第十三课时 构词法李仕才[感悟高考]1.Theygavemoneytotheoldpeople’shomeeither________orthroughtheircompanies.(2022·安徽卷)A.legallyB.sincerelyC.personallyD.deliberately答案 C [句意：他们或者亲自或者通过他们的公司给敬老院送钱。legally合法地，法律上；sincerely真诚地，由衷地，诚恳地；personally亲自，当面，个别地，就自己而言；deliberately故意地，谨慎地，慎重地。根据orthroughtheircompanies可知personally为正确答案。]2.Thegirlusedtobeshy，butis________gettingactiveingroupworkandismorewillingtoexpressherself.(2022·湖北卷)A.graduallyB.usuallyC.previouslyD.merely答案 A [句意：这个女孩以前很害羞，但是正(逐渐地)在小组活动中变得积极起来，而且更愿意表达自己了。根据题干中的is和getting可知，这里表示循序渐进的过程，故选gradually(逐渐地)。usually通常；previously先前地；merely仅仅。][要点精析]一、派生法1.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前缀例词dis-advantage→disadvantage缺点comfort→discomfort不舒适il-legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合逻辑的im-patient→impatient不耐烦的moral→immoral不道德的7\nin-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的ir-regular→irregular不规则的responsible→irresponsible不负责任的mis-lead→mislead误导understand→misunderstand误解un-willing→unwilling不愿意的happy→unhappy不高兴的后缀例词-lesshope→hopeless绝望的care→careless粗心的2.变动词的前缀和后缀前缀例词en-large→enlarge扩大rich→enrich使充实；使丰富后缀例词-enbroad→broaden使变宽hard→harden使变硬-ifyclass→classify把……分类beauty→beautify美化-izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize强调3.形容词变副词的后缀在形容词后加-ly可变成相应意义的副词直接加-lyextreme→extremely尤其，非常stupid→stupidly傻地改y为-ilyhappy→happily快乐地merry→merrily快乐地去e加-lytrue→truly真实地7\n4.形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效accurate→accuracy准确性-domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧-encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力气；强项wide→width宽度-ycruel→cruelty残忍-tydisable→disability无能；残疾-ityresponsible→responsibility责任5.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-alapprove→approval赞成；批准arrive→arrival到来-anceappear→appearance出现；外貌perform→performance表演；节目-enceexist→existence存在；生存refer→reference参考；查阅-ionconstruct→construction建设evaluate→evaluation评估-ationconsider→consideration考虑imagine→imagination想象力-(s)siondiscuss→discussion讨论；辩论7\nadmit→admission接纳；准许入学-inghear→hearing听力；听觉begin→beginning开始-mentargue→argument辩论；论据equip→equipment设备-urefail→failure失败；没做到press→pressure压力-turemix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure离开；出发-yrecover→recovery恢复；痊愈discover→discovery发现其他vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency趋向；趋势6.表示“人”的后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。后缀例词-rvillage→villager村民strange→stranger陌生人-arlie→liar说谎者-eeemploy→employee受雇者；雇员interview→interviewee被面试者-orinvent→inventor发明家educate→educator教育家；教师-esssteward→stewardess女乘务员host→hostess女主人；女主持人-eseChina→Chinese中国人Japan→Japanese日本人-anAmerica→American美国人Australia→Australian澳洲人7\n-ianhistory→historian历史学家politics→politician政治家；政客-istspecial→specialist专家tour→tourist旅行者；观光者-antparticipate→participant参加者assist→assistant助手；图书管理员7.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒适的-alperson→personal个人的；私人的nature→natural自然的；天生的-fulhope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的-edconfuse→confused感到困惑的bore→bored感到厌倦的-ingsurprise→surprising令人惊讶的convince→convincing令人信服的-ibleaccess→accessible容易到达的；容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的-iveeffect→effective有效的；生效的instruct→instructive有教育意义的-ousanxiety→anxious忧虑的curiosity→curious好奇的-sometire→tiresome令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome麻烦的-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的dirt→dirty有灰尘的；脏的7\n-erneast→eastern东方的；向东的west→western西方的；向西的-ishfool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的-icscience→scientific科学的history→historic历史上著名的-aryimagine→imaginary想象中的二、转化法不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。动词→名词walk→takeawalk散步swim→haveaswim游泳名词↔动词bookn.↔v.预订milkn.↔v.挤奶形容词↔动词slowadj.↔v.减慢narrowadj.↔v.使变窄；(差距等)缩小形容词↔副词hardadj.困难的↔adv.努力地highadj.高的↔adv.高deepadj.深的↔adv.深wideadj.宽的↔adv.广阔地[针对训练]用所给词的适当形式填空1.CHRONOLOGICAisaninformative(inform)andentertaining(entertain)tourintohistory，beautifully(beauty)illustratedandfullofunbelievable(believe)facts.(2022·江苏卷·阅读A)2.Thesecondprincipleistoloosen(loose)thecontrolthatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.(2022·江苏卷·阅读C)3.Whilecleanenergyisincreasingly(increase)usedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.7\n(2022·江苏卷·阅读D)4.IncreasingEarth’sreflectiveness(reflect)cancooltheplanet.(2022·江苏卷·阅读D)5.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfullhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitable(profit)crops.(2022·江苏卷·阅读D)6.Peoplecertainlyhaveavarietyofreasonsforgoingbacktoschoolbutoneimportantthingtoknowis，noknowledgeisuseless(use).7.Curiously(curious)，Igavehimmyfullattention.8.However，MareVanRijsselberg，afarmerintheNetherlandsisnowusingamixture(mix)ofseaandfreshwatertogrowhealthyandtastyvegetables.9.Butsuchasmallthingcouldn’tpossibly(possible)destroyavillage.10.JustimaginehowterriblyshyIwasthemomentIthoughtofthatwithsomanyeyesfixeduponme.Ihadnootherchoice(choose)，though.11.Thatlittleactofkindness(kind)madeeveryonewhosawitfeelgood—butitmademefeelthebestofall!12.Hesankintodepression(depress)whenbothhisparentslefthimandwenttothesouthinsearchofabetter-paidjob.13.Severaldayslater，outofmyexpectation(expect)，IsawitquietlystandinacornerofthehousewhereIworked.Iwasextremelygladtoregainit.14.AsfarasIamconcerned，mysuggestion(suggest)isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese-Englishdictionarywithineasyreach.15.Inaddition，therewerenoclaimsagainsttheloss(lose)of50coinsandIorderthegirlandhisfathertotakethose50coinsasappreciationfortheirhonesty!7
