非谓语动词,非谓语动词非谓语动词的考点1、非谓语动词作主语和表语；2、非谓语动词作定语；3、非谓语动词作宾语；4、非谓语动词作宾补；5、非谓语动词作状语；6、非谓语动词的时态语态和被动。,非谓语动词的句法功能不定式主语宾语表语宾补定语状语动名词主语宾语表语定语分词表语宾补定语状语,不定式(以todo为例）构成：主动被动一般式进行式完成式todotobedonetobedoing无tohavedonetohavebeendone不定式的复合结构：for/ofsbtodosth不定式的否定式：nottodonottobedoingnottohavedone,二.特点：tohavedone:表示动作发生在谓语动词前todo:表将来，一般情况e.g.Idon’tliketodancetoday.Ihavealotofworktodo.tobedoing:表进行e.g.Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.e.g.Sheissaidtohavebeenabroadformanyyears.,三.用法1.作定语（后置）特点一：所修饰的名词与不定式之间有逻辑的主谓关系。e.g.Myheadmasterisalwaysthefirstonetoarrive.特点二：不定式与被修饰的名词之间有动宾关系，如动词为不及物动词，则需加介词。e.g.Ihavesomehomeworktodo.比较：“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?”askedthemaid.Canyougivemesomepapertowriteon?,特点三：不定式说明被修饰名词的内容e.g.Hissuggestiontosolvetheproblemisacceptable.2.作状语(目的，原因，结果等;不定式的动作发出者一定是句子的主语）e.g.Inordertoarrivethereontime,wesetoutearly.（与soastodo的区别？）I’mgladtoseeyou.Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.（出乎意料的结果）**名词前有thelast或序数词修饰，常用不定式做定语。,3.作表语特点一：主语表语一致e.g.Toseeistobelieve.特点二：表将来，主语一般是表示心理活动的名词(dream,aim,plan,intention)e.g.Mydreamistobeateacher.4.作宾补有些动词后to可省略(一感二听三让四看半帮助）e.g.I’llaskTomtodoitforyou.Isawayoungmangoinandtakesthout.被动语态：Ayoungmanwasseentogoinandtakesthout.,adviseallowaskbegcauseexpectencourageforcegethateinviteorderwishobligewantwarnremindpromisepermitpersuaderequest…sb.todo,seewatchlookathearlistentofeelnotice+sb.+dodoingdonemakelethave,sb.beseenwatchedlookedatheardlistenedtofeltnoticed+todomadelet,.Did you notice anyone come in ? I would have him (wait) for me for a long time. Look at the horse jump.I often hear them (sing) this song注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：Heisoftenheard________thesong·He was seen _______ the room.tosingto enter,①Iheardher______(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.②Iheardher________(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.③Shewasoftenheard_________(sing)anEnglishsong.④IheardtheEnglishsong______(sing)manytimes.⑤IheardtheEnglishsong____________(sing)whenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.⑥TheEnglishsongwasheard____________manytimes.singsingingsungbeingsungtosingsung,5.作宾语(后面有宾补，必须用it作形式宾语）Ifounditdifficulttofinishthetaskonmyown.Hehadnochoicebuttoobey.But/except后的不定式何时带to,何时不带to？Sb.+find/think/feel/make/consider…it+adj./n.+todosth/doing…/that从句.,常见动词有：want,decide,hope,agree,choose,wish,need,promiselike,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,prefer,forget,mean,prepare,pretend,continue,start,afford,hate等Iwanttoknowthismatter.Idon’texpecttomeetyouhere.A.接不定式做宾语1.Theydecided____(notget)onthebus.2.Hesaidhewished______(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed______(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred______(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hehadpromised______(give)meahand.,B.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explain…know,show,discover,see(understand)Hetaughtushowtousethetool.Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.Ihopeyou’lladvisemewhattodo.Idon'tknowhowtogetthere.Ihaven'tdecidedwhethertogoorstay.,常用it做形式主语，将todo放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型1：It+谓语+todoItoccurred/occurstosb.todosth.Ittooksb.st.todosth.句型2：It’s+n.+todoIt’sourdutytodosth.Itisanhonortodosth.Itisagreatenjoymenttodosth.6.作主语（谓语动词用单数，通常指一次性，具体的动作）特点一：主语表语一致Toseeistobelieve.特点二：可用it作形式主语Itisamusttomasteraforeignlanguage.,句型3：Itisadj.for/ofsb.todosth.Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth（是形容人的品质的）（是形容事物的性质的）Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.**不定式的省略：省略to:感官动词和使让动词(get除外)后做宾补的不定式，主动语态中省略to.为了避免重复，省略与前面重复的部分，只留下不定式符号to,但如果是进行式，还要保留be,如果是完成式，还要保留have.,分词一.构成现在分词主动被动一般式完成式doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone过去分词：done现在分词的特点:主动、进行、令人……的过去分词的特点：被动、完成、感到……的,二.用法：定语、状语、宾补、表语1.定语：特点：1）判断被修饰名词与分词之间的关系（主动/被动）2）不及物动词的过去分词只表完成，没有被动3）位置：单个词作定语时，放在被修饰名词之前，两个或两个以上词作定语时，放在被修饰名词之后。4）现在分词的完成形式不能做定语。fallenleaves=leavesthathavefallenboilingwater=waterthatisboilingboiledwater=waterthatisboiled,1.Theproblemtobediscussedatthemeetingwillbesettledsoon.(表将来)2.Theproblemdiscussedatthemeetingwillbesettledsoon.3.Theproblembeingdiscussedatthemeetingwillbesettledsoon.不定式，分词做定语表示动作4.aswimmingpool（表用途）体会：非谓语动词做定语的区别(表完成)(表正在进行),2.状语：其逻辑主语一定是句子的主语。特点：1）分词作状语其逻辑主语为句子主语，通常判断分词与句子的主语的关系，但除了generallyspeaking,judgingfrom/by…;considering之外。2）可做时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随状语等。结果、伴随状语常常后置。3）相当于一个状语从句，内含有一个连词4）若分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则用独立结构，即逻辑主语+分词，注意判断逻辑主语与分词的关系。,e.g⑴Becausehedidn’treachhomeontime,hewasscoldedbyhismother.=Notreachinghomeontime,hewasscolded.⑵Iftheflowerisgivenenoughwater,itcangrowbetter.=Givenenoughwater,theflowercangrowbetter.,⑶Hestoodthere,talkingwithhisstudents.伴随(4)Hefellfromthetree,hurtinghisleg.(比较：Hehurriedtotherailwaystation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.）结果垂悬分词：Generally/Franklyspeaking;Judgingfrom/by…Judgingfromhisaccent,heisasoutherner.Franklyspeaking,yoursuggestiondoesn’tsoundgood.*分词表示自然而然的结果，不定式表示出乎意料的结果。,Practise1).When_______(heat)，waterwillbechangedintovapour.While_______(heat)water,wecanchangeitintovapour.2)______(see)fromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful._______(see)fromthehill,youwillfindthecitybeautiful.3)Generallyspeaking,when________(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.If________(take)thedrugaccordingtothedirections,youwillbebettersoon.heatedheatingSeenSeeingtakentaking,独立结构独立结构的构成：逻辑主语(代词用主格)+分词注意判断逻辑主语与分词的关系若分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则用独立结构。逻辑主语(代词用主格)+v.-ing形式/v.-ed形式/todo…/adj./adv./介词短语(n.前不用冠词)可转换成:with+n./pron.+v.-ing/v.-ed/todo/adj./adv./介词短语,Sincehedidn’tcomeontime,themeetingwasputoff.独立结构:Henotcomingontime,themeetingwasputoff.2.Sincetheproblemwassettled,wehadagoodrest.独立结构:Theproblemsettled,wehadagoodrest.3.Sincetherewasnobus,wehadtowalkhome.独立结构:Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.,3.宾补：看分词与宾语之间的关系e.gWecaughthimsmoking.Ihavemyhaircutonceamonth.Weheardthissongbeingsung.4.表语：（判断与主语之间的关系）e.gThedoorisclosed.(表语）ThedoorwasclosedbyTom.(被动）比较:-ed作表语表状态,而被动语态则表示动作.e.gThestoryisinteresting.WearehavinganEnglishclassnow.比较：-ing表动作时为进行时，表状态时是分词。,动名词：一、构成（同现在分词）一般式：主动：doing被动：beingdone完成式：主动：havingdone被动：havingbeendone复合结构：名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+doingOne’sdoing(one’snotdoing)Tom’sdoing(如果不在句首可用：宾格+doing）二、特点：只有主动和被动，无进行时态,三、用法：可做主语、宾语、定语、表语1、主语：谓语动词用单数特点：①前后一致：Seeingisbelieving②强调一般情况：Smokingisforbiddenintheclassroom.用it作形式主语：Itisuseless/nouse/nogooddoingsthe.gHisfailingintheexamupsetshismother.Itisnousetryingtopersuadehim.,2.宾语（考查最多）⑴及物动词+doing；不加todosth动词和动词词组有：avoid,admit,delay,dislike,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,giveup,can’thelp,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practice,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,stand，appreciate,understand,getdownto,objectto,payattentionto,devote…to,feellike,lookforwardto,e.gHeadmittedhavingdriventhatcarwithoutinsurance.Hecameinwithoutbeingasked.Hecan’tstandbeinglaughedat/anyone(’s)laughingathim.(stand:忍受）,⑵start/begin/like/love/continue/bear后加todo或doing，意思一样。⑶want,need,require,deservedoing/tobedoneThehouseneedscleaning/tobecleaned.比较：Ineedtofetchsomewater.（表主语发出的动作）（4）有些动词之后可加不定式、动名词，意思不同.forget/remember/regret+发生过：doing，将要发生：todo),meandoing意味着做某事meantodo想做某事（Idon’tmeantohurtyou)stopdoing停止正在做的事情stoptodo停下来去做另外的事情goondoing继续做同一件事goontodo接着做另一件事情begin/start/continuetodo/doingCan’thelp(to)dosth不能帮助做Can’thelpdoingsth情不自禁地做,Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.Learningalanguagedoesn’tmeanonlylearninginclass.Iregrettellinghimaboutit.Iregret(amsorry)tosayyoufailedintheexam.,5）advise,permit,allow,consider,forbid,encouragedoing/sb.todo.（注意被动语态中只用不定式：sbbeadvisedtodosth）Middleschoolstudentsareforbiddentousecellphonesinschool.6).beworth+doing…,3.定语：动名词作定语说明被修饰名词的用途。Thisisagoodfishingpole.(apoleforfishing)aswimmingpool(apoolforswimming)找出下列动名词adyingdog,asleepingcar,awashingmachine,boilingwater,asewingmachine,4.作表语：1）前后一致2）表语可与主语互换，意思不变Herjobislookingafterthesick.=Lookingafterthesickisherjob.比较：Thestoryisinteresting.(现在分词作表语，前后不可互换）
