第一篇词法六、介词(一)知识概要介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。介词表示时间表示地点方位表示原因方式其他about大约在……时间aboutfiveo'clock在周围，大约多远aboutfivekilometres关于、涉及talkaboutyouabove高出某一平面abovesealevelacross横过walkacrossthestreet对面acrossthestreetafter在……之后aftersupper跟……后面oneafteranother追赶runafteryouagainst背靠逆风againstthewall,againstthewind反对beagainstyouamong三者以上的中间amongthetreesat在某时刻18\natten在小地点attheschoolgate表示速度athighspeed向着，对着atmebefore在……之前beforelunch位于……之前sitbeforemebehind位于……之后behindthetreebelow低于……水平belowzero不合格belowthestandardby到……时刻，在……时刻之前byfiveo'clock紧挨着sitebysite乘坐交通工具byair,bybick被由wasmadebyusduring在……期间duringtheholidaysfor延续多长时间forfiveyears18\n向……去leaveforShanghai为了，对于begoodforyoufrom从某时到……某时frommorningtillnight来自何方fromNewYork由某原料制成bemadefrom来自何处whereareyoufromin在年、月、周较长时间内inaweek在里面intheroom用某种语言inEnglish穿着inredinto进入……里面walkinto除分divideinto变动turnintowaternear接近某时nearfiveyears在……附近neartheparkof用某种原料制成bemadeof属于……性质amapofU.S.Aon某日、某日的上下午onSundayafternoon在……上面onthedesk靠吃……为生liveonrice关于abookonPhysicsover渡过一整段时间workovernight在上方18\noverthedesk超过，高于overfivepairspast超过某一时刻tenpastfive经过某地walkpasttheparksince从某时以来since1980原因Sinceyouwereillthrough经过某一时期throughhislife通过、穿过某地throughtheforesttilluntil直到某时为止tillfiveo'clockto差多少时间fivetoten问，到，去往toShanghai面对面facetoface给予giveabooktomeunder在……下面underthedesk少于underten在……管制之下undertherulewith用某种工具withapen带着，具有withmewithout没有18\nwithoutair(二)正误辨析［误］Wegottothetopofthemountainindaybreak.［正］Wegottothetopofthemountainatdaybreak.［析］at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night。［误］Don'tsleepatdaytime［正］Don'tsleepindaytime.［析］in要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：inthemorning/afternoon,或intheweek/month/year.或inspring/supper/autumn/winter等等。［误］WevisitedtheoldmaninSundayafternoon.［正］WevisitedtheoldmanonSundayafternoon.［析］inthemorning,intheafternoon如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on,如：onacoldmorning,onthemorningofJuly14th［误］Hebecameawritterathistwenties［正］Hebecameawritterinhistwenties［析］这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。［误］HewenttoNewYorktofindajobinsixteenyearsold.［正］HewenttoNewYorktofindajobatsixteen.［析］在具体年岁前用at,如：attheageof12，atyourage，等等。［误］Wewenttoswimintheriverinaveryhotday.［正］Wewenttoswimintheriveronaveryhotday.［析］具体某一天要用介词on,又如：onNewYear'sDay［误］I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyouonChristmas.［正］I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyouatChristmas.［析］在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。［误］Ihaven'tseeyouduringthesummerholidays.［正］Ihaven'tseenyousincethebeginningofthesummerholidays.［析］during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：Ivisitedalotofmuseumsduringtheholiday.而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：Ihaven'tseeyouforalongtime.而through18\n用来表示时间时则为"整整，全部的时间"。如：Itrainedthroughthenight.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。［误］Atenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.［正］Onenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.［析］On加动名词表示"一……就"。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：onhearing…一听见，onarrival一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)［误］Inthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.［正］Atthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.［析］atthebegining与attheend都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而inthebeginning则是指开始一段时间。intheend＝atlast是指"最终，终于"之意。［误］Tilltheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.［正］Bytheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.［析］by引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为"不迟于某一时刻将工作做完"，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：I'llbetherebyfiveo'clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：Iwon'tfinishthisworktill(until)nextweekend.［误］HecametoLondonbeforelastweekend.［正］HehadcometoLondonbeforelastweekend.［正］HecametoLondontwoweeksago.［析］before一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。［误］IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearsginceIhadcomehere.［正］IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearssinceIcamehere.［析］since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态［误］Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitaftertwohours.［正］Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitintwohours.［析］中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after多用于过去时，如：IarrivedinNewYork.Afterthreedays,Ifoundajobinthebank.②after加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：afterthreedays,即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。［误］Threedaysafterhedied.［正］Afterthreedayshedied.18\n［正］Threedayslaterhedied.［析］after与later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after在时间词前，而later在时间词后。［误］Shehidherselfafterthetree.［正］Shehidherselfbehindthetree.［析］after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：Irunafterhim.Afterfinishingmyhomework,Iwenttoseeafilm.而behind则多用于静态事物之后。［误］Thereisabeautifulbirdonthetree.［正］Thereisabeautifulbirdinthetree.［析］树上长出的果实，树叶要用on,而其他外来的人、物体均要用inthetree.［误］ShanghaiisontheeastofChina.［正］ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.［析］在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in,on,to。in表示在某范围之内;on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：JapanistotheeastofChina.［误］IarrivedatNewYorkonJuly2nd.［正］IarrivedinNewYorkonJuly2nd.［析］at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于attheschoolgate,athome,atabusstop,atthestation,atthecinema,atasmallvillage。［误］HelivedinNo.3BeijingRoad.［正］HelivedatNo.3BeijingRoad.［析］在门牌号码前要用at,并要注意它的惯用法：attheendofthestreet,atthefootofthemountain,atthetopofthepage。［误］ThereisacolourTVsetatthecornerofthehall.［正］ThereisacolourTVsetinthecornerofthehall.［析］在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：Thereisatreeatthecornerofthestreet.［误］ThisweekendI'llstayinUncleWang's.［正］ThisweekendI'llstayatUncleWang's.［析］要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：atatailor'sshop(裁缝店)＝atatailor's,atthedoctor's(去看病)atthebookseller's(在书店)atuncleWang's(在王叔叔家)［误］Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsontoday'snewspaper?［正］Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsintoday'snewspaper?18\n［析］在报纸上的新闻要用in,而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。［误］TheschoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.［正］SchoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.［析］这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：attable(吃饭)，WhenIcametoTom'shome,theywereattable.还有：atdesk(学习)，atwork(工作)atschool(上学)，inhospital(住医院)atchurch作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：attheschool即在学校工作或办事，inthehospital即在医院工作或去看望病人。［误］Inmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.［正］Onmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.［析］译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光"在……的路上"应用onone'sway…。而intheway有挡道之意，如：Pleasemovethechairitisintheway。［误］Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeinto.［正］Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokein.［正］Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeintotheoffice.［析］in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。［误］I'llleaveBeijingtoShanghaitomorrow.［正］I'llleaveBeijingforShanghai.［正］I'llleaveforShanghai.［析］leavefor是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：startfor动身前往某处，setoutfor，sailfor。［误］I'msorry.Ihavetogetoutthebusatnextstop.［正］I'msorry.Ihavetogetoutofthebusatnextstop.［析］getin,与getout是两个相反的词组。getin为上车，而getout为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲We'dbettergetin.或We'dbettergetout.还有一组词组有关上下车：geton／off(atrain,aship,astruck)getinto／outof(acar,taxi…)［误］BecarefulThetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesoverzero.［正］Becareful.Thetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesabovezero.［析］over与above18\n在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.［误］Thereisanoldstonebridgeabovetheriver.［正］Thereisanoldstonebridgeovertheriver.［析］over还有一意为"跨越，横跨"。［误］TheDeadSeaisunderthesealevel.［正］TheDeadSeaisbelowthesealevel.［析］在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。［误］Thereisabigtreeinthefrontofthehouse.［正］Thereisabigtreeinfrontofthehouse.［析］infrontof是在物体外部的前面，而inthefrontof是在物体内部的前面，如：Thedriversitsinthefrontofthebus.［误］Ittookthemtwodaystowalkacrosstheforest.［正］Ittookthemtwodaystowalkthroughtheforest.［析］across作为介词有两个主要意思：①横过，如：Iwanttowalkacrossthestreet.②对面，如：Thereisapostofficeacrossthestreet,而through多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：Thelittlegirlranacrosstheroomtomeethermother.［误］Thesunsetstowardthewest.［正］Thesunsetsinthewest.［析］towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：Herantoward(s)themountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south时，其前面要用in。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：Iwentsouth.也可用作名词，如：Iwenttothesouth.也可用作形容词，如：IwenttothesouthpartofChina.［误］Doyouhavenootherclothesexceptthose?［正］Doyouhavenootherclothesbesidesthose?［析］beside是"在……旁边"，如：Thestudentsstoodbesidetheirteachers.而besides是"除……之外，不仅……而且……，除了……以外还有……"，如：IstudiedEnglishbesidesFrench,whenIwasincollege.而except则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：IcomehereeverydayexceptSunday.而exceptfor是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：Theroomiscleanexceptfortwochairs.而exceptthat则要加从句。［误］CanIwritetheexampaperwithink?［正］CanIwritetheexampaperwithapen?18\n［正］CanIwritetheexampaperinink?［析］with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。［误］I'mearliertoday.Icameherebyhiscar.［正］I'mearliertoday.Icamehereinhiscar.［析］在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。bytaxi=inataxibytrain=inatrainbybicycle=onabicyclebyship=onashipbyboat=inaboatbybus=onabusbyplane=onaplanebyair空运byland陆运bysea海运onfootonhorsebackbyphonebyletterbyradiobyairmailbyhand［误］AlotofFrenchwinesaremadeofgrape.［正］AlotofFrenchwinesaremadefromgrape.［析］madeof是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from,如：Thedeskwasmadeofhardwood.［误］ThisisagooddictionaryinEnglishgrammar.［正］ThisisagooddictionaryonEnglishgrammar.［析］关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：Thisisabookaboutphysics.即物理科普知识。［误］Doyouhavethekeyofthedoor.［正］Doyouhavethekeytothedoor.［析］keytothedoor门的钥匙。相同用法还有answertothequestion,entrancetothehighway,dangertohealth.千万不要用of。［误］TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestofcollectingstamps.18\n［正］TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestincollectingstamps.［析］haveinterestin是在某方面有兴趣。［误］Ididn'tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrytome.［正］Ididn'tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrywithme.［析］beangrywith其后接人，而beangryat其后接事。如：Hewasangryatwhatshesaid.［误］Hewasgoodforskating.［正］Hewasgoodatskating.［析］begoodat为"擅长某事"，而begoodforsomebody为对某人很好。［误］Itwasgoodtoyoutohelpmylittleboy.［正］Itwasgoodofyoutohelpmylittleboy.［析］这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而begoodtosomebody是对某人态度好。如：Hermotherisgoodtoeveryone.［误］Myparentswereverypleasedatme.［正］Myparentswereverypleasedwithme.［正］Myparentswereverypleasedatmystudying.［析］bepleasedwith后加somebody,而bepleasedat后加something。［误］Heisagreewithme.［正］Heagreeswithme.［误］Heagainstsme.［正］Heisagainstme.［析］同意agree为动词，而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。［误］Ihaven'theardlettersfromhim.［正］Ihaven'theardfromhim.［析］hearfrom即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。［误］Teacher.MayIcallatyouthisweekend?［正］Teacher.MayIcallonyouthisweekend?［析］作为"拜访"讲callat其后接地点，如：MayIcallatyourhomethisweekend?而callon其后接人。［误］Doyouknowthegirlonwhite?［正］Doyouknowthegirlinwhite?［析］inwhite为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有：inbed(睡觉)，inhospital(住院)，ina18\nhurry(匆匆忙忙)，indanger(危险中),injoy(高兴)，ingoodhealth(身体好)，inlove(恋爱)，introuble(困境)，与之相反的是outof,如：outoftrouble(摆脱困境)，outofdate(过时了)，outoforder(出故障)［误］Helookedatmeatsurprise.［正］Helookedatmeinsurprise.［析］surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首，Toone'ssurprise,如：Tomysurprisehesucceeded.②besurprisedat,如：Iwassurprisedatthenews.③用于句尾insurprise.［误］Shedidn'tcometoschoolbecauseofshewasill.［正］Shedidn'tcometoschoolbecauseshewasill.［析］becauseof后接名词，如：Thegamewasputoffbecauseoftherain.(三)例题解析1-Thankyou＿＿＿thebeautifulflowers!-Notatall.AinBonCatDfor［答案］D.［析］由于某事向某人道谢应用for。2Canyouanswerthisquestion＿＿＿English?AbyBinCwithDfrom［答案］B.［析］in表示用语言、声音、或材料，如：Heansweredthequestioninalowvoice.3Look＿＿＿themap＿＿＿China＿＿＿thewall,please.Aafter,of,inBat,of,inCafter,in,onDat,of,on［答案］D.［析］lookat为"看"，而onthewall为"在墙表面挂着"，而inthewall则是"在墙内"，如：Thereisholeinthewall.墙上有个洞。4-WhendidMrGreenarriveinLondon?-Hearrivedthere＿＿＿theeveningofDecember6th.AatBinConDto［答案］C.18\n［析］intheevening/afternoon这两个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为on,如：onacoldmorning,onaspringmorning等。5Wewontherelayrace.Andtherewasabigsmile＿＿＿ourteacher'sface.AoffBnearConDbetween［答案］C.6Thetwinsgotonwell＿＿＿theirclassmates.AtoBinCwithDabout［答案］C.［析］getonwellwith与人相处很好。7-Pleaseremembertocometomybirthdayparty.-Isee.I'llcome＿＿＿Saturdayevening.AinBatConDfor［答案］C.8 Let'shurry，orwe'llbelate＿＿＿schoolA toB atC withD for［答案］D.［析］belatefor，而comelateto，如：Don'tcomelatetoschool9 Theywillhaveamathstest＿＿＿twodaysA forB atC inD after［答案］C.［析］三天之内应用in，而不要受中文影响用after，afterthreedays是个不定的时间范围，即没有一个准确的时间。5天、6天、10天全是afterthreedays。10 Mybrotherjoinedthearmy＿＿＿A 1989，MarchB inMarch，1989C March，1989D 1989，inMarch［答案］B.18\n［析］在月份、年、前用介词in，而日子前用on。11 Hecouldn'tworkoutthemathsproblem＿＿＿yourhelpA withoutB underC forD with［答案］A.［析］在某人帮助下应用with，如：WiththehelpoftheteacherIpassedtheexameasily 而要是没有你的帮助则用withoutyourhelp12 Grannytookonelookatus＿＿＿herglassesA byB throughC onD in［答案］B.［析］through为穿过……。13 Wehadourbreakfast＿＿＿aquarter＿＿＿sevenA /，toB in，toC at，toD on，to［答案］C.［析］具体时间点前用at，而差几分几点用to，这里应译为：我在差一刻七点吃的早饭。14 IlearnFrench＿＿＿theradioeverydayA onB inC fromD at［答案］A.［析］从收音机中听到某事应用词组ontheradio。15 It'sgoodmannerstowait＿＿＿lineA inB onC atD with［答案］A.［析］inline为排队。16 HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearnt＿＿＿lastterm?A bytheendofB attheendofC totheendofD tilltheendof［答案］A.18\n［析］bytheendof为动作的截止时间，与完成时态相配合17 Themanagerwasverysatisfied＿＿＿hisworkA inB onC aboutD with［答案］D.［析］besatisfiedwith为固定搭配。18 JohnhitJack＿＿＿faceA ontheB intheC onhisD inhis［答案］B.［析］英文中的某些动词其后要接人，然后加介词＋the＋身体部位，如：Hecaughttheboybythearm。19 Iwasborn＿＿＿thenight＿＿＿September15，1978A in，onB at，onC at，inD on，of［答案］D.［析］在时间前加介词时应以最小的时间单位为准。20 It'sabadmannertolaugh＿＿＿peoplewhentheyare＿＿＿troubleA over，inB at，inC in，atD at，for［答案］B.［析］laughat嘲笑某人，laughover笑着谈论某人或某事，introuble陷入困境。21 Ican'tdothisworkwell＿＿＿Tom'shelpA underB forC withoutD from［答案］C.22 Don'tshout＿＿＿theoldwoman。 Youshouldbemorepolite＿＿＿herA to，atB at，toC in，forD from，for［答案］B.［析］shoutat为"冲某人喊叫"，而bepolitetosomebody为"对某人和气。"23 Wemustbestrict＿＿＿ourselves＿＿＿everything18\nA with，inB in，withC with，toD to，of［答案］A.［析］bestrictwith对某人严格要求。24 Hewenttothefootballmatch＿＿＿lunchlastSundayA toB withoutC behindD between［答案］B.［析］withoutlunch未吃午饭。25 Thepeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded＿＿＿1949A withB onC sinceD in［答案］D.［析］在年代前用in。因句子是过去时而不是完成时，所以不能用since。26 MrBlackgottoHangzhou＿＿＿afewdaysA inB afterC onD at［答案］B.［析］这句话应译为：几天之后Mr Black到达了杭州。而不是在几天之内一定要做完某事，所以选B。27 -Hastheteachergivenyouanyadvice＿＿＿yourEnglishstudy?-Yes，hehasA fromB withC onD in［答案］C.［析］给予某一方面问题的忠告其介词用on。28 Youmaydepend＿＿＿him Heis＿＿＿honestmanA on，aB in，anC on，anD at，the［答案］C.［析］dependon为"依靠某人或某事"，而honest的首字母h不发音。18\n29 ＿＿＿myjoy，IcananswerthisquestionA WithB ToC ByD For［答案］B.［析］Toone'sjoy意为"使我高兴的是。"30 Theteacheraskedthestudentstolook＿＿＿thewordinthedictionaryA forB atC upD after［答案］C.［析］lookfor寻找，lookat看，lookafter照顾，lookup查字典。31 Alittlemonkeyisplaying＿＿＿atreeandtherearealotofbananas＿＿＿itA on，onB in，onC on，inD in，in［答案］B.［析］树上长出的果实为onthetree 而其他外来之物要用inthetree，表达在树上。32Igotoschool＿＿＿buseverymorning.A.inB.byC.onD.at［答案］B.［析］by后直接加交通工具，表示乘某种交通工具去某地。33Noonelikesaperson＿＿＿badmanners.A.withoutB.onC.outofD.with［答案］D.［析］withbadmanners有不良习惯的人。34Thepolicemanwassurprised＿＿＿thenews.A.intoB.forC.atD.outof［答案］C.［析］besurprisedat对某事吃惊。35Hehadtosellnewspapers＿＿＿seven.A.atanageofB.attheagesofC.attheageofD.atageof［答案］C.［析］attheageof在几岁时。18\n36Thelittlegirlcouldn'thelp＿＿＿whenshesawalargedog.A.criedB.tocryC.cryingD.cries［答案］C.［析］couldn'thelp＋动名词表示情不自禁地去做某事，或禁不住做某事。37Jackwasborn＿＿＿March1st,1978.A.onB.inC.atD.of［答案］A.［析］日期，时间前的介词按其表达语中的最小单位计算。38Edisonwasveryinterested＿＿＿sciencewhenhewasaboy.A.toB.onC.inD.about［答案］C.［析］beinterestedinsomething对某事感兴趣。39Theteacherwasverysatisfied＿＿＿heranswer.A.inB.onC.forD.with［答案］D.40Thestoryhappened＿＿＿Beijing.A.inB.withC.forD.on［答案］A.18
