语法专项提升语法专题八 定语从句英语2023高中总复习优化设计GAOZHONGZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI\n内容索引核心考点•分层突破专项训练•巩固提升\n核心考点•分层突破\n高考链接1.(2021·天津3月,单项填空)WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakesfromwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.which句意:威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过,历史会告诉我们过去的错误,我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。分析句子可知,pastmistakes为先行词,“fromwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem”为定语从句,先行词为物,引导词紧跟介词之后,故填which。\n2.(2020·全国Ⅰ,语篇填空)Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe,ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.3.(2020·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)InancientChinalivedanartistpaintingswerealmostlifelike.where先行词是一个表示地点的名词spot,并且引导词在从句中充当地点状语,故用关系副词where。whose此处为限制性定语从句修饰先行词artist,且定语从句中缺少定语,故用whose引导。\n4.(2020·山东,语篇填空)The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane,forexample,formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumopenedin1759.5.(2020·天津,单项填空)Dr.Rowan,secretaryresignedtwoweeksago,hashadtodoallhistyping.which/that关系代词that或which指代前面的名词theBritishMuseum,并在定语从句中做主语。whose分析句子结构可知,“secretaryresignedtwoweeksago”为定语从句,其引导词在从句中做定语,可意为“……的”,修饰secretary,故填whose。\n6.(2019·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.7.(2019·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.which先行词是thepetshop,关系词在非限制性定语从句中做动词open的宾语,故填which。who先行词是指人的名词master,关系词在限制性定语从句中做主语,故填who。\n8.(2019·天津,单项填空)Theirchildisatthestageshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.9.(2019·江苏,单项填空)Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.where句意:他们的孩子处在一个只会说个别词语不能说完整句子的阶段。先行词是stage,关系词在定语从句中做地点状语,故填where。when句意:我们已经进入一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知,定语从句结构完整,只缺少状语,根据先行词age可知,此处用when引导定语从句。\n考点归纳考点一关系代词与关系副词的区别关系代词有who,whom,which,that和whose,另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when,where和why,在定语从句中充当状语。1.who指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。Happinessandsuccessoftencometothosewhoaregoodatrecognisingtheirownstrengths.幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。\n2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。Doyouknowtheboy(whom)wemetatthegate?你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗?3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Theexactyear(which/that)AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2008年。\n4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Sheisthewriter(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.她就是那位我非常想见的作家。Amongthemanydangers(which/that)sailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.在海员们必须要面对的许多危险中,最严重的可能就是雾。\n5.whose可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。“whose+名词”可改为“the+名词+ofwhich/whom”或“ofwhich/whomthe+名词”。Thebooksonthedesk,whosecoversareshiny,areprizesforus.桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。Thehousewhosewindowsareverylargeismyuncle’s.=Thehouseofwhichthewindowsareverylargeismyuncle’s.那些窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。\n6.as既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语。(1)引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常有as,thesame,so,such修饰,且在从句中做主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。Itwassodifficultaproblemasnobodyinmyclasscouldworkout.(as做workout的宾语)这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。注意so/such...that结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。Itwassodifficultaproblemthatnobodyinmyclasscouldworkitout.(workout已经有宾语,that只起连接作用)\n(2)as可以引导非限制性定语从句,代指整个主句的内容,从句中常用的谓语动词为see,say,hear,expect,know,report等,常意为“正如;正像”,其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如所报道的,吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了17%。\n7.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语。其先行词是表示时间的名词time,day,week,year,month等,常用onwhich,inwhich,atwhich,duringwhich等代替。Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent.作为家中最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。Iamlookingforwardtothedaywhen/onwhichmydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.我一直期盼那一天,我的女儿能够读懂这本书并且知道我对她的情感。\n8.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。Thehousewhere/inwhichhelivesisneartheriver.他住的房子在河边。注意高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。这些名词有stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,activity等。Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitieswhere/inwhichtheycangainexperienceforgrowth.学生应该参与社区活动,在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。\n9.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,可用forwhich来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。Tellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyoucamelate.告诉我你来晚了的原因。注意用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。\n考点二必须用关系代词that的情况1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。2.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。ThisisthelastplacethatIwanttovisit.这是我最不想参观的地方。\n3.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。ThisisthethirddictionarythatIhaveused.这是我用过的第三本字典。5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwewereinterestedin.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。6.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingunderthetree?站在树下的那个人是谁?\n考点三不能用关系代词that的情况1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。ThisisthetrainbywhichwewenttoBeijing.这就是我们去北京乘的那列火车。2.在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,whichmyclassmatesrecommendedtome.上周我从图书馆里借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》这本书,书是我的同学向我推荐的。\n3.指人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时,关系代词要用who,不用that。Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?有谁能回答这个问题?4.先行词本身是指示代词that或those时,关系代词应用which。What’sthatwhichsheislookingat?她正在看什么?\n考点四as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别1.位置不同。which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。Itisatrulydelightfulplace,whichlooksthesameasitmusthavebeen100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.它确实是一个宜人的地方。与一百年前的样子一样,有着弯弯曲曲的小径和漂亮的村舍。Mike,asyouknow,isanhonestman./Mikeisanhonestman,asyouknow./Asyouknow,Mikeisanhonestman.如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。\n2.先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。Asweallknow,heisveryproud.(先行词为一个句子)众所周知,他很傲慢。Thetrain,whichisusuallypunctual.(先行词是一个词)这趟火车通常都很准时。\n3.意义不同。as一般意为“正如;就像”;which一般意为“这一点;这件事”。John,asyouknow,ismybestfriend.正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。HehasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。\n4.关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。Tomwaslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。注意as多用于下列习惯用语中:①aseveryonecansee正如所有人所看到的那样②aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样③asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样④ashasbeensaidbefore如之前所述⑤asismentionedabove正如上面所提到的\n考点五“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。Thepersontowhomyou’llwriteisMrBall.你将给他写信的那个人是鲍尔先生。IwishtothankProfessorSmith,withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhaveachievedwhatIamtoday.我想要感谢史密斯教授,没有他的帮助我不会取得今天的成就。\n2.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词及名词、数词。Hersons,bothofwhomworkabroad,ringherupeveryweek.她的两个儿子都在国外工作,每周都给她打电话。Iliveinahouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth.我住在一个房子里,这个房子的窗户朝南。\n3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定,有时也需要结合句意。Inthestreettherewasn’tanypersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.在这条街上,她找不到任何人帮忙。Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworksisaverykindperson.我父亲工作的公司,老板是个非常善良的人。\n4.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中,定语从句常和先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivesinabighouse,infrontofwhichstandsanappletree.他住在一所大房子里,前面有一棵苹果树。注意在一些固定搭配的短语动词中,由于动词和介词不能分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。Thisisthebook(which/that)I’mlookingfor.这是我正在找的那本书。不可以说:ThisisthebookforwhichI’mlooking.\n5.fromwhere虽为“介词+关系副词”结构,但也可引导定语从句,where往往指代前面表示具体位置的介词短语。Hestoodontopofthehill,fromwherehecouldseethewholevillage.(where指代ontopofthehill,指的是“从山顶那个地方看”,而不是指“山”)他站在山顶,从那里他可以看到整个村庄。\n考点六定语从句与其他句型的区别1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。\nThenewsthatourteamwonmadeusexcited.(ourteamwon是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:Thenewswasthatourteamwon.)我们队赢了的消息让我们很兴奋。Thenewsthathetoldmewasexciting.(hetoldme缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:Thenewswasthathetoldme.)他告诉我的消息令人兴奋。\n2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连接词。Ourclasshassixtystudents,mostofwhomstudyhard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用关系代词whom,为定语从句)我们班有六十名学生,大多数学习很刻苦。Ourclasshassixtystudents,andmostofthemstudyhard.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句)Ourclasshassixtystudents.Mostofthemstudyhard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词)\n3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句的前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是做整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。Doyouknowthetimewhenhewillcomeback?(定语从句,前面有先行词thetime)你知道他什么时候回来吗?Iwillgoshoppingwhenhecomesback.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词)当他回来的时候,我将去购物。\nPutthebookwhereitbelongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用towhich)把书放在它该放的地方。Putthebookintheplacewhereitbelongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place)\n4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当itis/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将itis/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。ItwasSundaywhenhecameback.(定语从句)他星期天回来的。ItwasonSundaythathecameback.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语onSunday,去掉Itwas和that后句式完整)他是星期天回来的。\n考点七几种特殊情况1.当先行词为way,意为“方法;方式”,且在定语从句中做主语或宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;做状语时,要用inwhich或that或不填任何关系词。Theway(that/inwhich)hefinishedthetasksuccessfullywasdifficulttounderstand.(做状语)他成功完成任务的方式很难理解。Theway(that/which)heexplainedtomewasnotdifficulttounderstand.(做宾语)他向我解释的方式并不难理解。\n2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/duringwhich;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。TherewasatimewhenwehadnoTVsets.有段时间我们没有电视机。Thisisthesecondtime(that)thepresidenthasvisitedourcountry.这是这位总统第二次访问我们国家。\n专项训练•巩固提升\nⅠ.单句语法填空1.(2021·广西玉林高三月考)Figuringoutwhatmakesyouhappycanbealongprocess,asyouwillfindthesamethingsmakeyouhappydon’tnecessarilymakeeveryoneelsehappy.as“thesame+名词”中,名词后面的定语用关系代词as引导表示前后指的是同一件事,as在从句中做主语。2.(2020·北京海淀高三二模)Walkingtogether,wehadalotofconversationsthroughIlearnedmanyvaluablelessons.which“throughIlearnedmanyvaluablelessons”为定语从句修饰先行词conversations,引导词在介词through后面,故填which。\n3.(2020·北京朝阳高三二模)AmancalledAndysetoutforthePacificCrestTrail,stretchesfromthebordersofMexicotoCanada.which该从句为非限制性定语从句,并且引导词在从句中做主语,故填which。4.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,livedfromroughly551BCEto479BCE,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.who根据对逗号前后内容的分析可以看出空格处所在句子为非限制性定语从句,其先行词Confucius指人,故用who引导该定语从句并做从句的主语。\n5.Maybeyouhaveahabitisdrivingyourfamilycrazy.that/which句意:也许你有一个能使你的家人发疯的习惯。这里habit是先行词,which或that引导的是定语从句,并且在从句中做主语,不能省略,故填that或which。6.(2019·广东六校联盟联考)BeingafraidofexpressingmyselfwasoneofthereasonsIrarelydidwellinschool.why先行词为表示原因的名词reasons,并且引导词在从句中做状语,故填why。7.(2019·河南中原名校质量考评)Weagreedthatitwouldbedecidedbymydad,didn’treturnhomefromwork.whowho引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中做主语,代替先行词mydad。\n8.(2019·辽宁葫芦岛协作校联考)Myfather,ascientist,workstosaverarebirds,someofarereallycleverandcanevensaysomewords.9.(2019·河南信阳模拟)Iactuallykeptthelightoninmybedroomthewholenight,finallyputmeatease.whichwhich引导非限制性定语从句,做介词of的宾语,代替先行词birds。whichwhich引导非限制性定语从句,并代替整个主句内容。10.ItsitsinthenorthernPacificandisaplaceit’sneithertoohotnortoocold.where先行词是地点名词place,引导词在从句中做状语,故填where。\n11.Recently,Ithoughtaboutthebenefitsreadingcouldbringus.that/whichthat或which引导定语从句,在从句中做宾语,该从句修饰thebenefits。12.someoneoncesaid,“Artislife.”13.Heisafamousarchitectdesignswonaninternationalawardlastyear.Asas引导非限制性定语从句,意为“正如某人说过的”,故填As。whose分析句子结构可知,这是一个含有定语从句的复合句,定语从句的引导词在从句中做定语,修饰designs,意为“……的”,故填whose。14.ThisisMary,istakingovermyjobwhenIleave.who先行词是Mary,指人,从句中缺少主语,故填who。\n15.Summeristhetimepeopleenjoywarmweather.when分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为thetime,关系词在定语从句中做时间状语,故填when。16.I’mlookingatthephotographyousentmewithyourletter.17.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostofhadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.that/which先行词是物photograph,且在从句中做宾语,故填that或which。ofwhichwhich的先行词是windows,windows在从句中做介词of的宾语,介词后面不能用关系代词that,故填which。\n18.Scientistshavesearchedforalongtimeforareasonsomanybeesaredisappearing.why/forwhich分析句子结构可知空格后为定语从句。先行词是reason,关系词在定语从句somanybeesaredisappearing中做状语,故用why或forwhich来引导。\nⅡ.完成句子1.(正如我们预料的),heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.2.Thisisthebestfilm(在过去的几年里我曾经看过的).3.Theresultmusthavebeendisappointing,____________________________(这可以从他脸上失望的表情看出来).4.You’dbetteraskyourteachersandparentsforadvice,_________________(通过这种方式你将会做出理智的决定).5.Thisisthereason(他为什么要离开得如此匆忙).AsweexpectedthatIhaveeverseeninthepastfewyearswhichcanbeseenfromthedisappointedlookonhisfacebywhichmeansyouwillmakeawisedecisionwhy/forwhichheisleavinginsuchahurry\n6.MrBrownmovedtoaplace(位于海边),sohecouldgoswimmingeveryday.7.Ihavegotintoadifficultsituation__________________________________(我必须全靠自己做出迅速的决定).8.It’sthesameperson(我们一直在寻找的)inthepastfewdays.9.Anyone(想展示个人才艺的)cangoinfortheprogramme.10.Learningstrategies,_____________________________________________(老师们一直非常重视的)havenotdrawnenoughattentionofstudents.which/thatliesneartheseawhere/inwhichImustmakeaquickdecisionallbymyselfthatwehavebeenlookingforwhowantstoshowthepersonaltalenttowhichteachershavebeenattachinggreatimportance
