2013高考英语二轮专题思路点拨及增分训练—阅读理解06【考点定位】2013考纲解读和近几年考点分布社会文化包括经济、政治、文化、科学等各种题材，是高考英语阅读理解的热点题材。它以中西文化差异作为选材的重点，比如礼仪、语言、价值观、生活习惯等为主题。题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。一般一篇文章一个主题，以议论文和记叙文为主。命题方面，既重主旨把握，又重特定细节、推理判断。从近年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会化背景知识。因此，要通过阅读更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，更多地了解并丰富自己的知识。【考点pk】名师考点透析考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问C.betweenNewYorkandSanFranciscoD.bothAandB【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。2.间接事实题解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian，hostofthewell-receivedTVprogramme“StarsTonight”，MissLuoLin，MissAsiaof1991，appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongkongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold，LuoLinhasneverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.Beforeshetookpartinthecompetition，shehadbeenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforsevenyears.However，itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartofwalkingonthestage，dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners，designedbytheAsiaTVStation.“It’sreallyahardjobforme.Iwon’tenterforsuchcompetitionanymore.Anyhow，Iamquitelucky.IamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkforthesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime，inShanghai，I’dlovetomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience，”saidLuoLinwithasweetsmile.Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.B.LuoLinmovedtoHongkongwithherparents.C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：takentoHongkong可判断不是movedtoHongkongwithherparents，因此选B。3、数据推算。IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesametime,youwillsave_______.A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。-5-\n2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。[]考点二、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.WecaninferfromthePassagethat__________.2.WhatcanbeinferredfromthePassage?3.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthePassage?4.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that__________.5.Theauthorsuggestsinthisparagraphthat__________.6.Thewriterimpliesthat__________.7.Itcanbeinferredthat__________.8.ItcanbeconcludedfromthePassagethat__________.9.Onthewhole,wecanconcludethat__________.10.Fromthetextwecanconcludethat__________.11.AfterreadingthePassagewemayconcludethat__________.12.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthePassage?13.Theauthorisinclinedtothinkthat__________.14.Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansisthat__________.15.What’sthewriter’sattitude/feelingtowards...?16.Inthewriter’sopinion,...近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如Accordingtothepassage...,Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat...等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat...等，先浏览一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。1.定义法。如:Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.句子给予annealing以明确的定义，即“退火”。Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。[来源:]Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep，earnsabout650yuanayear.定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。2.同位法。如:-5-\nTheytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位语部分alargebuildinginoldtimes给出了castle的确切词义，即“城堡”。Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8a.m.—thisweek.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。3.对比法。如:Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?possibility是possible的同根名词,据此可以判断定possibility意思是“可能性”。5.因果法。如：Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久”。Untilrecently,the“scienceofthefuture”wassupposedtobeelectronicsandartificialintelligence.Todayitseemsmoreandmorelikelythatthenextgreatbreakthroughsintechnologywillbebroughtthroughacombinationofthosetwoscienceswithorganicchemistryandgeneticengineering.Thiscombinationisthescienceofbiotechnology.Organicchemistryenablesustoproducemarveloussynthetic(合成的)materials.However,itisstilldifficulttomanufactureanythingthathasthecapacityofwooltoconserveheatandalsotoabsorbmoisture.Nothingthatwehavebeenabletoproducesofarcomesanywherenearthecombinationofstrength,lightnessandflexibilitythatwefindinthebodiesofordinaryinsects.Nevertheless,scientistsinthelaboratoryhavealreadysucceededin“growing”amaterialthathasmanyofthecharacteristicsofhumanskin.Thenextstepmaywellbe“biotechheartsandeyes”whichcanreplacediseasedorgansinhumanbeings.Thesewillnotberejectedbythebody,asisthecasewithorgansfromhumans.Theapplicationofbiotechnologytoenergyproductionseemsevenmorepromising.In1996thefamoussciencefictionwriter,ArthurC.Clarke,manyofwhosepreviouspredictionshavecometrue,saidthatwemaysoonbeabletodevelopremarkablycheapandrenewablesourcesofenergy.Someofthesepowersourceswillbebiological.Clarkeandothershavewarnedusrepeatedlythatsoonerorlaterwewillhavetogiveupour-5-\ndependenceonnon-renewablepowersources.Coal,oilandgasareindeedconvenient.However,usingthemalsomeanscreatingdangerouslyhighlevelsofpollution.Itwillbeimpossibletomeetthegrowingdemandforenergywithoutincreasingthatpollutiontocatastrophic(灾难性的)levelsunlesswedeveloppowersourcesthatarebothcheaperandcleaner.Itisattemptingtothinkthatbiotechnologyorsomeother“scienceofthefuture”cansolveourproblems.Beforewesurrendertothattemptationweshouldremembernuclearpower.Onlyafewgenerationsagoitseemedtopromiselimitless,cheapandsafeenergy.TodaythosepromiseslieburiedinaconcretegraveinaplacecalledChernobyl(切尔诺贝利),intheUkraine.Biotechnologyisunlikely,however,tobreakitspromisesinquitethesameorsuchadangerousway.68.Accordingtothepassage,thescienceofthefutureislikelytobe__________.A.electronicsB.biotechnologyC.geneticengineeringD.nucleartechnology69.Organicchemistryhelpstoproducematerialsthatare__________.A.asgoodaswoolB.asgoodasaninsect’sbodyC.notasgoodasnaturalmaterialsD.betterthannaturalmaterials.70.Accordingtothepassage,itmaysoonbepossible__________.A.tomakesomethingasgoodashumanskinB.toproducedrugswithoutsideeffectsC.totransplanthumanorgansD.tomakeartificialheartsandeyes71.In1996,ArthurC.Clarkepredictedthat___________.A.biologicalpowersourceswouldbeputintousesoonB.oil,gasandcoalcouldberepeatedlyusedinthefutureC.dependenceonnon-renewablepowersourceswouldbereducedsoonD.theChernobyldisasterwouldhappenintwoyears72.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Biotechnologycansolveallourfutureenergyproblems.B.Biologicalpowerischeaperthannuclearpower.C.Biologicalpowermaynotbeasdangerousasnuclearpower.D.Biologicalpowerwillkeepallitspromises.-5-\n68-72BCDAC-5-
