上海市各区2022届高三英语一模试卷分类汇编：回答问题专题One【虹口区】SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassageandthenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Allofusrelyonwhatwesee.Wesaytoourselves,"IknowIwasthere;Isawithappen"andthatseemstosettlethematter.Ordoesit?Canwereallytrusttheevidenceofoureyes?Takecompetitivesportsforexample.Mostfansatsportseventsarealwayscontrolledbyemotion,whichleadstothefactthattheywillnotagreewitheachotherandevendisagreewiththerefereealthoughtheywatchthesamegame."Hewasoutofboundswhenhecaughtthepass,"saysonefan.Anothersays,"You'recrazy.Isawitwithmyowneyes.Hewasfivefeetinbounds.Youmustbeblind."Therefereerulesthatthereceiverdidstepoutofbounds.Butthousandsoffansarestillnotconvinced—becausetheywerethere!It'sthesamestoryinthecourtroom.Trial(审判)proceduredependsonwitnessesgivingsworntestimony（证词）.Butjusthowreliableisthetestimonyofapersonwhoreportswhathehasseen?Inarecentstudy,tenthousandwitnesseswereaskedtodescribethemantheysawcommitacrime.Thestudyrevealsthat,ontheaverage,thewitnessesoverestimatedtheman'sheightbyfiveinches,hisagebyeightyears,andgavethewronghaircolourin83percentofthecases.Thesewitnessesdidn'tplaytricksonthem!Whatcanwedotokeeperrortominimum?Aboveall,don'tletyouremotionsinterferewithyourvision.Don'tseesomethingbecauseyouwanttoseeit.Anothersolutiontotheproblemwould,ofcourse,betonotedownwhatyousee.Don'trelyonyourmemoryalone.Takepictures,makerecordings,anduseanyotheraid,whichwillhelpalottoreducedistortion.Onemoresolutionisalsoneeded:Theerrorisnotlikelytobeminimizeduntilthepeopleinvolvedstayrelaxed.Ifyouaretense,youareverylikelytoseeredwhenthecolourisblue.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANEIGHTWORDS.)78.Thereasonwhyfansdisagreewitheachotheratsportseventsisthatfewofthem_____.79.Theword"them"inPara.3refersto________.80.Whataretheothertwosolutionstokeepingvisualerrortominimumbesidesnotlettingyouremotionsinterferewithyourvision?81.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthortakessportseventsandcourtroomasexamplesinordertoillustrate______.78.arenotcontrolledbyemotion79.theman'sheight,ageandhaircolour80.Nothingdownwhatyouseeandstayingrelaxed.81.Wecan'tcompletelytrusttheevidenceofeyesTwo【黄浦区】SectionC-16-Directions:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.OnOctober29,1929,theUnitedStatesstockmarketcrashed.Inthedaysthatfollowed,banksandbusinessesclosed,thenumberoftheunemployedworkersroseto15million,andmanypeoplelosttheirsavings.Astheeconomiccrisisworeon,itbecameknownastheGreatDepression.Itleftmanypeoplefeelinganxiousanduncertainaboutthefuture.Withindaysofhisinauguration(就职典礼)in1933,PresidentFranklinDelanoRoosevelt(FDR)begantakingstepstostabilizethebankingsystem,supporttheeconomy,andprovidejobsforunemployedworkers.TokeeptheAmericanpublicinformedaboutthechangesthatwereunderway,hegaveaseriesofradioaddressescalledfiresidechats.FDRusedthesebroadcaststospeakaboutanumberofissues.ThefirstofRoosevelt’sfiresidechatswasdeliveredonSunday,March12,1933.HisgoalinthismessagewastoexplainthebankcrisisintheUnitedStates.HeexplainedtoAmericanwhybankshadrunoutofmoney.Rooseveltassuredpeoplethattheirmoneywassafeandthattheycouldgettheirmoneywhentheyreallyneededit.Hesaidthatmostofthebankswouldbeopenthenextdayandthatotherswouldbeopenagainverysoon.Hismessage’spurposewastorestoreAmerican’sconfidenceintheirbankingsystem.Roosevelt’schatstoAmericawerepopularwiththepeople.ManylookedforwardtohearingwhatFDRhadtosay.TheWhiteHousedidnotalwaystellthepublicwhetheraparticularradioaddresswastoberegardedasafiresidechat.Asaresult,thereissomequestionabouttheexactnumberofthesespeeches.Twenty-eightsuchaddressesweredefinitelyidentified,andtwootherradioaddressescouldhavealsobeenchats.RooseveltdeliveredhisfinalfiresidechatonJune12,1944.Thefocuswasopeningafifthwar-loandrive.HecomplimentedtheAmericanpeopleforsupportingthewareffortwiththepurchaseofmorethan$32billionofwarbonds.Heencouragedthemtobuymoreasthewareffortcontinuedtocostmoneyeveryday,moneythatheconfidentlypredictedwouldleadtofinalvictory.(Notes:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS.)78.______________ledtotheGreatDepressionaccordingtothepassage.79.What’sthepurposeofRoosevelt’sfiresidechats?80.Rooseveltdeliveredhisfirstfiresidechattoassurepeopleof_____________________.81.WhydidRooseveltpraisetheAmericanpeopleinhisfinalfiresidechat?Keys:78.ThecrashoftheUnitedStatesstockmarket79.TokeeptheAmericanpublicinformedaboutimportanceissues/messages/thechanges80.Thesafetyoftheirmoney81.BecausetheysupportedthewareffortbybuyingwarbondsThree【浦东新区】Sunshinemightbehealthierthanmostpeoplethink,outweighingtheriskofskincancer.Britishdoctorssuggestedlastweekandranstraightintoastorm.ThefourresearchersatBristolUniversityinwesternEnglandwereaccusedofweakeningyearsofcampaigningtowarnpeopleofthedangersoftoomuchsun.Expertsagreeexposuretothesun’sultravioletrays(紫外线)increasestheriskofskincancerandacceleratesthesignsofaging.ButintheBritishMedicalJournal,theBristolteamledbyAndrewNesswrote,“Thereisevidencethatthepotentialbenefitsofexposuretosunlightmayoutweighthewidelypublicizednegativeeffectsontheincidenceofskincancer.”-16-VitaminD,madeinthebodyinreactiontosunlight,preventedrickets(软骨病)inchildrenandwasassociatedwithaprotectiveeffectagainstheartdisease.Sunshinewasalsousefulfortreatingcertainskinconditionsandtherewasevidencethatitreducedtheincidenceofmultiplesclerosis(硬化症).Therewasalsothe“feelgoodeffectoflyingorsittinginthesun.”Theresearcherssaiditwastooearlytoadvisepeopletospendmoretimeinthesun,butsuggestedthebasisofthecurrentadvicetocoverupshouldbereviewed.“Perhaps,whileweawaittheconclusionsofsuchformalanalyses,thoseofuswhoenjoyspendingtimeinthesuncanrestassuredthatthechancethatwewillbeoneofthepeopledyingfromthesunissmall.”theyadded.Theirarticlewasstronglycriticizedbyhealthcampaignerswhoclaimeditwasunbalancedandnotbackedbyscientificevidence.Britain’sHealthEducationAuthoritysaidskincancerwasthemostcommonformofcancerinthecountry,withmorethan50,000newcasesdiagnosedeachyearandmorethan2,000peopledyingfromthedisease.Itsaidtreatmentalmostalwaysrequiredsurgeryandalmost50percentofcaseswerefatal.Theauthority’sskincancercampaignmanagerChristopherNewsaid,“Weareverydisappointedwiththiscontroversialarticle.Itdoesn’thaveenoughsupportingevidenceandrunstheriskofundoingmanyyearsofgoodhealtheducation.”(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS)78.AccordingtothefourresearchersatBristolUniversity,______________________________doesmoregoodthanharm.79.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“theBritishdoctorsranstraightintoastorm”?80.The“goodhealtheducation”remindspeople______________________________.81.Peoplehavenotyetbeenabletoreachanagreementon______________________________.Keys:78.exposureinsunshine.79.theirarticlearousedaheateddebate.80.thatsunshinemaycauseskincancer.81.whethersunshineisgoodforpeopleornot.Four【长宁区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Thepaperiswritteninanattempttodiscusswhatthecreativeprocessis.Thoughmuchtheoryhasaccumulated,littleisreallyknownaboutthepowerthatliesatthebottomofpoeticcreation.Itistruethatgreatpoetsandartistsproducebeautybyemployingallthepowersofpersonalityandbycombingemotions,reason,andintuitions(直觉).Butwhatisthemagicalsynthesis(合成)thatjoinsandarrangesthesecomplexpartsintopoeticunity?JohnL.Lowes,inhisjustlyfamous”TheRoadtoXanadu,”developedoneoftheearliestandstillgenerallyacceptableanswerstothisinterestingquestion.Imaginativecreation.Heconcludes,isacomplexprocessinwhichtheconsciousandunconsciousmindsjointlyoperate.“thereis….thedeepwellwithitschaos(杂乱)ofaccidentlymixingimages,butthereislikewisethevisionwhichseesshininginandthroughthechaosofthepotentiallinesofform,andwiththevision,thecontrollingwill,whichgivestothatpotentialbeautyactuality.”-16-Thedeepwellistheunconsciousmindthatispeopledwiththefacts,ideas,feelingsoftheconsciousactivity.Theimaginativevision,anunconsciousactivity,shinesthroughthelandofchaos,oflightsandshadows,silentlyseekingpatternandform.Finally,theconsciousmindagain,throughwill,capturesandembodiestheideainthefinalworkofart.Inthiswayisunitybornoutofchaos.Thoughtherecanbenoabsolutecertainty,thereisgeneralagreementthattheperiodsinthedevelopmentofacreativeworkparallel(与….相似)，tosomeextent,Lowes’stheoryofwell,vision,formandwill.Thereareatleastthreestagesinthecreativeprocess:preparation,inspiration,work.Inasense,theperiodofpreparationisallofthewriter’slife.Itisthedeepwell.Itisespeciallyaperiodofconcentrationwhichgivestheunconsciousmindanopportunitytocommunicatewiththeconsciousmind.Whenremembranceofthingspastreachestheconsciouslevelofthewriter’smind,heisreadytogoonwiththeprocess.Partofthispreparationinvolveslearningamedium---learningalanguage,learninghowtowrite,learningliteraryforms.Itisimportanttonoteherethatformcannotbeimposedupontheidea.Evidence,thoughnotenough,showsthattheideagivesbirthtotheformthatcanbestconveyit.Itisthevision,accordingtoLowes,thatseesshininginandthroughthechaosofthepotentiallinesofform.(AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinnomorethanTENwords)78.JohnL.Loweshasprovidedanacceptableanswertothequestionof______________________.79._________________________arethefourelementsofJohnL.Lowes’theory.80.Howdoesthepreparationstagecontributetothedevelopmentofacreativework?81.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweentheideaandform.Keys:78.whatthecreativeprocessis.79.Well,vision,formandwill.80.Bygivingtheunconsciousmindanopportunitytocommunicatewiththeconsciousmind.81.formcannotbeimposedupontheideabuttheideagivesbirthtotheformthatcanbestconveyit.Five【徐汇区】SectionCDirection：Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternal(外在的)resultoraproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsarise,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,andtheforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts．Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sinceitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheymeetwithnewexperiencesandunexpecteddifficulties.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept．Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,tofacethe-16-unknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialforourabilitytogrow．Doweseeourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,wetendtotakemorechangesandbemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoffearcancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkweareslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughtodealwithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotfaceorovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubt,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenwestopgrowing.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking．Basedonthetwobasicwaystoviewgrowthmentionedinthepassage,“Janewonthefirstprizeinthespeechcompetition.”canberegardedas______________________________.Theprocessofgrowthrefersto___________________________________,whenpeoplecomeacrossnewexperiencesandobstacles.Ifsomeoneiskeenonlearninganythingnew,heislikelyto____________________________.________________________________________ortoomuchself-protectionmaypreventusgrowing.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNoMoreThanTenWords.)Six【闵行区】Seven【奉贤区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright"intopositiveoneslike"Icansucceed."ButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournal PsychologicalScience thatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyare.Thestudy’sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.IfyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you’rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students’self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposedtotellthemselves,"Iamlovable."Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn’tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren’turgedtothink-16-positivethoughts.Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsof psychotherapy (心理治疗)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse. Meditation (静思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.(Note:AnswerthequestionorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHAN12WORDS)Theself-helpindustryisbasedon_________________________________________.ThefindingoftheCanadianresearchersisthat______________________________.FromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic,weknowthat__________________.Fromthelastparagraph,weknowthat___________________mayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.Keys:78.theideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtsintopositiveones.79.Thinkingmorepositivelyhaveaoppositeeffect.80.overlypositivethinkingdoesn’tmakepeoplefeelbetter.81.MeditationtechniquesEight【静安区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.FromboytomanGROWINGupon-screenforadecadeasHarryPotter,22-year-oldDanielRadcliffehashadtodealwithtypecasting(同类角色出演)hiswholecareer.However,inanewreleasecalledTheWomaninBlack,thesuccessfulchildactorfinallyescapesJ.K.Rowling’sherobytakingontheleadroleinaclassicghoststory.Themovie,whichhitChinesecinemasonSept20,2022,tellsthetaleofawidowed(丧妻的)lawyernamedArthurKipps(Radcliffe)whoissenttoaremotevillageinthenorthofEnglandforalateclient’saffairs.There,hediscoversthetown’stragicpast—childrendieaftertheyseeamysteriouswomandressedinblack.Toclearthingsup,hedecidedtostayaloneinanoldhouse,whichiscompletelycutofffromthemainlandathightide.Hisfearsgrowwhenheseesawomaninblacklookingathimfromthewindowandhearsthesoundofaponyandtrapindifficulty,followedbythescreamsofayoungchild.Kippsdecideshemustfindawaytobreakthecycleofhorrorafterhissonisthreatenedbythemysteriouswoman.Thestorypullsouteveryold,darkhousecliché(老套路)going:demonic(恶魔的)dolls,rockingchairs,andtheghostlyblack-cloaked(穿黑披风的)womanherself.However,ithasbecomeoneofthatyear’sbiggestboxofficewinnersintheUKwhenitwasreleasedthere.BritishmoviecriticJamieRussellthinkswhatmakesitsodifferentishowcharacter-drivenitisandhowRadcliffemakesitcount.“TheWomaninBlackworksbecauseofRadcliffe,notinspiteofhim,”hesaid.“Radcliffe’sfaceconvincesyouthatKippsknowswhatitistohavelovedandlostforever.”Thereisnotmuchconversation.DirectorJamesWatkins’sgambledonRadcliffe’sacting.Hewasnot-16-disappointed.“It’sanabsolutejoydoingtheslowpushinonDan,readinghisthoughtsandlettingthecameradriftcloserandcloserintohiseyes,”hetoldBritishmagazineTotalFilm.FortheformerPotterstarwhohaslongedforacareerawayfromHogwarts,thisghostmovieisastepintherightdirection.“It’smainlyaboutworkinghardandprovingtopeopleyou’reseriousaboutit,andstretching(倾注全力)yourselfandlearning.”RadcliffetoldBritishonlinenewspaperTheHuffingtonPost.Andheunderstandsfameisfleeting.“Thelinethathasmadethemostlastingimpressiononmewasby[USwriter]WilliamGoldman.Hesaidsomethinglike,'Starscomeandgo,onlyactorslast’.”hetoldthenewswebsite.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS)78.ThemovieThewomaninBlackisabout____________.79.WhydoesKippshavetofindawaytobreakthecycleofhorror?80.HowThewomaninBlackissuccessfulisthatithasbeen____________________.81.WhatdoesThewomaninBlackmeanforRadcliffe,theformerHarryPotterstar?Keys:78.howArthurKippsdealswithamysteriouswomaninblack79.Becausehissonisthreatenedbythewomaninblack.80.oneofthisyear’sbiggestboxofficewinnerinBritain.81.Itisasteponhiswaytomakeabreakthrough.Nine【崇明县】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.DefendersoftheFrenchlanguageareangeredbyplanstointroducecoursestaughtinEnglishatpublicuniversities,arguingthatFrancemustprotectitselfagainsttheriskoflosingitsculturalidentity.TheFrenchParliamentrecentlystartedtodebatetheissueaspartofabillonabroaderreformofhighereducation,butallattentionhasfocusedonanarticlethatwouldlifta19-yearbanonEnglishasateachinglanguageatpublicuniversities.TheFrenchgovernmentbacksthechange,whichitsayswouldhelptoattractforeignstudentsandhelpFrenchgraduatescompeteinaglobaleconomyasthecountrystrugglestoregaincompetitiveness.MoreFrenchstudentsfearingpoorjobprospectsathome,whereyouthunemploymentisnearly25percent,arestudyingandworkingabroad.OneoftheirdestinationsisLondon,whichnowhasbecomethesixthlargestFrenchpopulationintheworld.However,opponentsofthelaw,includingprofessors,lawmakersandtheFrenchlanguagesupervisionbodyAcademicFrance,saythecommunityofotherFrench-speakingpeoplesmustbedefendedandthatthechangewouldbeabetrayalofotherFrench-speakingnations."IfFrancegivesotherFrench-speakingcountriesthewrongsignalbyleadinganassaultagainstthelanguage,thatwouldbeavery,veryregrettablethingindeed,"saidClaudeHagege,alanguagescientist.Francehaslongdefendeditscultureathomeandabroad.In1994,theso-called"ToubonLaw"madetheuseofFrenchmandatoryinallTVbroadcasts,meaningallforeign-languageprogramsaredubbed,whileradiostationsmustplayatleast40percentofFrenchmusicformostoftheday.BusinessleaderscriticizeFrance'slowrankingforEnglishproficiency(熟练度）-itplaced23rdin-16-a2022globalrankingpublishedbyeducationcompanyEducationFirst-eventhoughtheuseofEnglishhasgrown,notablyinacademiccircles.HigherEducationMinisterGenevieveFiorasosaidofferingEnglishwouldincreasetheappealofFrenchuniversitiesatatimewhentheyarefallingfurtherbehindininternationalrankings.Ina2022-2022surveybyBritain'sTimesnewspaper,thehighest-rankedFrenchuniversityisin59thposition.PrivatebusinessschoolswhereEnglishistaughtrankhigher.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS.)78.Whatdoes“thechange”inParagraph3referto?79.Somepeopleareagainstthechangebecausetheythinkitwould_____________________.80.Accordingto“ToubonLaw”,whatisamustforTVstationsinFrance?81.GenevieveFiorasothinksthereleaseofthebillmayhelpFrenchuniversities__________.Keys:78.AllowingusingEnglishasateachinglanguageatpublicuniversities.79.beabetrayalofotherFrench-speakingnations/makeFranceloseitsculturalidentity80.UsingFrenchinallTVbroadcasts/TheuseofFrenchinallTVbroadcasts.81.attractmorestudents/bemoreappealing/rankhigherininternationalrankingsTen【普陀区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Differentpeoplemayfindthatdifferentlearningmethodsworkbestforthem.Whilesomewouldturntotutoringinordertogetbettergrades,otherschoosetojoinstudygroups.Infact,manyuniversitiesencouragetheirstudentstoformstudygroupsandmakegooduseofthem.“Twoheadsarebetterthanone.”That’sthesimpleideabehindstudygroups.Byparticipatinginastudygroup,studentscanbenefitfromsomeoftheirbestacademicresources:otherstudents.Theygettopickeachother’sbrainsandimprovetheirownunderstandingofdifferentproblems.Moreover,studygroupscancreatetheslightlytenseatmosphereinwhichit’sgoodtostudy.Forexample,somestudentstendtoprocrastinate(拖延)whentheyarestudyingbythemselves;however,byjoiningastudygroup,theygettoobservetheirpeerswhoareworkingdiligentlyandarelikelytothushavemotivationforworkingharder.Studygroupsworkbestwhentheyaresmall,butnottoosmall-fourtofiveparticipantsisaboutright.Andit’snecessarytomakesureeveryonehasthesamegoal,toprepareforaparticulartest,todiscussclassreadingsortoreviewtheweek’slecturenotes.Besides,socializinginthegroupwouldmakestudyingmorefunaslongasittookuponlyasmallportionofgroupstudytime.Inaddition,tomaximizetheefficiency,somestudygroupsliketoassignmemberscertainroles,andthusefficiencywillbepromoted.Besidesanorganizer,whogetsgroupmemberstoagreetoacommonpurposeandaconvenienttimeandplace,thereoftenisagroupmemberplayingtheroleofasource-seeker,whosedutyistoremindgroupmemberstoidentifytheirsources.Forinstance,whenagroupmembersays“Ireadsomewherethat...”,thesource-seekersshouldaskforspecifics.Thispersonremindsthegroupthatit’simportanttoknowwhosaidwhatandwhereitwassaid.Andagatekeeper,whotriestomakesurethatallgroupmembersareparticipating,mayaskadirectquestiontohelpashypersonparticipate,orfindawaytogetadominatingmemberto-16-listen.(Note:AnswerthequestionorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANEIGHTWORDS.)Manyuniversitiesencouragestudentstotakeadvantageof_________forbettergradesratherthanlearningalone.Peersarenotonlythebestacademicresourcesbutalsomotivateeachotherto__________whenlearningingroups.Accordingtoparagraph3,besidesthesmallsize,whataretheothertwofactorsthatcouldhelpastudygroupworkbest?Allthemembersinthestudygroupwillbeassigneddifferentrolesbecausepeoplebelievethatitwillresultin________.Keys:studygroupsworkharderThesamegoalandspecializinginthegroupmaximizingtheefficiencyEleven【闸北区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.TheherdsofbullsandhorsesdepictedrunningalongthewallsoftheLascauxcavesinFranceareamongthemostmagnificentexamplesofprehistoricarteverdiscovered.Butratherthandisplayinghuntingscenes,newevidencesuggeststhattheimagesactuallyrepresentthefrighteningsoundswhichcamefromthemouthsofthecaves.USresearcherStevenWallerbelievesthattheechoes(回声)ofclappingoutsidethecavewouldhavesoundedlikehundredsofanimalfeetdrummingontheground.Heproposesthatthecaveswerepreservedfortheirsoundproperties,whichprehistoricpeoplesmistookforsupernaturalnoises.Ancientstoriesexplainedechoesfromthemouthsofcertaingiantcavesasrepliesfromspirits,soourancestorschosetodecoratethesecaveswithpaintingsbelievingthattheywereinhabitedbyspiritsandgods.Besideanimalsounds,manyancientculturesattributedthunderintheskyto‘thundergods,’soitmakessensethatsomelastingechoeswithinthecaveswereinterpretedasthunderandinspiredpaintingsofthosethundergodsoncavewalls.Theideaisalsosupportedbyaudiotheory,whichshowsstatisticallysignificantsimilaritiesbetweentherockaresitesandmodernsoundreflectionequipment.AsforthepresenceofthefamousStonehenge(巨石阵)inBritain,Mr.Walkeralsosuggestsitmayhavebeenthesoundoftheprehistoricmonument,ratherthanthesight,thatinspireditscreation.Heclaimsthatitsarchitectsmayhavebeentryingtorecreateasound-effectsimilartotheritualsoundmadeduringreligiousdancing.Peopletakingpartinareligiousdancearoundapairofpipeswouldhaveheardthemusicgrowquieterastheymovedpastcertainpipesduetoanaturalphenomenonknownasan‘interferencepattern.’Iftheywereblindfold,itwouldhavecreatedtheillusionthatthesoundwasintermittently-16-beingreducedbyinvisiblegodsastheydanced.AccordingtoDr.Walker,theeffectsbecamesoimpressivethatancientpeopleattemptedtocaptureitinstore.ThereforetheStonehengeappeared.HoweversomeBritishexpertssaidthatitwasclearthatStonehengehadbeencreatedoverseveralcenturiesratherthanbeing‘thrownupovernight.’Theyclaimedthattherewasnoquestioninthetraditionalviewthatliningupalongthemid-summersunriseandmid-wintersunsetwastheultimatepurposeforitsbuilding.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS.)78.Accordingtoancientpeople,wholivedinthebigcaves?79.Modernsoundsciencefindsthat____and_____havemuchincommon.80.AccordingtoWalker,howwasthesoundmadeweakerduringreligiousdancing?81.ThetraditionalviewbelievesthatStonehengewasbuiltinorderto______.Keys:78.Spiritsandgods79.rockartsites,modernsoundreflectionequipment80.Bymovingpastcertainpipestocreateinterferencepattern.81.lineupalongthemid-summersunriseandmid-wintersunsetTwelve【嘉定区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords. When Danny Bowman was at school, he was so desperate to attract girls, he spent 10 hours a day taking morethan 200selfies（自拍）trying to find the perfect image.But his addiction, which began at the age of 15, caused him to drop out of school and lose almost 7 kilogrames in weight. He would take 10 photos of himself before he washed and would sneak out of class three times every hour. At 16, he dropped out of school so he could focus on his addiction, and his appetite became worse. He did not leave his house in Newcastle upon Tyne for six months, and when he failed to take the flawless shot, he tried to kill himself by taking an overdose.The 19-year-old believed to be Britains first selfie addict, has now had therapy to treat his technology addiction, OCD（强迫性神经官症)and Body dimorphic disorder — an excessive anxiety about personal appearance.He has not taken a picture of himself in seven months, and has realized that achieving perfection is impossible. He told the Sunday Mirror:“Iwas constantly in search of taking the perfect selfie and when I realized I couldn’t, I wanted to die. I lost my friends, my education, my health and almost my life. The only thing I cared about was having my phone with me so I could satisfy the urge to capture a picture of myself at any time of the day.”He would look at photos of his“idol”Leonardo Di Caprio and would then copy his poses. Danny’s dream was to become a male model.-16-The selfie craze has grown in past five years, with stars, politicians and even Pope Francis posting getting involved in the sensation. But one psychologist at a clinic where Danny was treated said the addiction with taking selfies has now become a mental illness. Now determined to raise awareness of the anxiety disorder, Danny is working with Fixers---a national charity helping young people to”fix”the issues that bother them. He said their help has kept him alive and called on others to seek help before they end up in hospital(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHAN10WORDS.)78.Dannyspent10hoursadaytakingmorethan200selfiesatschoolBecause______________________________________________.79.WhatisthemostserioussymptomaboutDanny?______________________________________.80.WhatcanbeinferredfromthetreatmentabouttheaddictionofDanny’sselfie?_____________________________________________.81.____________________________madeDannychangeforthebetterbothphysicallyandmentally?Keys:78.hewassodesperatetoattractgirls79.Whenhefailedtotaketheflawlessshot,henearlytookhisownlifebytakinganoverdose.80.Hewasonthewaytobecomenormal.81.WorkingwithFixersThirteen【金山区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Sugarisblamedforfuelingthenations’obesitycrisis.Yetmanyofusdon’trealizejusthowquicklyourintakecreepsupandthecruciallinkithastohealth.Thereisnothinginherently(固有地)unhealthyaboutsugarsoweshouldn’tbeafraidofitortrytoeliminateitfromourdietscompletely.Itdoesn’tdirectlycauseheartdiseaseordiabetes(糖尿病)sothere’snothingwrongwiththeoccasionalsweettreat.Theproblemarisebecausemostofusareeatingfartoomuch.Therearedifferenttypesofsugarandit’sfoundinallsortsofeverydayfoods.Itoccursnaturallyinfruitandisaddedbymanufacturerstomakesnackssuchascakesandbiscuits.Alltypesofsugar,whetherfoundincakesorfruit,willpushupyourintakeofcalories.Ifyoudon’tburnthemoffthroughexerciseyouarelikelytogetfat.That’swheretherealhealthproblemsbegin,includingincreaseriskofheartdisease,diabetesandsomecancers.Withsugarfoundnaturallyinfruitthereisabalance.Thissugarcanplayaroleinmakingusoverweightbutfruitisalsoburstingwithothersourcesofgoodness.Theaddedsugarfoundinsnacksandsweetsdoesn’tcontainmanynutrientssoweareencouragedtogetoursugarallowancefromfruitinstead.TomSanders,professorofdieteticsandnutritionatKing’sCollegeLondon,says:“weadvisepeopletoeatuptothreeportionsoffruitadaybutonlyhaveconfectioneryoccasionally,becausesweetcanalsotendtobehighinbettertogetmostofyourcarbohydratesintakefromstarchyfoodssuchasbread,rice,potatoesandpastabecausetheyalsocontainusefulamountsofothernutrientssuchasproteinsandvitamins.’Itisrecommendedthatnomorethan11%orourtotaldailycaloriesintakeshouldcomefromsugars.ProfessorSandersays:’Thistranslatesinto60gof-16-sugar”Thereisnoevidencethatsugarisaddictive,addstheprofessor,butitishabitforming.“Wehavespecialtastereceptorsforsugarsonourtongue,”heexplains.“Sweettastesgiveuspleasure,unlikebitterandacidicflavors.”(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementswithNOMORETHAN10WORDS)78.Thehealthproblemscausedbysugar,suchasincreasedriskofheartdisease,comefrom_____________________________________________79.Whatkindofbalancedoesfruitcontain?_____________________________________________________________________________80.Thoughatypeofcarbohydrate,sugardoesn’tcontainnutrientslike_____________________________.81.Whyissugarhabitforming?Keys:78.peopleeatingfartoomuch79．Itcontainsothersourcesofgoodness.80.proteinsandvitamins81.Becausepeoplefeelpleasurewhenusingsugar.Fourteen【松江区】SectionC(8分)Directions:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Muchtimeandefforthasbeendevotedtoresearchingthementalhealthbenefitsofflexibleworkenvironments,butcantheabilitytoleaveworkearlytowatchyourson’ssoccergame,orarriveattheofficeabitlaterinthemorninginordertoseetosomepersonalmatters,havebroaderphysicalhealthbenefitsbesidesmakingyoufeelabitlesstired?AccordingtonewresearchpublishedintheCochraneLibrary'sCochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews,itseemsso.Inareviewof10previousstudiesexaminingthehealtheffectsofflexibleworkconditionsformorethan16,000people,researchers fromtheU.K.'sDurhamUniversityandUniversityofNewcastle,aswellastheUniversityofMontreal,foundthatflexibleworkschedules,forinstance,whenemployeescanshifttheirstartingtimes,wereassociatedwithimprovementsinaperson’soverallhealth.And,perhapsunsurprisingly,inallofthestudiesincludedinthereview,researchersfoundnoevidencefornegativeeffectsofmoreflexibleworkschedules.Thisinitialanalysiswasintendedtothrowlightonthepotentialhealthbenefitsofflexibleworkoptions,whichareincreasinglypopularthroughoutScandinavia,andhaverecentlygainedsomegroundintheU.K.Forexample,lastApril,theBritishgovernmentimplementedapolicythatallowedparentsofchildrenagessixandundertorequestflexibleworkarrangementstoincludeparentsofchildrenages16andyounger.IntheU.S.,thephenomenonisabitslowertocatchon.Yet,theeconomicslowdownofrecentyearsmayhavecontributedtogrowthinworkplaceflexibility—ascompaniesunabletorewardemployeeswithbonusesorraisesmayturntootherformsofcompensation,Reutersreportedearlylastyear.Originalanalysistoo,ofcourse,indicatedthebenefitsofflexibleworkenvironmentstowardpositivementalhealthoutcomes.Andwhiletheselatestfindingsarepromising,theresearchersstressthatmorestudyisvitaltounderstandingthedetailedrelationshipbetweenflexibleworkandimprovedhealthoutcomes.Totrulygraspthebenefitsofflexibleworkingconditions,the-16-researcherssay,additionalstudyanalyzinghealthoutcomesamongawiderangeofworkers—fromhigh-rankingexecutivestohourlyemployees—iscritical,whichhelpstogainadeeperunderstandingoftheissue,andtoshapefutureworkplacepolicy.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS)78.WhatdidthenewresearchpublishedintheCochraneLibraryDatabaseofSystematicReviewsfind?_______________________________________________79.Accordingtothepassage,_______________________________________________isthepossiblereasonformoreworkplaceflexibilityintheUnitedStates.80.AccordingtothepolicycarriedoutbytheBritishGovernment,whatkindofparentscanrequestflexibleworkarrangements?_______________________________________________81.Additionalstudyanalyzinghealthoutcomesamongawiderangeofworkershelpsto_______________________________________________Keys:78.Flexibleworkenvironmenthasbothphysicalandmentalbenefits.79.theeconomicslowdown80.parentsofchildrenaged16andyounger81.deeplyunderstandtheissueandshapefutureworkplacepolicyFifteen【杨浦区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Speed-readingisanindispensableskillintheInternetage.Weskimoverarticles,e-mailsandtweetstotrytograspkeywordsandtheessentialmeaningofacertaintext.Bombardedwithinformationfromourelectronicdevices,itwouldbeimpossibletocopeifwereadwordbyword,linebyline.Butanewtrendcallsonpeopletounplugandenjoyreadingslowly,listingbenefitsbeyondintellectualstimulation.ArecentstoryfromTheWallStreetJournalreportedonabookclubinWellington,NewZealand,wheremembersmeetinacafeandturnofftheirsmartphones.Theysinkintocozychairsandreadinsilenceforanhour.Unliketraditionalbookclubs,thepointoftheSlowReadingClubisn’texchangingideasaboutacertainbook,buttogetawayfromelectronicdevicesandreadinaquiet,relaxedenvironment.AccordingtotheJournal,theWellingtonbookclubisjustoneexampleofamovementinitiatedbybookloverswhomisstheold-fashionedwayofreadingbeforetheInternetandsmartphones.Slowreaders,suchasTheAtlantic’sMauraKelly,sayaregularreadinghabitsharpensthemind,improvesconcentration,reducesstresslevelsanddeepenstheabilitytoempathize.Someofthesebenefitshavebeenbackedupbyscience.Forexample,astudyof300elderlypeoplepublishedbythejournalNeurologylastyearshowedthatregularengagementinintellectuallystrenuousactivitieslikereadingslowedtherateofmemorylosslaterinlife.AnotherstudypublishedlastyearinScienceshowedthatreadingnovelshelpspeopleunderstand-16-others’mentalstatesandbeliefs,acrucialskillinbuildingrelationships.Slowreadingmeansareturntoanuninterrupted,linearpattern,inaquietenvironmentfreeofdistractions.Aimfor30minutesaday,advisesKellyfromTheAtlantic.“Youcansqueezeinthathalfhourprettyeasilyifonlyduringyourfreemoments–wheneveryoufindyourselfautomaticallyfiringupyourlaptoptocheckyourfavoritesite,orscanningTwitterforsomethingtopassthetime–youpickupameaningfulworkofliterature,”Kellysaid.“Reachforyoure-reader,ifyoulike.KindlesmakebookslikeWarandPeacelessheavy,notlesssubstantive,andalsoensureyou’llneverloseyourplaceinthebook.”(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTWELVEWORDS)78.Speed-readersreadanarticleby________________________________.【参考答案】skimmingoveritandcatchingthekeywordsandessentialmeaning.【思路解析】从文章第一段第二句“Weskimoverarticles,e-mailsandtweetstotrytograspkeywordsandtheessentialmeaningofacertaintext.”我们可以知道快速阅读的方式就是快速浏览并抓住关键词和中心意思。79.WhatdothemembersoftheWellingtonBookClubusuallydo?.【参考答案】Theyusuallyturnoffsmart-phonesandreadinsilenceforanhour.【思路解析】从文章的第三段我们可以找到关键词“WellingtonBookClub”,然后文章紧接着讲到在那里会员经常关掉手机，坐在沙发上安静地读书一小时，对句子进行浓缩去掉不必要的成分即可。80.Slowreadingwillbenefitpeople’sfuturelifebecauseitcan_____________________.【参考答案】slowtherateofmemoryloss.【思路解析】这个题目很多学生容易误以为答案在第五段，但是第六段讲到上面的这些好处只有部分是有科学依据的，其中之一就是“slowtherateofmemoryloss”。81.AccordingtoKelly,whatarethetwoadvantagesofe-readerslikeKindles?______________________________________________________________________.【参考答案】Beinglessheavyandmarkingtheplaceinthebook.【思路解析】文章中提到Kindles让那些战争类的书籍变得不那么沉重，并且可以记住你读的地方。这里需要注意的是需用两个名词来回答，所以需要把动词变动名词。Sixteen【青浦区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Theoneplaceyoureallydon’twanttobeonweekendisinhospital.Lastweek,itwasrevealedintheresearchbyGuy’sandStThomas’hospitalinLondon,thatstrokepatientsadmittedonaSaturdayorSundayareupto16percentmorelikelytodie.Meanwhile,areportearlierthisyearfromNHSEnglandfoundthatallpatientsare12percentmorelikelytodieifadmittedtohospitalattheweekend------thiswasbecausefewerseniorstaffwereavailableandtherewasalackofaccesstokeyphysicalexaminationtests,suchasscans.Butevenifyou’renotinhospital,weekendscanbeahealthdanger.Youmighthavethoughtitwasyourchancetorecoverafterahardweek,butaswereveal,whiletheywon’tkillyou,-16-weekendsmaybebadforyourhealth.Headachescanoccurmoreoftenattheweekend--------especiallyonaSaturday-------becauseofachanceinourroutine,suggestsDrAndyDowson,directorofheadacheservicesatKing’sCollegeHospital,London.Hesays:”ifyouareusedtoeatingatacertaintimeofdayorgettingupandfallingasleepatthesametime,notcontinuinginthenormalwayattheweekendcancauseheadachesasyourbodyandbraintrytoadjusttoirregularmealsorhavingalie-in.”onetheoryisthatthehypothalamusisverysensitivetoanychangeinthebody’sroutine.Caffeinewithdrawalmaybeanotherfactor,ifyouusuallydrinkthreeorfourcupsofteaorcoffeeonweekdaystohelpyouconcentrateatwork,butdon’tattheweekend,yourbodycangointowithdrawal.it’sthoughtcaffeinealsoinfluencesthechemicalmessengerthatwidensbloodvesselsinthebrain----withoutit,thesevesselsnarrowagain,triggeringaheadache.LyingonthesofainfrontofTVforhourswatchingyourfavoritesafteraweekofrunningaroundcanmakeheartburnworse----orevencauseittohappen,assittingwiththeheadandshouldersbentforwardputspressureonthestomach,forcingacidupthegullet,thetubethroughwhichfoodpassesfromthemouthtothestomach,sayStevenMann,agastroenterologistattheRoyalFreeLondonTrust.Acidrefluxcanalsobecomeaproblemattheweekendyoucannotbearbecauseoflessregularmealtimesasaresultoflatenightsandlie-ins,explainsDrMann.Andhavingatakeawaycouldbethefinalstraw.“Oily,fattyfoodstimulatesacidproduction,whichcanalsocauseproblemssuchasheartburnandoverflowingwiththefood.”DrMannadds.(note:AnswerthequestionorcompletethestatementsinNOTMORETHANTWELVEWORDS)78.besidesfewerstaffavailable,whyareweekendpatientsadmittedtohospitalsmorelikelytodie?79.whatarethetwofactorswhichmaycauseheadaches?80.Aheadachesometimesoccurswhenbloodvesselsnarrowforlackof____________________________________81.wecaninferfromthepassagethatthefinalstrawinthelastparagraphmeans___________________________________.Keys:78..becausethereisalackofaccesstokeyphysicalexaminationtests.79.achangeinone’sroutineandcaffeinewithdrawal.80.achemicalmessenger81.thelastfactor/thing/hazardthatleadsyoutobeaweekendpatient.Seventeen【宝山区】SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.ForsenioradviserKathrynCramer,authorofLeadPositive:WhatHighlyEffectiveLeadersSee,Say,andDo,thebestwaytoinspirefollowersistofocusonthepositive.CramerdevelopedamethodologycalledAsset-BasedThinking(ABT)basedonthismessageofpositivethinking,and-16-describesinherbookhowleaders:seethepositiveinthepast,presentandfuture;saythepositivewithcommunicationswithsubstance,enthusiasmandsoul;dothepositivebyrespondingwithintention(notreacting),usingtheirqualitiesanddrivingpositivechangeoverthelongterm.Thesee-say-doframeworkisattheheartofCramer’sAsset-BasedThinkingmethodology,whichoffersacomprehensiveframeworkforleaderstorespondtoawidevarietyofchallengesandsituations.InLeadPositive,CramerdescribesarangeofABTtechniquesandguidelinesforapplyingtheframework.The“forcefieldanalysis”,forexample,isatechniqueusedtolearnfromapastsituationthatsuccessfullyworked,andisbuiltaroundfourquestions:“Whatforceswereworkingforus?”Withthisquestion,youshouldidentifyfivepositive,promotingforces,Cramerwrites.“Whatforceswereworkingagainstus?”Thisquestionshouldleadtooneortwonegativeforces.“Whatdidwedotousethepromotingforcesandeliminateorsidestepthenegativeforces?”“Whatbehaviordowewanttorepeatandknowledgedowewanttocarryforward?Whichsituationalassetsdowewanttorecreate,andwhichsituationaltrapsmustweavoid?”Thesequestionswillgivetheleaderandhisorherteamaclearmemoryofhowtheyusedpositive“situationalforces”andovercamenegativeonestoachievesuccess.Cramer’sforcefieldanalysisisbothinformationalandinspiring.Oneoftherecurring(一再出现)approachesinCramer’sABTmethodologyistheSelf-Other-Situationframework,inwhichleaderstakeintoaccountthemselves,othersandthesituationinquestion.Forexample,tohelpleaders“see”thepositiveinthepresent,Cramerwritesthattheyneedtoconsiderwhatmakesthemfeelstrongandcapable,howtheydevelopmeaningfulconnectionswithotherpeople,andwhatgivesthemasenseofprogressorachievement.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS.)78.WhatisthehighlightofCramer’sABTtechnique?79.The“forcefieldanalysis”canhelpleaders_________________________________________.80.HowdoestheauthorlikeCramer’sforcefieldanalysis?81.InSelf-Others-Situationframework,leadersshould__________________________________.Keys:78.Thesee-say-doframework.79.usepositiveforcesandovercomenegativeonestoachievesuccess.80.Bothinformationalandinspiring.81.considerthemselves,othersandsituationinquestions.-16-
