TheSeventhPeriod●从容说课Thisisthelatestperiodofthisunit.Inthispart，Iadvisetakingsummingup，learningtipandprojectasthetargets.Thisisaperiodofsummaryandconsolidationofwordsandphrases，asummaryofEnglisharoundtheworld，andasummaryofgrammarwillallbedealtwith.Studentsarethekeyroleofaclass.SoIthinkitisbettertoletstudentssummarizebythemselves.Afterthat，ifthereissomethingmissing，theywillbehelpedbyteachers.Besidesthesummarypart，projectwillalsobeconsidered.Thispartoffersstudentsachancetodomanythingsbythemselves，whichcanofcourseimprovestudents’ability.Nowthatitisnotacourseofteachingknowledgebutanability-trainingone，itisbettertoletstudentsthinkmoretosolvethequestions.Maybegroupworkwillbegoodineffect.Thenstudentsreporttheresultoftheirgroupwork.●三维目标1.Knowledge：Reviewalltheknowledgeofwords，phrases，expressions，grammar，andthelanguage.2.Ability：Dealwiththepartofprojecttoknowsomethingaboutcode.3.Emotion：Createsomecodes.●教学重点Theconsolidationoftheknowledgelearntbefore.●教学难点Howtohelpstudentssumupandmastertheknowledge.●教具准备slides●教学过程Step1GreetingsGreetthewholeclassasusualStep2SumminguptheknowledgeofEnglishT：Todayweareherehavingthelastperiodofthisunit.Afterreadingthisunit，whathaveyoulearnt？FirstwhathaveyoulearntaboutdifferentkindsofEnglish.Wouldyouworkingroupsoffourtodiscussit？Andthenreportitintheformofatable.（discussfor5minutes）Nowexchangeideaswithothergroupfreely.Possibletable：DifferentkindsofEnglishCanadian；British；American，Australian；IndianEnglishReasonsCulturalcommunicationMaindifferencesbetweenAm.EnglishandBr.EnglishPronunciationSpellingWordsStep3SummingupwordsandexpressionsT：Wehavegotmuchinformationaboutthelanguage.Thenwhatwordsandexpressionshavewelearnt？Discusswithyourpartnerandmakealist.,S：Noun：role，native，culture，vocabulary，usage，identity，government，phrase，command，request，standard，accentVerb：include，rule，command，request，retell，recognizeOtherexpressions：playarole（in）；becauseof；comeup；bepresentat；suchas；bepolitetoThenpleaseusetherightformsofthewordsorphrasestofillintheblanks：1.Thefamousactorsaidhelookedforwardto____________inthemoviesdirectedbytalentedZhangYimou.2.Thesportsmeetwasputoff____________thebadweather.3.Afterreadingthetext，weweretoldto____________thepassageusingourownwords.4.HechangedsomuchthatIdidn’t____________himatfirst.5.Morethanhalfofthepeoplewhowereinvited____________themeeting.6.Inthisvacation，Iplantodomanythings____________travelingtoHongKong.7.Nobodydaredtogoagainsthis____________thateveryone（should）leaveuntil8o’clock.8.Theproblem____________atthemeetinghasbeensolved.Suggestedanswers：1.playingarole2.becauseof3.retell4.recognize5.werepresentat6.including7.command8.comingupT：Agoodsummary.Thenwouldyoupleasefillintheblankswithcorrectformsofwords.Step4SummingupgrammarInthisunit，wemetacrossanewgrammaritem：requestandcommand.Nowrecallthesentencepatternswithyourpartner.Command：Do/Donotdo...Request：Do/Donotdo...please.Canyoudo...？Couldyoudo...？Willyoudo...？Wouldyoudo...？Step5LearningtipsT：Weknowinterestinthemotherofsuccess.Ifyoufindthatthethingthatyouaredoingisnotsointeresting，it’snotsolikelythatyouwillsucceed.ItisthesamecasewiththestudyofEnglish.SowhenyoulearnEnglish，you’dbettertrytofindfuninthestudy.Forexample，trytomakejokesusingwordswhichhavedifferentmeanings.Forexample：①Don’trockthatbabyontherockwhileplayingthatrockmusic.②Iwishtowishthewishyouwishtowish，butifyouwishthewishthewitchwishes，Iwon’twishthewishyouwishtowish.③Ifwhitechalkchalkswhiteonablackblackboard，willblackchalkchalksblackonawhitewhiteboardthen？WillyoufindoutmorefunnythingsinstudyingEnglish？SomeslanginAmerica：BeatsMe林先生刚到美国时，经常不经意间听到“Beatsme”这句话，心想总不会叫人揍自己吧！例如，有人问：“Whenisthisrainsupposedtostop？”对方可能回答“Beatsme!”若再问：“Whereareyourparents？”，对方回答也可能是“Beatsme!”这句话如此管用，几乎适用于任何场合，那么到底是什么意思呢？林先生求教于人，得知其意是“Idon’tknow”——我不知道，我无法回答。NowYouAreCooking,老吴与同事John聊天，他的女秘书敲门进来报告说，他此次开会所要的简报资料已制作完成，请John过目。John接过资料审视后说：“Nowyouarecooking.”老吴听了一怔，不解地问他是怎么知道她此时正在煮东西。John笑说，他只是夸她这次干得不错而已，并不知道她在煮东西。原来，Nowyouarecooking此处系指“Welldone”，与东西无关。FoodFreeZone章先生又饥又渴地赶到了图书馆借书。一走进图书馆，看到展示区上挂了“FoodFreeZone”的告示牌，心想美国公立图书馆真不错，还提供免费食物（freefood），于是直奔该区寻找免费食物填肚，可怎么也找不着。此时一位好心的女馆员走过来问道：“MayIhelpyou？”章先生答说：“Iamlookingforthefreefood.”女馆员笑说：“You’llneverfindit.Absolutelynofoodisallowedinthissection.”经这一指点，章先生恍然大悟：原来FoodFreeZone是“禁食区”，不是“免费食物区”。PowderRoom小段与先生一起去同事家做客。小段想上洗手间，先生指着一扇虚掩的门说：“就在那儿。”走近一看，门上挂着一块小木牌“PowderRoom”，小段不知这是什么房间，又退了回去，先生肯定地说：“没错。”后来才知道PowderRoom是指带化妆室的洗手间。Wildcat给华人学生上英文课的美国老师对学生说，他家里有个wildcat。学生听了很感兴趣，以为老师家庭生活一定很有意思，请求他什么时候带来给大家看看。老师连连摇头，知道学生没有明白他的意思，解释说，wildcat是美国口语，指凶悍、脾气暴躁的女人，不是“野猫”。HavetheBallatOne’sFoot一次聚会上，大家谈到李先生新从事的工作，吴先生说：“Hehasaballathisfeet.”小许脱口而出：“我没看见他脚边有球。”顿时大家都笑了，小许有点尴尬。原来，这句话的意思是指对某人看好，机会就在面前，深信他会成功。OutCold小张在纽约州立大学读书时，有次想选一门课，听说这门课不易对付，于是向一位修过这门课的美国学生打听情况，他说：“Irememberthatwasanearlyclassforme，andIalwaysfellasleepduringtheclass.Iwasoutcold.”小张以为“outcold”就是“catchcold”的意思，对他深表同情，说“你生病还坚持上课，真不容易！”可这位美国同学却一脸的迷惑。后来小张才知道，outcold是“昏昏沉沉什么都不知道”的意思，cold是副词，作“完全地，彻底地”解。Step6ProjectT：Makingjokeswithdifferentmeaningsofthesamewordsometimescanbringabouthumorouseffect.Ifweusecodesinsteadofwords，maybeitisalsofunny.Nowlet’sseethepassageonP53.Readitaloud，andexchangeanswerswithpartners.T：Inthewar，codeswereusedtosendsecrets.Ofcourseithasmanyotheruses.Forexample，itcansavetime.Nowworkwithyourpartnertocreateyourowncodes.Andthensharewithyourclassmates.Seeiftheycanguesswhateachpartofthecodemeans.Step7SummaryT：Todaywehaverecalledwhathavebeenlearntinthisunitincludingwords，expressionsandgrammar.Reviewthemafterclassandkeepwordsandphrasedinmind.That’sallfortoday.Good-bye.Step8HomeworkRecitewordsandphrases.Finishapapertocheckyourself.,Ⅰ.单项填空（15分）1.—CanIaskifyouagreetomyplan？—____________.A.I’mafraidnotB.No，pleasedon’tC.Yes，youcanD.Yes，please2.ShetoldTom____________makethesamemistakeagain.A.hecan’tB.don’ttoC.tonotD.notto3.You____________himifhehadseenyoutherethatmorning.A.toldB.saidtoC.askedD.asks4.Thenumberofthevisitors，aswehadexpected，____________wellovertwohundred.A.isB.wereC.areD.was5.Wouldyouplease____________talkduringtheclass？A.nottoB.don’tC.tonotD.not6.Theofficercommandedthisman____________.A.tocuttheshoesopenB.don’tcuttheshoesopenC.tonotcuttheshoesopenD.tocuttheshoesopened7.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee____________.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitis8.Therequestmadebyherthat____________wasreallyridiculous.A.everyoneleftin5minutesB.everyoneleavein5minutesC.everyonetoleavein5minutesD.everyoneleavingin5minutes9.Thebilladdsupto25cents，____________.A.postageincludingB.postageincludedC.toincludepostageD.andincludingpostage10.Theprofessorcanspeak____________fiveforeignlanguages.A.somuchasB.asmuchasC.somanyasD.asmanyas11.Doyouhaveanydifficulty____________thepassage？A.onreadingB.inreadingC.forreadingD.toread12.Houseworkisverytiring.____________cleaningthehouse____________.Ittakesyoualotoftimetocleanthehouseaweek.A.Take；foranexampleB.Use；forexampleC.Take；forexampleD.Use；foranexample13.—Thatwouldmean____________alotoftime.—Really？Idon’tmean____________anytime.A.wasting；wastingB.wasting；towasteC.towaste；wastingD.towaste；towaste14.Whocanyouimagine____________tohisweddingparty？A.invitingB.beinginvitedC.wasinvitedD.tobeinvited15.Maryaskedme____________themirror.A.ifhadIbrokenB.hadIbrokenC.ifIhadbrokenD.didIbreakⅡ.完形填空（30分）Doyouknowhowmanylanguagesthereareintheworld？Thereareabout1500，butmanyofthemarenotconsideredvery16.Englishisconsideredoneofthemostimportant,languagesbecausemanypeople17it，notonlyinEnglandandAmerica，18inothercountriesoftheworld.About200000000speakit19theirownlanguage，andanother230000000useitas20language.Itis21tosayhowmanypeoplearelearningit.22boysandgirlsinschoolsaretryingtodoso.Many23childrenstudyFrench.Frenchisalsoaveryimportantlanguage.24childrenstudyGerman，Russian，JapaneseandChinese.Whichisthebest25tolearnalanguage？Weknowthatwealllearnt26languagewellwhenwewere27.Ifwelearnasecondlanguageinthe28way，itmaynotseemsodifficult.Whatdoesasmallchilddo？It29whatpeoplesay，andittriestoguesswhatithears.Whenitwantssomething，ithasto30it.Itisusingthelanguage，31andtalkinginitallofthetime.Ifpeopleuseasecondlanguage32，theywilllearnit33.Inschool，youlearntoread，towrite，tohearandto34.Itisbesttolearnallnewwordsthroughthe35.Youcanreadthem，spellthemandspeakthemlater.16.A.spokenB.happyC.importantD.ideal17.A.likeB.useC.operateD.play18.A.butB.andC.tooD.so19.A.likeB.withC.forD.as20.A.distantB.asecondC.thesecondD.aspecial21.A.easyB.againC.difficultD.best22.A.MillionsofB.HundredsofC.TensofD.Thousandsof23.A.ChineseB.JapaneseC.EnglishD.Asian24.A.SomeB.ThousandsC.AllD.Much25.A.timeB.wayC.thingD.place26.A.aforeignB.ourmothers’C.other’sD.ourown27.A.bornB.childrenC.grownD.boys28.A.sameB.differentC.usefulD.good29.A.talksB.wantsC.criesD.follows30.A.askB.wantC.getD.askfor31.A.speakingB.writingC.thinkingD.doing32.A.sometimeB.sometimesC.allthetimeD.forthetime33.A.fluentB.confidentC.freelyD.easily34.A.fightB.singC.speakD.play35.A.mouthB.handsC.earsD.eyesⅢ.阅读理解（20分）AOnedayArchie，theclown（小丑）wentintoashoptobuyanewpairofshoes.“Goodmorning，sir，”saidthesalesman.“WhatcanIdoforyou？”Archietoldhim，“Anewpairofshoes，please.”“Brown，”headded.“Ofcourse，sir，”saidthesalesman.“Rightaway.”Andhewentofftofindsomesuitableshoes，whichwerepiledsohighthathecouldhardlyseewheretotake.“Trythese，sir，”saidthesalesman.Archietriedfourpairsofshoes，buthesaidtheyweretoobigortoosmall，orlikeboatsorlikepincers（钳子）.Noneofthemsatisfiedhim.“Ondear，”saidthesalesman.“Ican’tfindapairtofityouatall.”“Letmehavealook，”saidArchie，huntingamongtheshoesscatteredonthefloor.,“Hereweare，”hesaid.“Look，thesefitmeproperly.”“Butyoucan’thavethose，sir!”criedthesalesmanexcitedly.“Whynot？”saidArchieloudly.“BecausetheyhappentobetheboxesIkeeptheshoesin.”36.Asaclown，heneededtobuy____________.A.acommonpairofshoesB.aspecialpairofshoesC.abigpairofshoesD.asmallpairofshoes37.Fromthestorywecansee____________.A.thesalesmanwasawarmheartedmanandgoodatbusinessB.thesalesmanwasamanbusyallthetimeC.theclownwasamanfondoftroublingothersD.theclownwasamanplayingjokesonothers38.Whatdoyouthinkofthesalesmanaftertheclowntriedfourpairsofshoesandwasdissatisfiedwiththem？A.Hebecameangry.B.Hebecamecold.C.Herefusedtoshowothershoes.D.Hehadtosayhehadnootherstofithim.39.Theclownsaid“Look，thesefitmeperfectly”whichmeanstheones____________.A.lookedthemostbeautifulofallB.werethemostexpensiveofallC.werethemostsuitableofallforperformingD.werethemostsuitabletohisfeet40.Whydidtheclownpickoutnotshoesbutboxeswhichthesalesmankepttheshoesin？A.Hedidn’twanttobuyshoes.B.Hehadnotenoughmoneytobuyshoes.C.Theboxesseemedmoreusefulthantheshoesforhim.D.Hecouldkeephimselfintheboxes.BMaxieAndersonandhis23-year-oldsonKrisflewfromCaliforniatoQuebec.Itwasa3100-miletrip，andittook100hours.Butthiswasnoordinaryflight.Therewasnotevenaplane.Thepilot（飞行员）andcopilotwereinaballoon.MaxieandKriswantedtomakethefirstnonstopballoontripacrossNorthAmerica.TheystartedinSanFrancisco，CaliforniaandhopedtolandinKittyHank，NorthCarolina.ButtheAdersonshadsomebadluck.Strongwindsblewthem1100milesnorth，andtheylandedneartheforestofQuebec.Therewereotherproblemsonthetriptoo.WhiletheywereflyingovertheRockMountainsitwascold.Therewasalsolittleair，sotheyneededtotakeoxygen.Afterthetrip，Krissaidhedidnotwantanymoreadventures.“Manalwayshasadream.I’msureI’llthinkofsomethingelsetotry.”41.MaxieandKris____________.A.wantedtoknowhowtobeapilotofaballoonB.wantedtoknowhowfartheirballooncouldflyC.hadaflightadventureintheirballoonD.wantedtogosightseeingacrossNorthAmerica42.____________changedtheirdirectionduringtheirflight.A.ColdweatherB.LitterairC.TheRockyMountainsD.Strongwinds43.Itwas____________thattheywantedtoflyto.,A.theforestsofQuebecB.KittyHank，NorthCarolinaC.QuebecD.NorthAmerica44.Afterthisflight，____________.A.MaxieandKriswantedtohaveanotheradventureB.KristhoughthewouldnottrytheballoonadventureagainC.Maxiedidn’tdaretohavesuchaballoonadventureD.Thefatherwasstillinterestedinadventures45.Thebesttitleofthepassagewouldbe____________.A.FlyingFatherandSonB.DreamHaveSomethingtoTryC.DreamthatcametrueD.PlaneThatSucceededinFlyingacrossNorthAmericaCSwitzerland（瑞士）isfamousforitswatches.However，thiscountrydidn’tinventthewatch.ItwastheBritish.HereisastoryofhowthewatchwasbroughttoSwitzerland.Manyyearsago，anEnglishmanwastravelingtoItaly.Onhisway，hestoppedinasmalltowninSouthSwitzerland.ThisEnglishmantraveledinacarriage（四轮马车）insideofwhichtherewasacarriagewatch.Thiswastheearliestkindofwatch.Anativeshopassistanthappenedtoseethewatch.HewonderedwhatitwasandaskedtheEnglishmanaboutit.“Itisacarriagewatch，”saidtheman.“Thismachinetellsthetimebutnowitisn’tworking.”Atoncetheshopassistantofferedtotrytorepairit.Sothetravelerhandedhimthewatch.Theassistantwasaverywiseman.Soitwasnotsurprisingthathemanagedtorepairit.Heevenrememberedhowitwasmade.Assoonasthetravelerhadgoneonhisjourney，hemadeawatchofexactlythesametype.Thusthewatch-makingwasstartedinSwitzerland.Today，Swisswatchesaresoldinstoresallovertheworld.46.Switzerlandisfamousfor____________.A.makingwatchesB.sellingwatchesC.inventingwatchesD.thecarriagewatches47.Itwas____________whofirstbroughtawatchtoSwitzerland.A.aSwissB.anItalianC.anEnglishmanD.ashopassistant48.ThefirstSwisswatchwasmadeby____________.A.anItalianshopassistantB.anEnglishshopassistantC.amanwhowastravelingtoItalyD.amanwhocamefromSwitzerland49.Thecarriagewatchwasamachinewhich____________.A.wasputinthecarriageB.wasn’tworkingC.toldpeoplethetimeD.hadtoberepaired50.Theearliestwatchesweremadein____________.A.SwitzerlandB.EnglandC.ItalyD.asmalltownⅣ.短文改错（10分）ScientistsaroundtheworldhavebeenstudyingthewarmofwatersinthePacificOcean51.____________,beingknownasELNino.Theappearance52.____________ofELNinoisknowingtoaffect53.____________weatheraroundworld.Nowscientists54.____________stilldonotcompletelyunderstandthem.Yettheyfind55.____________theycanuseittotelltheFutureindifferentareainthe56.____________world.ThescientistswriteabouttheirrecentworkInthemagazineNature.Theircomputer57.____________programcanhardlytellwhenanELNino58.____________willappear.Theysuggestthiscouldprovideforeffectiveearly59.____________warningsystemandcouldpreventmuchofthedisasters60.____________fromhappening.Ⅴ.书面表达（25分）山东济宁育才中学的迟正打算去英国学习，但他不知道英国中学的情况及入学条件。因此他想给英国一所中学去信咨询。请以他的名义用英语写一封咨询信。英国中学的地址：SouthHighSchool，66CambridgeStreet，Londonw38England咨询内容：能否得到在英入学的指导；像他这样的17岁中学生能否赴英就读；若能去，选哪种学校最合适；在英中学毕业后能否继续上学。1.书信格式规范，语句流畅，语法正确，不要逐字翻译2.80词左右，写信日期：2005年9月10日____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Theanswers：1.A委婉地拒绝。2.Dtellsb.todo；tellsb.nottodo。3.Cif引导的是一般疑问句，所以用ask，根据后面的hadseen，所以用asked。4.Dthenumberof作主语，谓语动词用单数；又根据hadexpected，所以用was。5.Dwoulddo；wouldnotdo。6.Acommandsb.todo；commandsb.nottodo。7.D此句为see的宾语从句，从句中用陈述句语序；指代不可知的人，用it。8.B此that引导的从句为request的同位语从句，此从句中须用虚拟语气。9.Bincluding为介词includingsth.；included为形容词sth.included；and引导并列句。10.D修饰language，所以用many，as...as...用于肯定或否定；so...as...只能用于否定句。11.Bhavedifficultyindoingsth.为固定词组。12.Ctake...forexample为固定词组。13.Bmeantodo打算做，故意做；meandoing有意做。14.Bimaginedoing，谁被邀请，所以用beinginvited。15.C此题考查宾语从句，由ask推断，此从句为疑问句，所以用if引导，另外，从句中应用陈述句语序，所以选择C。16.C17.B18.A这里but相当于butalso。19.Das“当作”，like没有此含义。20.B前面讲了多少人把英语作为母语，这里显然指“第二语言”。21.C具体说有多少人使用英语，的确困难（容易则会说出具体的数字来）。,22.A根据逻辑推断，只有A项表示正确。23.C从后一句的studyGerman，Russian，JapaneseandChinese可知，这里指的是英语国家的学生。24.A与前一句的“many”相呼应。25.Bway指方法。26.D自己的语言当然比外语学得好，而且从小孩开始就如此（见27）。27.B28.A从后面的“itwon’tseemsodifficult”可知，这里指的是用“相同的方法”。29.D这里follow指“模仿”。30.Daskforsth.索要某物。31.C根据逻辑推断，可知小孩还不能写作，“讲话”的内容后面有。32.C只有常用才能较容易地学好。33.D34.C文章最后一句已经提到。35.C36~40BADCC41~45CDBBA46~50ACDCB51.warm→warmth动词后应用名词作宾语。52.去掉being过去分词短语作后置定语形式。know是静态动词，无进行时，也就无被动语态的进行时，所以就无beingknownas...作后置定语形式。53.knowing→known被动语态中用过去分词形式。54.在world前加the世界上独一无二的东西，如太阳、月亮、地球、世界、陆地、海洋等前，都用定冠词the。55.them→it这里指代的是ELNino，应该用it。56.area→areas这里表示复数。57.√58.去掉hardly根据上下文这里是逻辑错误。59.for→withprovidewithsth.是固定结构，意为“提供某物”。60.much→manymuch不能修饰可数名词。书面表达TheYuCaiMiddleSchoolJiningShandong，ChinaSept4th，2003Dearsir，I’dliketostudyinBritain，butIknowverylittleabouttheopportunityandconditionsthere.I’dbeverygratefulifyouwouldbesokindastogivemeadviceaboutthat.Inparticular，whatarethechancesofmybeingadmittedtoaschoolthereattheageof17？Whatsortofschoolsaresuitable？AndwouldIbeabletogoontostudyinauniversitythereafterfinishingmiddleschool？Thankyouverymuchforyourkindconsideration.Yourssincerely，ChiZheng●板书设计Unit2EnglisharoundtheworldTheSeventhPeriodWordsphrasegrammarcodes●活动与探究,Watchcloselyinyourlife，andfindasmanyascodesaspossible.Listtheminaformandshareitwithyourclassmates.●备课资料NewZealandstudyFindsNewOriginofEnglishLanguage新西兰研究发现英语语言的新起源ByAngelaGregoryInthisarticle：IsitpossiblethattherootsofEnglishcanbefoundinTurkey9000yearsago？本文简介：英语的根源可以追溯到9000年以前的土耳其，可能吗？ResearchersatNewZealand’slargestuniversity，AucklandUniversity，havestunnedacademicsworldwidebytracingtheoriginsoftheEnglishlanguagetoTurkishfarmers.UsinganovelapproachtodevelopanIndo-Europeanlanguagetree，theresearcherssaytheyhaveevidencethattherootsoftheEnglishlanguagegobackabout9000yearstoTurkey.AssociateProfessorRussellGrayandPhDstudentsQuentinAtkinsonpublishedtheirresearchintheBritishjournalNature.Theirfindingsonthelong-debatedoriginsofthelanguagehavequicklyspread.TheoriginoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyhasbeenthemostintensivelystudiedproblemofhistoricallinguistics，butnumerousgeneticstudieshaveproducedinconclusiveresults.Foralmosttwocenturieslinguistsandarchaeologistsdebatedtwotheoriesontheoriginsofthelanguagefamily，whosemembersrangedfromGreekandHinditoGermanandEnglish.ItwasthoughtthelanguagewasspreadeitherbyrampagingKurganhorsemenwhosweptdownintoEuropeandtheNearEastfromthesteppesofRussia6000yearsago，orbyfarmersfromAnatolia（modernTurkey）whohadtilledtheirwaywestwardsseveralmillenniumsearlier.ProfessorGray，anevolutionarybiologistintheuniversity’spsychologydepartment，saysthathisresultsshowedonlythelattertheorycouldbecorrect.Hehadusedmethodsderivedfromevolutionarybiologytostudytheproblemforthepastfiveyears.HeacceptedhisapproachtobuildanevolutionarytreeiftheIndo-Europeanlanguageswascontroversialandsubjecttocriticism.ButProfessorGraysaidhethoughtitwasavalidtechniquethathadclearlyshowntheoriginsoftheEnglishlanguagewentbackfurtherthanhadbeenthought，excludingtheKurganhorsementheory.ItappearedthatIndo-EuropeanlanguageshadexpandedwiththespreadofagriculturefromAnatolia7800to9800yearsago.ProfessorGrayandMrAtkinsonhadanalyzedthousandsofwordsfrom87languagestofindoutwhenthevariousbranchesoftheIndo-Europeanfamilytreestarteddiverging.“Welookedatwordsfromdifferentlanguagesthatwereclearlyrelatedandgroupedtheminsets，”ProfessorGraysaidasimpleexamplewasthatfivewascinqinFrenchandcinqueinItalian.“Webuiltmatricesofallourinformation，gleanedfromtheInternetandeveryobscureetymologicaldictionarywecouldfind.”Theresearchersthenusedsophisticatedcomputerprogramstodotheanalysisandbuildlanguagetrees.Thelengthofheresultingbranchesandtheirvariousoffshootsshowedwheneachlanguagedivergedfromitspredecessorsanddevelopedaseparateidentity.ProfessorGraysaidHittite（anextinctAnatolianlanguage）wasthefirstmajorlanguagegrouptobranchfromtheIndo-Europeantrunk.Oversubsequentmillennia，thesametrunksproutedTocharian，Armenian，Greek，Albanian，Iranian，Indic，Slavic，Baltic，Germanic，French/Iberian，ItalicandCelticlanguagegroups.AMarsdenFundgrantfromtheGovernmentandaJamesCookFellowshipfromtheRoyalSocietyofNewZealandhelpedtopayfortheresearch，whichincludedtheequivalentofthreesolidyearsofcomputertime.,新西兰最大的学府奥克兰大学的研究人员将英语溯源到土耳其的农民那里，令全球的学术界瞠目结舌。研究人员使用了新奇的方法研发出印欧语言树形图，说他们有证据表明，英语的根源可以追溯到9000年以前的土耳其。罗素·格雷副教授和博士生昆廷·阿特金森在英国《自然》杂志发表了他们的研究成果。他们关于长期争论的英语起源的研究成果很快地传布开来。印欧语言的起源一直是历史语言学研究的重点课题，但是，许多关于起源的研究都没有产生确切的结果。近两个世纪以来，语言学家和考古学家对于该语族的起源有两种相持不下的理论，该语族的分枝范围可以从希腊语和北印地语一直到德语和英语。据认为，这种语言要么是由6000年以前从俄国西伯利亚大草原扫荡到欧洲和近东的野蛮的库尔干游牧民传播的，要么是由比那还早几千年向西部垦荒的安那托利亚（现代的土耳其）的农民传播的。该大学的心理学系进化生物学者格雷教授说，他的研究结果表明，只有后者的理论才可能是正确的。在过去五年中，他采用了从进化生物学衍生出的一些方法研究该问题。他承认，他绘制印欧语言进化树形图的方法会引起争论和批评。但是，格雷教授说，他认为这是一个有效的方法，它清楚地表明，除了库尔干游牧民族理论以外，英语起源可以追溯到远远早于人们现有的认识。看起来，在7800年到9800年以前，随着农业的发展，印欧语言就从安那托利亚那里扩散开来。格雷教授和阿特金森先生对87种语言的数千词汇进行了分析，发现了印欧语族树形图的各种不同分枝何时开始分离开来。“我们研究来自不同语言而明显相关联的字词并将他们按类分组。”格雷教授说一个简单的例子就是“五”在法语中是cinq，而在意大利语中是cinque。“我们将所有的信息都列成矩阵，这些信息是从因特网和每本可以搞到的不起眼的词源词典里收集来的。”然后，研究员们用精密的计算机程序进行分析并建立语言树形图。图中产生的各个分叉的长度及其各种不同的支条表明了每种语言何时从它的上级语支分离并发展成单独的语体。格雷教授说，赫梯语（一种消亡的安那托利亚语言）是从印欧语系的主干上分支出来的第一种主要语群。在以后的几千年中，同一个主干产生出了吐火罗语、亚美尼亚语、希腊语、阿尔巴尼亚语、伊朗语、印度语、斯拉夫语、波罗的语、日耳曼语、法语/伊比利亚语、意大利语和凯尔特语语群。来自政府的马斯登基金的拨款和新西兰皇家学会的詹姆士·库克研究基金支付这个研究的费用，该研究花费了整整三年的计算时间。Somesuggestedanswerstotheexercisesontheworkbook：TheanswertoListingWordsandExpressionsonpage49.1.（1）imagine（2）government（3）dessert（4）northwestern（5）rapidly（6）eastern（7）actually（8）entertain（9）recognize（10）boss（11）standard（12）usage（13）elevator2.（1）playedanimportantpart（2）blocks（3）expects（4）suchas（5）culture（6）vocabulary（7）Modern（8）native3.（1）Heworkedabroadforhalfyearlastyearandcamebackwithoutfinishingtheworkbecauseofhisillness.（2）Theyhavemadearequestforinternationalhelp.,（3）Victoriawentintothehouseandclosedthedoorwithapolitesmile.（4）Timlikesgivingcommands.However，noneofuswilllistentohim.（5）Bettyhadsaidthatshewouldcomeuptomyhomethismorning.Butjustnowhecalledandsaidthatshecouldn’tbecauseshehadtotakeherkidtohospitalwhohappenedtohaveanaccident.
