初中英语构词法一、转化英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词，只要抓住单词的原始意思，结合句子成分，就容易弄清它们的引申义。1.动词和名词之间的相互转化。有时意思变化不大，有时有一定的变化。1)动词转化为名词。如：Shall we go out for a drive next Sunday?下个星期天咱们出去驱车旅行，好吗?句中的drive由动词转化为名词(词意引申为“驱车旅行”)。I often go there for a walk.我经常去那里散步。(句中walk由动词转化为名词)2)名词转化为动词。如：Have you booked your ticket?你的票订好了吗?(句中book由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”)Hand me your knife, please.请把你的刀子递给我。(句中hand由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”)2.少部分形容词转化为动词。The train slowed down to half its speed.火车速度减慢了一半。(句中slow由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“减速”)Don'tdirtyyourclothes.别把你的衣服弄脏了。(句中dirty由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“弄脏”)3.形容词和名词之间的相互转化。The poor were not allowed to go into this park those days.那个时候，穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。(句中poor由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“穷人”)They took the sick to hospital yesterday.昨天他们把那个病人送进了医院。(句中sick由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“病人”)4.有些词可以词形不变，只因重音变化而发生词类转化，有时词义也可能变化。如:record [reˈkɔːd] v.记录 record [rɪˈkɔːd] n.记录5.有些词词形不变，只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化，有时词形也可以变化。如:excuse [ɪksˈkjuːz] v.原谅 excuse [ɪksˈkjuːs] n.原谅use [juːz] v.用 use [juːs] n.用二、派生 派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如：happy—unhappy (加前缀un-)happy—happily (加后缀-ly)4\n1.通过加前缀构成另一个词。前缀一般不造成词类的转换，但能引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词。常用的前缀有：前缀意义例词dis-不,相反的dislike, disappear, dishonestim-不impossible, impolitemis-错误的misuse, misunderstand, mistrustre-重新,再次rewrite, retellsuper-超级,上层supermarket, supermantele-远telephone, telegram, televisionun-不unfair, unusual, unable, unlikeunder-下面的underground, undergraduate个别前缀也可以引起词类的变化，如：en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge（扩大）,enable（使能够）,encourage（鼓励）；a-可以和名词构成形容词：asleep（睡着的）；out-可以和一些动词构成名词：outcome（结果）,outlet（出口）,outlook（观点）。2.通过加后缀构成另一个词。后缀不仅能改变词义,也能改变词类。1)常用的构成名词的后缀：后缀意义例词-er人,动作者worker, singer, recorder, teacher-or人,动作者actor, visitor, editor-ist人,主义者chemist, dentist, scientist,-ess女性actress, waitress-hood身份,状态childhood, boyhood-ment行为,动作,结果government, movement, development-ness状态,性质illness, happiness-ion动作,状态discussion, decision, organization-th状态length, wealth, truth-ese人Japanese, Chinese-ian人American, musician, historian-ship状态friendship, membership4\n2)常用的构成动词的后缀：后缀意义例词-en动词词尾widen, strengthen, darken,-fy动词词尾beautify3)常用的构成副词的后缀：后缀意义例词-ly副词词尾slowly, happily, simply-ward(s)副词词尾eastward(s), backward(s)4)常用的构成形容词的后缀：后缀意义例词-able……的agreeable, payable, readable-an……的European, American, Canadian-al……的political, musical-en由……制成woolen, golden-ed……的blue-eyed-ful充满的careful, painful, hopeful-ish……的foolish, Swedish-less没有的careless, homeless, endless-ly充满,性质friendly, lovely, motherly-ous有……的famous, dangerous-y充满,性质rainy, dirty, sunny, cloudy, sleepy5)数词后缀后缀意义例词-teen十几thirteen; fifteen; eighteen-ty几十forty; fifty; ninety-th第……fifth; sixth; eight三、合成 将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。合成词在英语中比较活跃，广泛运用在涉及各个领域的语言文字中。常用的合成词的构成方法如下：1.合成形容词常见的构成方法：4\n构成方法例词形容词+ 名词+ -edwhite-haired, warm-hearted, kind-hearted形容词+ 现在分词good-looking, easy-going形容词+ 过去分词ready-made, new-born副词+ 现在分词hard-working, well-meaning副词+ 过去分词well-known, newly-built名词+ 现在分词English-speaking, south-facing名词+ 过去分词man-made, water-covered名词+ 形容词snow-white, homesick副词/形容词+ 名词right-hand, full-time数词+ 名词100-meter, million-pound数词+ 名词+ 形容词180-foot-high, 10-year-old数词+ 名词+ -edfour-legged, one-eyed2.合成动词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词副词+ 动词overcome, understand形容词+ 动词dry-clean, white-wash名词+ 动词typewrite, sleepwalk3.合成名词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词名词+ 名词classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop形容词+ 名词highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse动词+ 副词get-together, break-down名词+ 动名词handwriting, storytelling副词+ 名词outbreak, overcoat动名词+ 名词dining room, sleeping car, reading-room4.合成副词或代词。如：maybe,forever,myself,wholeheartedly, however, everyone, something5.有时一个名词可以构成许多合成词。如：handbag, handball, handwriting, hand-made4
