Period5GrammarTheGeneralIdeaofThisPeriodThisisthefifthperiod,whichwillcenteronthegrammar:usingthepastparticipleastheadverbialandattribute.Atthebeginningoftheperiod,theteachershouldoffersometimetogooverwhatthestudentslearnedinthelastperiod.Latertheteacherhadbetterpresentsomesentencescontainingthepastparticipleusedastheadverbialandattributeonpurposebyaskingthestudentstodosomeexercises.Getthestudentstofindallthesentencescontainingthepastparticipleinthetwopassages.Afterfindingthem,theteachercanaskthestudentstoanalyzethemandunderstandthefunctionofthepastparticipleinthosesentences.Whiledoingit,thestudentsshouldbegivensomeexplanationabouthowtousethepastparticiple.Thefollowingstepistopractisemoreaboutthegrammar.Theteachershouldarrangesomeactivitiescarefullyandcreatively.Firstletthemdosomesimpleexercises.Forexample,combinethetwosentencesusingthepastparticipleastheadverbialandattribute.Thenaskthemstudentstomakesomesentencesusingthepastparticiple.Besidesthat,theteachershouldhelpthestudentstoreviewtheotherusagesofthepastparticiple.Intheend,letthemwriteapassageusingthepastparticipleproperly.Apartfromtheusageofthepastparticiple,theteacherhadbettermakethestudentsunderstandthedifferencebetweenthepastparticipleandthepresentparticiple.Inordertohavethestudentsmasterit,theteachershouldchoosesomeexercisestosupplythestudentswithsomeproblemstodealwith.Bydoingandpracticingmore,thestudentsmaymasterthegrammar.TeachingImportantPointsTolearnaboutthepastparticipleusedastheadverbialandtheattribute.TeachingDifficultiesToknowthedifferencebetweenthepastparticipleandthepresentparticiple.TeachingAidsMulti-mediaclassroomandothernormalteachingtools.ThreeDimensionalTeachingAimsKnowledgeAimsTolearnaboutthepastparticipleusedastheadverbialandtheattribute.AbilityAimsTousethepastparticipleusedastheadverbialandtheattributefreelyandproperlyinspeakingandwriting.EmotionalAimsEncouragethestudentstostudybythemselves.Makethemknowonlybydoingmoreexercisescantheylearnthegrammarwell.TeachingProcedureStep1Greeting T:Hello,myfriends.Ss:Hello,MissWang.Step2Revision T:Doyoustillrememberwhatyoulearnedinthisunit?Pleasesaysomethingaboutthelifeinthefuture.S:Thelifeinthefutureisquitedifferentfromthepresentlife.9,S:Peopleinthefuturewilltravelbyhoveringcarriage,whichwillbedrivenbycomputer.S:Peoplewillsufferfromthelackoffreshair,buttheywillwearmaskstofeelmuchbetter.S:Inthefuture,equipmentwillmakelifemuchmoreconvenientthannow.Ss:...T:Good.Nowpleaseanswersomequestionsaccordingtothepassage:IHaveSeenAmazingThings.Wheredidhevisitinthefirstplace?Whatdidhefindthere?S:Hisfirstvisitwastoaspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninthispartofspace.Itisanenormousroundplate,whichspinsslowlyinspacetoimitatethepulloftheearth’sgravity.Inside,itisdividedintozoneswithextraordinarilydifferentatmospheresandgravities.Therethealiencreatureslivewhiletheyworkwithhumanspacescientistssearchingfornewworlds.T:Excellent.Wouldyoupleasedescribethefriendliestcreatureshemet?S:Thefriendliestcreaturesarethemu-mu,afamilyfromthePleiadesgroupofstars.Theycanseeinthedarksotheyliveinanareawithoutlightofanykind.TheyhaveassistedinthediscoveryofplanetsroundthefourthstarinthePleiadessystem.Theyspeakinwhispersandeatfoodthatcontainscarbon.Theyhavesixarmsandoneshell-coveredleg.Theymovedforwardbyslowlyshakingfromsidetosideandtheyaretallandthinwithwhiteandblackfaces.T:Youdidagoodjob.Whataboutthemostinterestingcreatures?S:ThemostinterestingcreaturesarethetinydimpodsfromagalaxynearNGC6240.Theyskiparoundthepipesandbetweenthewoodenwallsofthespacestation.Theyrequirethesameatmosphereashumansandaregreatengineers.Theywillbeabletotravelmanylightyearsawayfromtheearth.Theyalsocanproduceaspecialliquidfromtheirbodies.Theyarenoteasytotalkto,becauseyouhavetousealanguage-changertohelpandtheyshoutloudlyinyourear.Theyareverysmallwithmanyarmsandlegs.Theyarepurpleorblueandthecolorchangesdependingontheirmood.Step3PresentationT:Canyoufindthefollowingsentenceinthereadingpassage?Worriedaboutthejourney,Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.T:Inthissentencethepastparticipleisusedasanadverbialphrase.Itisawayofjoiningtwoclausestogether:AsIwasworriedaboutthejourney,Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.Nowpleasepickoutthreemoresentencesfromthereadingpassageswithpastparticiplesusedastheadverbial.Youareallowedtofindasmanysentencesaspossibleintwominutes.(Twominuteslater,askthestudentstoreportwhattheyhavefound.)S:Well-knownfortheirexpertise,hisparents’companynamed“FutureTours”transportedmesafelyintothefutureinatimecapsule.S:Confusedbythenewsurroundings,Iwashitbythelackoffreshair.S:Exhausted,Islidintobedandfellfastasleep.S:Describedasanenormousroundplate,itspinsslowlyinspacetoimitatethepulloftheearth’sgravity.T:Good.Youjustfoundallthesentencescontainingthepastparticiplesusedastheadverbials.Besidesusingastheadverbials,thepastparticiplescanalsobeusedastheattributes.Canyoufindthesentenceswithpastparticiplesusedasattributes?Finishitintwominutes.(Twominuteslater,letthestudentsreadthesesentenceswithpastparticiplesasthe9,attributes.)S:Myfirstvisitwastoaspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninthispartofspace.S:Well-knownfortheirexpertise,hisparents’companynamed“FutureTours”transportedmesafelyintothefutureinatomecapsule.S:SoonIwasbackonmyfeetagainandfollowedhimtocollectahoveringcarriagedrivenbycomputer.S:Tomorrowyouwillbereadyforsomevisitsorganizedbythecompany.S:Themu-mudrinkastrangemixtureofcarrotjuiceandcocoa,whilethedimpodsdrinklemonademixedwithherbs.S:Theymoveforwardbyslowlyshakingfromsidetosideonashell-covered“leg”.Step4PractisingT:Fromthesentencesmentionedjustnow,whatdoyouknowabouttheusageofpastparticiplesasadverbialsandattributes?S:Weusepastparticiplesasattributeswhenwewanttojointwoclausestogether,whichisanattributiveclause.T:Yes.过去分词作定语,在语态上,表被动;在时间上,表示动作已经发生或完成,与它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语时,所修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语,过去分词相当于谓语。过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,已经完成并具有被动意义。有时也不表示时间性。作定语的过去分词一般由及物动词变来,因为只有及物动词才有被动意义。例如:Heisateacherlovedbyhisstudents.他是个很受学生爱戴的老师。也有用不及物动词的过去分词作定语的情况,一般作前置定语,它不表示被动意义,只表示主动意义,强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。例如:fallenleaves落叶retiredworkers退休工人therisensun升起的太阳T:Nowcombinethesetwosentencesusingthepastparticipleastheattribute.Soonwelostsightofthatfamousastronomer.HeiscalledLiQiang.S:SoonwelostsightofthatfamousastronomercalledLiQiang.T:Iamgoingtobuyapainting.ItiscopiedfromVincentVanGogh.S:IamgoingtobuyapaintingcopiedfromVincentVanGogh.T:Ilikethatoldprivatehouse.Itisbuiltofwoodandmud.S:Ilikethatoldprivatehousebuiltofwoodandmud.T:Theroomiscompletelyempty.Theroomisconnectedtotherestofthehousebyalongpassage.S:Theroomconnectedtotherestofthehousebyalongpassageiscompletelyempty.T:Thequeenwassittinginaroyalcarriage.Thecarriagewasdrawnbyfourhorses.S:Thequeenwassittinginaroyalcarriagedrawnbyfourhorses.T:Thevehicleismentionedinthebook.Thevehicleisunknowntome.S:Thevehiclementionedinthebookisunknowntome.T:Thecastleisunderrepair.Itwasbuiltin1432.S:Thecastlebuiltin1432isunderrepair.T:Justnowwepracticedpastparticiplesusedasattributes.Therearestillsomenotesweshouldpayattentionto.9,注意下面过去分词作定语的几种情况:1.单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。例如:Weneededmuchmorequalifiedworkers.我们需要更多的合格工人。Myfriendisareturnedstudent.我的朋友是个归国的留学生。单个分词也可以作后置定语,用以强调动作。例如:Theydecidedtochangethematerialused.他们决定更换使用的材料。2.过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面,作后置定语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如:Thestudentdressedinwhiteismydaughter.(=Thestudentwhoisdressedinwhiteismydaughter.)穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。3.如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时,即使一个单一的分词作形容词用,也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如:Isthereanythingunsolved?还有没解决的问题吗？ThereisnotingchangedheresinceIleftthistown.自从我离开这个城镇以来,几乎没有什么变化。4.单个过去分词前加一个名词或副词,常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词,放在其修饰的名词前,作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体,所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。例如:Thisisastate-ownedfactory.这是一家国有工厂。Thisisourschool-runfactory.这是我们的校办工厂。T:Nowlet’slearnpastparticiplesusedasadverbials.分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。例如:Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.Helookedtiredanddepressed,visiblydisturbedbythenewsofhismother’sillness.分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。例如:1.Nothavingenoughhands,weturnedtothemforhelp.(Wedon’thaveenoughhands.)2.Taughtbymistakesandsetbacks,wehavebecomewiserandhandledouraffairsbetter.(Wearetaughtbymistakesandsetbacks.)3.InspiredbytheInternational,theworkingpeopleofallcountrieshavebeenfightingfortheirfinalliberation.(Theworkingpeoplewereinspired/inspiretheworkingpeople.)4.Nomatterhowfrequently__________,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.(CET-41995,6)A.performing B.performedC.tobeperformedD.beingperformed本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B。5.__________asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(CET-41996,1)A.Beingpublished9,B.PublishedC.PublishingD.Tobepublished本句中as引导的是让步状语从句,意思为:他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版,还是引起了关注,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B。T:Nowlet’scombinethesetwosentencesusingthepastparticipleastheadverbial.Iwasfrightenedbytheloudnoise.Iwenttoseewhatwashappening.S:Frightenedbytheloudnoise,Iwenttoseewhatwashappening.T:Hewashitbythelackoffreshair.Hegotabadheadache.S:Hitbythelackoffreshair,hegotabadheadache.T:Ifeltverytiredafterthelongjourney.Istillenjoyedmeetingthealiensonthespacestation.S:Tiredafterthelongjourney,Istillenjoyedmeetingthealiensonthespacestation.T:Thelittlegirlwasfrightenedbythenoiseoutside.Thelittlegirldarednotsleepinherbedroom.S:Frightenedbythenoiseoutside,thelittlegirldarednotsleepinherbedroom.T:Themuseumwasbuiltin1910.Themuseumisalmost100yearsold.S:Builtin1910,themuseumisalmost100yearsold.T:Thestudentwasgivensomeadvicebythefamousscientist.Thestudentwasnotworriedabouthisscientificexperimentanymore.S:Givensomeadvicebythefamousscientist,thestudentwasnotworriedabouthisscientificexperimentanymore.Step5Applying(output)T:Nowlet’sdosomeexercisestoapplypastparticiples.1.Once__________(recover),hethrewhimselfintohisworkandmadeeveryefforttodoitwell.2.If__________(translate)wordbyword,thepassagewillbedifficulttounderstand.3.Afteranight__________(spend)inexcitementandsleeplessness,Iforcedmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday.4.Hewalkedupanddown,__________(lose)inthought.5.Susanseldomspeaksinclassuntil__________(speak)to.6.Withthewaterpipe__________(choke),therewasn’tanymorewaterforuse.7.Withoutanything__________(leave)inthekitchen,theWangsdecidedtoeatout.(Theteachershouldletthestudentsdoitfirstandthenchecktheanswers.)Suggestedanswers:1～7:recovered,translated,spent,lost,spoken,choked,leftStep6Consolidation T:Inthisperiod,wemainlyfocusonthepastparticipleusedasadverbialsandattributes.Afterclass,wouldyoupleasewriteapassagecontainingpastparticiplesandpresentparticiples,whichshowsthatyouhaveknownhowtousepastparticiplesproperly?Besidesthat,youwillalsohavetofinishtheexercisesonPages57and58topractiseusingthepastparticiple.TheDesignoftheWritingontheBlackboardUnit3LifeinthefuturePeriod5Grammar9,PastparticiplesusedasadverbialsPastparticiplesusedasattributes.1.Worriedaboutthejourney,Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.2.Givenmoretime,theslowlearnerswouldhavedonebetter.3.Exhausted,Islidintobedandfellfastasleep.4.Well-knownfortheirexpertise,hisparents’companynamed“FutureTours”transportedmesafelyintothefutureinatimecapsule.1.Myfirstvisitwastoaspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninthispartofspace.2.Well-knownfortheirexpertise,hisparents’companynamed“FutureTours”transportedmesafelyintothefutureinatomecapsule.3.SoonIwasbackonmyfeetagainandfollowedhimtocollectahoveringcarriagedrivenbycomputer.ResearchandActivitiesSupposeyouareSherlockHolmes,thegreatdetective.Youaretellingusthestorylikethis:OnedayIwassittingatmydesk,absorbedbywhatIwasreadingwhenthedoorbellrang.Ayoungladycamein,frightenedandpuzzled,whichcouldbereadinhereyes.IaskedherwhatIcoulddoforher.ThenshebegantotellmeanaliencreaturecalledFuture,...Pleasecontinuethestorywithyourimagination.Becauseitisfictional,whateveryoumakeupispossible.Youhadbettermakeyourdescriptionsoundreasonableandattractiveonconditionthattherearesomesentenceswithpastparticiplesusedasadverbialsandattributes.ReferenceforTeachingGrammar现在分词和过去分词的用法现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。例如:Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Usingwhatyouknowofwordstemsandwordformations,youcanmakeaguessatthemeaningofanewword.Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalking.Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.Helookedtiredanddepressed,visiblydisturbedbythenewsofhismother’sillness.分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。例如:1.__________theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge.(CET-41996,6)A.Havingbelieved B.Believing C.Believed D.Beingbelieved本句意思为:相信地球是平的,许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系,及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此,应用现在分词,答案为B。2.Nomatterhowfrequently__________,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlarge9,audiences.(CET-41995,6)A.performingB.performedC.tobeperformedD.beingperformed本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B。3.__________asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(CET-41996,1)A.BeingpublishedB.PublishedC.PublishingD.Tobepublished本句中as引导的是让步状语从句,意思为:他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版,还是引起了关注,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B。2)“while(when,once,until,if,though等连词)＋分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when,once,although,until,if等连词。例如:Whenleavingtheairport,shewavedagainandagaintous.Whilewaitingforthetrain,Ihadalongtalkwithmysisteraboutherwork.Oncerecovered,hethrewhimselfintohisworkandmadeeveryefforttodoitwell.Althoughworkingveryhard,hefailedtopassthefinalexam.3)分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。例如:1.Wewillgoonwithourexperimentassoonaswegettheaddedfund.2.Thisisreallyanexhaustingdaytoallofus!3.Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight.4.Afteranightspentinexcitementandsleeplessness,Iforcedmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday.5.Moreandmoredevelopingcountriesestablishedstrategicpartnershipwithdevelopedcountries.6.TheyoungsittingbetweenmysisterandmybrotherismycousinJack.7.Asearlyas1649Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,tax-supportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown__________50householdsormore.(CET-41998,1)A.havingB.tohave C.tohavehadD.havinghad后面由分词作定语,而且town本身有50或以上人家,故town与分词间为主谓关系,应该用现在分词,答案为A。4)分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和lookat,listento等短语动词以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。例如:Onthetopofthehill,wecouldseesmokerisingfromthechimneysinthevillage.Thelittleboysatbesidetherailwaylineandwatchedthetrainsroaringby.9,Weshouldnotleavehimwonderingwhatheshoulddo.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Icaughthimdozingoffinclass.过去分词可以在allow,ask,consider,desire,expect,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,like,make,observe,order,permit,prefer,remember,request,require,see,urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。例如:Aftermyencounterwithher,Ifoundmyselfgreatlyshaken.Youshouldkeepherinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.Theteacherexpectedthestudentswellpreparedfortheexamination.在动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice,perceive,observe,listento,lookat后既可用现在分词作补语,也可用不定式作补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。例如:IsawMr.Whitegetoffabus.IsawMr.Whitelookingintoashopwindow.—Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?—Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.5)分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。例如:Thefilm“PearlHarbor”isreallyexciting.Iamexcitedaboutit.Hisresponsetothequestionwasquitedisappointing.Ifeltdisappointedathisresponse.具副词功能的过去分词短语和现在分词及短语一样,过去分词（pastparticiples）或过去分词短语（pastparticipialphrases）也可以充当副词,修饰谓语动词。过去分词短语可以表达下列四种意思:(一)方法或活动方式,如:Hewalkedupanddown,lostinthought.Isatbeforethedeskuntilaftermid-night,absorbedinwriting.Surroundedbyahostoffans,thefilmstarlefttheairportexcitedly.(二)原因,如:Greatlydisappointed,somestaffdecidedtoleavetheplace.Takenbysurprise,theenemysurrendered.(三)时间,如:Bornandbredinaturbulentage,theoldergenerationofpeopleexperiencedallsortsofhardships.Throwntothefloor,theboyregainedhisfootingafewminuteslater.(四)条件,如:Givenmoretime,theslowlearnerswouldhavedonebetter.Criticizedbysomeoneelse,Tonywouldnothaveflareduplikethat.除了直接修饰动词之外,过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语,表示下列四种意思:⒈由when,whenever,while,until等连词引导,表示“时间”,如:Whenaskedabouthispreviousjob,Billsaidhehadbeenamotormechanic.Susanseldomspeaksinclassuntilspokento.⒉由where,wherever连词引导,表示“地点”,如:Mosquitoesshouldbecompletelyexterminatedwherefound.9,Retireesingoodhealthshouldbeinvitedtoreturntoworkwhereverneeded.⒊由if,unless引导,表示“条件”,如:Ifkeptfortoolong,somemedicineswilllosetheireffectiveness.Wehavemadeapointofnotattackingunlessattacked.⒋由though,although,eventhough连词引导,表示“让步”,如:Thoughwarnedofthedanger,theystillwentmountaineering.Eventhoughdefeatedforasecondtime,ourteamdidnotgiveuphopefortheultimatevictory.此外,过去分词短语还可以和介词“with”或“without”连用,具副词作用。如:Withthewaterpipechoked,therewasn’tanymorewaterforuse.Withoutanythingleftinthekitchen,theWangsdecidedtoeatout.最后,过去分词短语,在适当情况下,可以有自己的主语而变成独立结构（theabsoluteconstruction）,如:Theoldmanlistened,hisheadinclinedtooneside.9
