAI•AImakesbusinessmoreproductivebyanalyzingtheofficelayout，assessingtheemployees’workingefficiencyand72.theirbehavior.•AIcan73.employees’safetyandprovidefeedbackforthemtobetterthemselves.•AIhelpsbusinesseshiremoresuitableemployeesanddevelopabetter74.ofpromotionandpayrise.PotentialdrawbacksofAI•Undesirableresultsmayariseduetothebiasesoftheprogrammers.•Poorerapplicantsandolderstaffareata75..•Employees’privacyis76.intheageofAI.Principles77.AI’sspread•Keepthedataanonymouswhentheyaregatheredandused.•78.employeesoftechnologiesusedintheworkplaceandtestthealgorithmstoavoidundesirableresults.•79.employeestoaccessdatafortheirownsake.SummaryOnlywhenemployeesandemployersare80.toadaptandrespecteachother，canAImakeworkplacefairerandmoreproductive. 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。首先对人工智能的优、缺点进行了介绍，然后介绍了指导这项技术普及的三个原则，并在最后进行了总结。9\n71．答案 promise/hope解析 原文词汇题。根据第二段第一句“Suchgrandforecastsfuelanxietyaswellashope.”中的hope的提示，AI的前景很好，但是对于工厂有不良的影响。故填promise/hope。72．答案 monitoring解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段最后一句“Companieswillseewhenworkersarenotjustdozingoffbutalsomisbehaving.”可知，公司会监视员工是否打瞌睡或者行为不当，故填monitoring。73．答案 guarantee/ensure解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段第二句中的“AIcancheckthatworkersarewearingsafetyequipmentandthatnoonehasbeenharmedonthefactoryfloor”可知，AI可以保障工人的安全，确认他们穿着安全设备，不会受伤。故填guarantee或ensure。74．答案 system解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段最后两句“Peopleoftenhavebiasesbutalgorithms(算法)，ifdesignedcorrectly，canbemoreunprejudiced.Softwarecanflagpatternsthatpeoplemightmiss.”讲到了人们可能会因为存在偏见而不公正，但软件可以解决这个问题，也就是有一个更好的升职加薪系统。故填system。75．答案 disadvantage解析 转换词汇题。根据第六段第四句“Olderstaffmightworkmoreslowlythanyoungerones...”可知，年长员工效率可能比年轻员工低，容易被淘汰，处于弱势。故填disadvantage。76．答案 violated/disturbed解析 转换词汇题。根据第六段末句中的“nowthatpeoplehavebeguntoquestionhowmuchFacebookandothertechgiantsknowabouttheirprivatelives”可知，人们开始质疑脸书还有其他科技巨头对他们的私人生活有多么了解，也就是说人们的隐私被侵犯、打扰。故填violated/disturbed。77．答案 guiding解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段第一句中的“threeprinciplesoughttoguideitsspread”可知应用guide的相关形式。此处作定语，故填guiding。78．答案 Inform9\n解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段第五句“Employeesshouldbetoldwhattechnologiesarebeingusedintheirworkplacesandwhichdataarebeinggathered.”可知，员工需要被告知信息。这里考查固定搭配informsb.ofsth，故填Inform。79．答案 Permit/Allow解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Last，countriesshouldletindividualsrequesttheirowndata...”可知，应允许员工为了个人需求访问这些数据。固定搭配allow/permitsb.todosth，故填Permit/Allow。80．答案 willing解析 转换词汇题。根据最后一段最后一句“...awillingnessforbothemployersandemployeestoadapt...”可知，管理者和员工愿意互相接受和尊重。固定搭配bewillingtodosth，故填willing。9
